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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samuel Saaka Buah; H. Ibrahim; Mavis Derigubah; Martin Kuzie; +4 Authors

    Les facteurs les plus limitants pour la production durable de maïs dans les systèmes de petites exploitations agricoles d'Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans la zone agroécologique de la savane, sont le régime irrégulier des précipitations et la faible fertilité des sols. Des recherches ont été menées auprès de petits agriculteurs en 2013 et 2014 dans deux communautés de la région du Haut-Ouest du Ghana pour évaluer les effets de l'engrais minéral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha−1 N-P2O5-K2O, respectivement) sur la croissance et le rendement du maïs à Bompari, et 375 kg ha−1 d'engrais YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sur la croissance et le rendement du soja à Doggoh, sans labour (en utilisant l'application de glyphosate avant la plantation) et le travail du sol conventionnel (en utilisant une houe manuelle). Les rendements céréaliers moyens du maïs et du soja étaient plus élevés en 2014 qu'en 2013. Au cours des deux années, le travail sans labour et le travail conventionnel du sol ont eu un effet similaire sur la hauteur des plants de soja, les gousses par plant et la production de matière sèche hors sol. En moyenne par rapport au traitement par engrais, le rendement céréalier du soja sans labour était 51 % plus élevé par rapport au soja labouré en 2014 seulement. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs sans labour était supérieur de 68 % à celui du maïs labouré en 2013 seulement. Quelle que soit la méthode de travail du sol, l'application d'engrais a considérablement augmenté les rendements en maïs et en graines de soja. L'application d'engrais sur le soja a entraîné une augmentation de 59 % (193 kg ha−1) et de 54 % (474 kg ha−1) des rendements céréaliers en 2013 et 2014, respectivement, par rapport à l'absence de traitement par engrais. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs était de 140 et 252 % plus élevé avec le traitement par engrais en 2013 et 2014, respectivement. Le système sans labour a permis de réaliser des économies grâce à une main-d' œuvre réduite, principalement pour le contrôle des mauvaises herbes. Les résultats de ces études ont montré que l'absence de labour avec engrais, que ce soit pour le maïs ou le soja, entraînait généralement les rendements céréaliers les plus élevés. Le non-labour a également donné les rendements économiques les plus élevés. Les agriculteurs peuvent obtenir de meilleurs rendements sur l'argent investi dans les herbicides pour la production de maïs et de soja sans labour qu'avec leur pratique traditionnelle, même sur des sols de savane dégradés avec de faibles niveaux de nutriments disponibles pour les plantes. Los factores más limitantes para la producción sostenible de maíz en los sistemas agrícolas a pequeña escala del África subsahariana, especialmente en la zona agroecológica de la sabana, son el patrón errático de las precipitaciones y la baja fertilidad del suelo. Se realizó una investigación con pequeños agricultores en 2013 y 2014 en dos comunidades de la región del Alto Oeste de Ghana para evaluar los efectos del fertilizante mineral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha-1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectivamente) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento del maíz en Bompari, y 375 kg ha-1 de fertilizante YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de la soja en Doggoh, sin labranza (utilizando la aplicación previa a la siembra de glifosato) y la labranza convencional (utilizando azada manual). Los rendimientos medios de granos tanto de maíz como de soja fueron más altos en 2014 que en 2013. En ambos años, la labranza cero y la labranza convencional tuvieron un efecto similar en la altura de la planta de soja, las vainas por planta y la producción de materia seca sobre el suelo. Con un promedio sobre el tratamiento con fertilizantes, el rendimiento de grano de la soja sin labranza fue 51% mayor en comparación con la soja labrada solo en 2014. El rendimiento medio de grano del maíz sin labranza fue un 68% mayor que el del maíz labrado solo en 2013. Independientemente del método de labranza, la aplicación de fertilizantes aumentó significativamente los rendimientos de los granos de maíz y soja. La aplicación de fertilizantes a la soja dio como resultado un aumento del 59% (193 kg ha-1) y del 54% (474 kg ha-1) en los rendimientos de granos en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente, en comparación con el no tratamiento con fertilizantes. El rendimiento medio de grano de maíz fue 140 y 252% mayor con el tratamiento con fertilizantes en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente. El sistema de labranza cero mostró ahorros de costes debido a la reducción de la mano de obra principalmente para el control de malezas. Los resultados de estos estudios mostraron que la labranza cero con fertilizantes, ya sea para maíz o soja, generalmente dio como resultado los mayores rendimientos de granos. La labranza cero también dio los mayores rendimientos económicos. Los agricultores pueden obtener mejores rendimientos del dinero invertido en herbicidas para producir maíz y soja sin labranza que con su práctica tradicional, incluso en suelos de sabana degradados con bajos niveles de nutrientes disponibles para las plantas. The most limiting factors for sustainable maize production in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa, especially the savanna agro-ecological zone, are erratic rainfall pattern and low soil fertility. Research was conducted with smallholder farmers in 2013 and 2014 in two communities in the Upper West Region of Ghana to evaluate the effects of NPK mineral fertilizer (64–38–38 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectively) on growth and yield of maize at Bompari, and 375 kg ha−1 of YaraLegume™ fertilizer (0–18–13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) on growth and yield of soybean at Doggoh, under no-tillage (using pre-plant application of glyphosate) and conventional tillage (using hand hoe). Mean grain yields of both maize and soybean were higher in 2014 than 2013. In both years, no-tillage and conventional tillage had similar effect on soybean plant height, pods per plant and aboveground dry matter production. Averaging over fertilizer treatment, grain yield of no-tillage soybean was 51% higher when compared with tilled soybean in 2014 only. Mean grain yield of no-tillage maize was 68% higher than that of tilled maize in 2013 only. Regardless of tillage method, fertilizer application significantly increased maize and soybean grain yields. Application of fertilizer to soybean resulted in 59% (193 kg ha−1) and 54% (474 kg ha−1) increase in grain yields in 2013 and 2014, respectively, over no fertilizer treatment. Mean grain yield of maize was 140 and 252% higher with fertilizer treatment in 2013 and 2014, respectively. No-till system showed cost savings due to reduced labour mainly for weed control. The results of these studies showed that no-tillage with fertilizer, whether for maize or soybean, generally resulted in the highest grain yields. No-tillage also gave the highest economic returns. Farmers can get better returns to the money invested in herbicide for producing maize and soybean under no-till than with their traditional practice even on degraded savanna soils with low levels of plant available nutrients. تتمثل العوامل الأكثر تقييدًا لإنتاج الذرة المستدام في أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، وخاصة منطقة السافانا الزراعية الإيكولوجية، في نمط هطول الأمطار غير المنتظم وانخفاض خصوبة التربة. تم إجراء بحث مع صغار المزارعين في عامي 2013 و 2014 في مجتمعين في المنطقة الغربية العليا من غانا لتقييم آثار الأسمدة المعدنية NPK (64-38-38 كجم هكتار-1 N - P2O5 - K2O، على التوالي) على نمو ومحصول الذرة في بومباري، و 375 كجم هكتار-1 من سماد YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) على نمو ومحصول فول الصويا في Doggoh، تحت الحراثة (باستخدام تطبيق ما قبل الزرع من الغليفوسات) والحراثة التقليدية (باستخدام مجرفة اليد). كان متوسط غلة الحبوب لكل من الذرة وفول الصويا أعلى في عام 2014 مقارنة بعام 2013. في كلتا السنتين، كان للحرث التقليدي وعدم الحراثة تأثير مماثل على ارتفاع نبات فول الصويا، والقرون لكل نبات وإنتاج المواد الجافة فوق الأرض. في المتوسط على معالجة الأسمدة، كان إنتاج الحبوب من فول الصويا بدون حرث أعلى بنسبة 51 ٪ مقارنة بفول الصويا الحارث في عام 2014 فقط. كان متوسط محصول الحبوب من الذرة بدون حراثة أعلى بنسبة 68 ٪ من محصول الذرة المحروثة في عام 2013 فقط. بغض النظر عن طريقة الحراثة، أدى استخدام الأسمدة إلى زيادة كبيرة في محصول الذرة وحبوب فول الصويا. أدى استخدام الأسمدة على فول الصويا إلى زيادة بنسبة 59 ٪ (193 كجم هكتار-1) و 54 ٪ (474 كجم هكتار-1) في غلة الحبوب في عامي 2013 و 2014، على التوالي، دون معالجة الأسمدة. كان متوسط محصول الذرة من الحبوب أعلى بنسبة 140 و 252 ٪ مع معالجة الأسمدة في عامي 2013 و 2014 على التوالي. أظهر نظام عدم الحراثة وفورات في التكاليف بسبب انخفاض العمالة بشكل رئيسي لمكافحة الأعشاب الضارة. أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسات أن عدم الحرث بالأسمدة، سواء للذرة أو فول الصويا، أدى عمومًا إلى أعلى إنتاجية للحبوب. كما أعطى عدم الحرث أعلى عوائد اقتصادية. يمكن للمزارعين الحصول على عوائد أفضل للأموال المستثمرة في مبيدات الأعشاب لإنتاج الذرة وفول الصويا دون حراثة مقارنة بممارساتهم التقليدية حتى على تربة السافانا المتدهورة ذات المستويات المنخفضة من المغذيات النباتية المتاحة.

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    Agriculture & Food Security
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/km...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samuel Saaka Buah; H. Ibrahim; Mavis Derigubah; Martin Kuzie; +4 Authors

    Les facteurs les plus limitants pour la production durable de maïs dans les systèmes de petites exploitations agricoles d'Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans la zone agroécologique de la savane, sont le régime irrégulier des précipitations et la faible fertilité des sols. Des recherches ont été menées auprès de petits agriculteurs en 2013 et 2014 dans deux communautés de la région du Haut-Ouest du Ghana pour évaluer les effets de l'engrais minéral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha−1 N-P2O5-K2O, respectivement) sur la croissance et le rendement du maïs à Bompari, et 375 kg ha−1 d'engrais YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sur la croissance et le rendement du soja à Doggoh, sans labour (en utilisant l'application de glyphosate avant la plantation) et le travail du sol conventionnel (en utilisant une houe manuelle). Les rendements céréaliers moyens du maïs et du soja étaient plus élevés en 2014 qu'en 2013. Au cours des deux années, le travail sans labour et le travail conventionnel du sol ont eu un effet similaire sur la hauteur des plants de soja, les gousses par plant et la production de matière sèche hors sol. En moyenne par rapport au traitement par engrais, le rendement céréalier du soja sans labour était 51 % plus élevé par rapport au soja labouré en 2014 seulement. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs sans labour était supérieur de 68 % à celui du maïs labouré en 2013 seulement. Quelle que soit la méthode de travail du sol, l'application d'engrais a considérablement augmenté les rendements en maïs et en graines de soja. L'application d'engrais sur le soja a entraîné une augmentation de 59 % (193 kg ha−1) et de 54 % (474 kg ha−1) des rendements céréaliers en 2013 et 2014, respectivement, par rapport à l'absence de traitement par engrais. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs était de 140 et 252 % plus élevé avec le traitement par engrais en 2013 et 2014, respectivement. Le système sans labour a permis de réaliser des économies grâce à une main-d' œuvre réduite, principalement pour le contrôle des mauvaises herbes. Les résultats de ces études ont montré que l'absence de labour avec engrais, que ce soit pour le maïs ou le soja, entraînait généralement les rendements céréaliers les plus élevés. Le non-labour a également donné les rendements économiques les plus élevés. Les agriculteurs peuvent obtenir de meilleurs rendements sur l'argent investi dans les herbicides pour la production de maïs et de soja sans labour qu'avec leur pratique traditionnelle, même sur des sols de savane dégradés avec de faibles niveaux de nutriments disponibles pour les plantes. Los factores más limitantes para la producción sostenible de maíz en los sistemas agrícolas a pequeña escala del África subsahariana, especialmente en la zona agroecológica de la sabana, son el patrón errático de las precipitaciones y la baja fertilidad del suelo. Se realizó una investigación con pequeños agricultores en 2013 y 2014 en dos comunidades de la región del Alto Oeste de Ghana para evaluar los efectos del fertilizante mineral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha-1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectivamente) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento del maíz en Bompari, y 375 kg ha-1 de fertilizante YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de la soja en Doggoh, sin labranza (utilizando la aplicación previa a la siembra de glifosato) y la labranza convencional (utilizando azada manual). Los rendimientos medios de granos tanto de maíz como de soja fueron más altos en 2014 que en 2013. En ambos años, la labranza cero y la labranza convencional tuvieron un efecto similar en la altura de la planta de soja, las vainas por planta y la producción de materia seca sobre el suelo. Con un promedio sobre el tratamiento con fertilizantes, el rendimiento de grano de la soja sin labranza fue 51% mayor en comparación con la soja labrada solo en 2014. El rendimiento medio de grano del maíz sin labranza fue un 68% mayor que el del maíz labrado solo en 2013. Independientemente del método de labranza, la aplicación de fertilizantes aumentó significativamente los rendimientos de los granos de maíz y soja. La aplicación de fertilizantes a la soja dio como resultado un aumento del 59% (193 kg ha-1) y del 54% (474 kg ha-1) en los rendimientos de granos en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente, en comparación con el no tratamiento con fertilizantes. El rendimiento medio de grano de maíz fue 140 y 252% mayor con el tratamiento con fertilizantes en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente. El sistema de labranza cero mostró ahorros de costes debido a la reducción de la mano de obra principalmente para el control de malezas. Los resultados de estos estudios mostraron que la labranza cero con fertilizantes, ya sea para maíz o soja, generalmente dio como resultado los mayores rendimientos de granos. La labranza cero también dio los mayores rendimientos económicos. Los agricultores pueden obtener mejores rendimientos del dinero invertido en herbicidas para producir maíz y soja sin labranza que con su práctica tradicional, incluso en suelos de sabana degradados con bajos niveles de nutrientes disponibles para las plantas. The most limiting factors for sustainable maize production in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa, especially the savanna agro-ecological zone, are erratic rainfall pattern and low soil fertility. Research was conducted with smallholder farmers in 2013 and 2014 in two communities in the Upper West Region of Ghana to evaluate the effects of NPK mineral fertilizer (64–38–38 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectively) on growth and yield of maize at Bompari, and 375 kg ha−1 of YaraLegume™ fertilizer (0–18–13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) on growth and yield of soybean at Doggoh, under no-tillage (using pre-plant application of glyphosate) and conventional tillage (using hand hoe). Mean grain yields of both maize and soybean were higher in 2014 than 2013. In both years, no-tillage and conventional tillage had similar effect on soybean plant height, pods per plant and aboveground dry matter production. Averaging over fertilizer treatment, grain yield of no-tillage soybean was 51% higher when compared with tilled soybean in 2014 only. Mean grain yield of no-tillage maize was 68% higher than that of tilled maize in 2013 only. Regardless of tillage method, fertilizer application significantly increased maize and soybean grain yields. Application of fertilizer to soybean resulted in 59% (193 kg ha−1) and 54% (474 kg ha−1) increase in grain yields in 2013 and 2014, respectively, over no fertilizer treatment. Mean grain yield of maize was 140 and 252% higher with fertilizer treatment in 2013 and 2014, respectively. No-till system showed cost savings due to reduced labour mainly for weed control. The results of these studies showed that no-tillage with fertilizer, whether for maize or soybean, generally resulted in the highest grain yields. No-tillage also gave the highest economic returns. Farmers can get better returns to the money invested in herbicide for producing maize and soybean under no-till than with their traditional practice even on degraded savanna soils with low levels of plant available nutrients. تتمثل العوامل الأكثر تقييدًا لإنتاج الذرة المستدام في أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، وخاصة منطقة السافانا الزراعية الإيكولوجية، في نمط هطول الأمطار غير المنتظم وانخفاض خصوبة التربة. تم إجراء بحث مع صغار المزارعين في عامي 2013 و 2014 في مجتمعين في المنطقة الغربية العليا من غانا لتقييم آثار الأسمدة المعدنية NPK (64-38-38 كجم هكتار-1 N - P2O5 - K2O، على التوالي) على نمو ومحصول الذرة في بومباري، و 375 كجم هكتار-1 من سماد YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) على نمو ومحصول فول الصويا في Doggoh، تحت الحراثة (باستخدام تطبيق ما قبل الزرع من الغليفوسات) والحراثة التقليدية (باستخدام مجرفة اليد). كان متوسط غلة الحبوب لكل من الذرة وفول الصويا أعلى في عام 2014 مقارنة بعام 2013. في كلتا السنتين، كان للحرث التقليدي وعدم الحراثة تأثير مماثل على ارتفاع نبات فول الصويا، والقرون لكل نبات وإنتاج المواد الجافة فوق الأرض. في المتوسط على معالجة الأسمدة، كان إنتاج الحبوب من فول الصويا بدون حرث أعلى بنسبة 51 ٪ مقارنة بفول الصويا الحارث في عام 2014 فقط. كان متوسط محصول الحبوب من الذرة بدون حراثة أعلى بنسبة 68 ٪ من محصول الذرة المحروثة في عام 2013 فقط. بغض النظر عن طريقة الحراثة، أدى استخدام الأسمدة إلى زيادة كبيرة في محصول الذرة وحبوب فول الصويا. أدى استخدام الأسمدة على فول الصويا إلى زيادة بنسبة 59 ٪ (193 كجم هكتار-1) و 54 ٪ (474 كجم هكتار-1) في غلة الحبوب في عامي 2013 و 2014، على التوالي، دون معالجة الأسمدة. كان متوسط محصول الذرة من الحبوب أعلى بنسبة 140 و 252 ٪ مع معالجة الأسمدة في عامي 2013 و 2014 على التوالي. أظهر نظام عدم الحراثة وفورات في التكاليف بسبب انخفاض العمالة بشكل رئيسي لمكافحة الأعشاب الضارة. أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسات أن عدم الحرث بالأسمدة، سواء للذرة أو فول الصويا، أدى عمومًا إلى أعلى إنتاجية للحبوب. كما أعطى عدم الحرث أعلى عوائد اقتصادية. يمكن للمزارعين الحصول على عوائد أفضل للأموال المستثمرة في مبيدات الأعشاب لإنتاج الذرة وفول الصويا دون حراثة مقارنة بممارساتهم التقليدية حتى على تربة السافانا المتدهورة ذات المستويات المنخفضة من المغذيات النباتية المتاحة.

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    Authors: Zougmoré, Robert B.; Läderach, Peter; Campbell, Bruce M.;

    Low-income producers and consumers of food in Africa are more vulnerable to climate change, owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in more adapted institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Therefore, the way we manage our food systems needs to be urgently changed if the goal is to achieve food security and sustainable development more quickly. This review paper analyzes the nexus “climate-smart agriculture-food systems-sustainable development” in order to draw sound ways that could allow rapid transformation of food systems in the context of climate change pressure. We followed an integrative review approach based on selected concrete example-experiences from ground-implemented projects across Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, in West Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in East Africa). Mostly composed of examples from the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Program of the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and its partners, these also included ground initiatives from non-CGIAR that could provide demonstrable conditions for a transformative agriculture and food systems. The lessons learnt from the ground implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), in the African context, were instrumental to informing the actions areas of the food-system transformation framework suggested in this paper (reroute, de-risk, reduce, and realign). Selected CSA example-cases to inform these action areas included 24 initiatives across Africa, but with a focus on the following studies for an in-depth analysis: (1) the climate-smart village approach to generate knowledge on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices for their scaling, (2) the use of climate information services (CIS) to better manage climate variability and extremes, and (3) the science–policy interfacing to mainstream CSA into agricultural development policies and plans. The analysis of these examples showed that CSA can contribute driving a rapid change of food systems in Africa through: (1) the implementation of relevant climate-smart technologies and practices to reroute farming and rural livelihoods to new climate-resilient and low-emission trajectories; (2) the development and application of weather and climate information services (WCIS) that support de-risking of livelihoods, farms, and value chains in the face of increasing vagaries of weather and extreme events; (3) the use of climate-smart options that minimize waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting, and marketing food, and therefore mitigating the carbon footprint attached to this food loss and waste; and (4) the realignment of policies and finance that facilitate action in the four proposed action areas through the identification of news ways to mobilize sustainable finance and create innovative financial mechanisms and delivery channels.

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    Authors: Zougmoré, Robert B.; Läderach, Peter; Campbell, Bruce M.;

    Low-income producers and consumers of food in Africa are more vulnerable to climate change, owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in more adapted institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Therefore, the way we manage our food systems needs to be urgently changed if the goal is to achieve food security and sustainable development more quickly. This review paper analyzes the nexus “climate-smart agriculture-food systems-sustainable development” in order to draw sound ways that could allow rapid transformation of food systems in the context of climate change pressure. We followed an integrative review approach based on selected concrete example-experiences from ground-implemented projects across Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, in West Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in East Africa). Mostly composed of examples from the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Program of the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and its partners, these also included ground initiatives from non-CGIAR that could provide demonstrable conditions for a transformative agriculture and food systems. The lessons learnt from the ground implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), in the African context, were instrumental to informing the actions areas of the food-system transformation framework suggested in this paper (reroute, de-risk, reduce, and realign). Selected CSA example-cases to inform these action areas included 24 initiatives across Africa, but with a focus on the following studies for an in-depth analysis: (1) the climate-smart village approach to generate knowledge on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices for their scaling, (2) the use of climate information services (CIS) to better manage climate variability and extremes, and (3) the science–policy interfacing to mainstream CSA into agricultural development policies and plans. The analysis of these examples showed that CSA can contribute driving a rapid change of food systems in Africa through: (1) the implementation of relevant climate-smart technologies and practices to reroute farming and rural livelihoods to new climate-resilient and low-emission trajectories; (2) the development and application of weather and climate information services (WCIS) that support de-risking of livelihoods, farms, and value chains in the face of increasing vagaries of weather and extreme events; (3) the use of climate-smart options that minimize waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting, and marketing food, and therefore mitigating the carbon footprint attached to this food loss and waste; and (4) the realignment of policies and finance that facilitate action in the four proposed action areas through the identification of news ways to mobilize sustainable finance and create innovative financial mechanisms and delivery channels.

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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Authors: Ndèye Seynabou Diouf; Issa Ouedraogo; Robert B. Zougmoré; Madické Niang;

    Climate variability has become a major issue for vital sectors in the context of climate change. In fisheries, in particular, the effects of climate change are reflected in the decline of fishing yield and loss of lives during extreme weather events in the sea. This study analyzed the perception of climate variability and change by fisher-folks, the attitude of fisher-folks toward the weather forecast and the adoption rate of the use of the weather forecast as well as the factors determining its use in Senegal. To this end, 576 fisher-folks belonging to 41 local fishing committees along the coastal areas were surveyed and focus group discussions were organized with key informants. The adoption rate was identified using the method of the average treatment effect (ATE) and the test of independency (chi-square) was used to analyze the perceptions of and beliefs on climate change. The results showed that 96% of fisher-folks perceive the change in the climate, though the effects are differently appreciated across the coastline. The most frequently observed effects are: coastal erosion, change in wind direction, increase in extreme swells and sea level rise. Nearly half of fisher-folks confirm that they noticed these changes over the past five years. In the Southern Coast in particular, 40% of fisher-folks stated that these changes happened 10 years ago. This statement is confirmed by the qualitative data. More than 90% of the respondents ascertain the weather forecast before going to fish, 63% regularly receive the weather forecast and 53% avoid going to sea during extreme events. In addition, the results showed that if the weather forecast was made accessible to the majority of fisher-folks, more than 83% would avoid going to sea during periods of extreme weather extreme events, thus reducing significantly the number of fatalities. The best way to protect the fisher-folks from the harmful effects of climate change is to ensure large-scale access to and use of accurate weather forecasts.

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    Authors: Ndèye Seynabou Diouf; Issa Ouedraogo; Robert B. Zougmoré; Madické Niang;

    Climate variability has become a major issue for vital sectors in the context of climate change. In fisheries, in particular, the effects of climate change are reflected in the decline of fishing yield and loss of lives during extreme weather events in the sea. This study analyzed the perception of climate variability and change by fisher-folks, the attitude of fisher-folks toward the weather forecast and the adoption rate of the use of the weather forecast as well as the factors determining its use in Senegal. To this end, 576 fisher-folks belonging to 41 local fishing committees along the coastal areas were surveyed and focus group discussions were organized with key informants. The adoption rate was identified using the method of the average treatment effect (ATE) and the test of independency (chi-square) was used to analyze the perceptions of and beliefs on climate change. The results showed that 96% of fisher-folks perceive the change in the climate, though the effects are differently appreciated across the coastline. The most frequently observed effects are: coastal erosion, change in wind direction, increase in extreme swells and sea level rise. Nearly half of fisher-folks confirm that they noticed these changes over the past five years. In the Southern Coast in particular, 40% of fisher-folks stated that these changes happened 10 years ago. This statement is confirmed by the qualitative data. More than 90% of the respondents ascertain the weather forecast before going to fish, 63% regularly receive the weather forecast and 53% avoid going to sea during extreme events. In addition, the results showed that if the weather forecast was made accessible to the majority of fisher-folks, more than 83% would avoid going to sea during periods of extreme weather extreme events, thus reducing significantly the number of fatalities. The best way to protect the fisher-folks from the harmful effects of climate change is to ensure large-scale access to and use of accurate weather forecasts.

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    Authors: Anslem Bawayelaazaa Nyuor; Emmanuel Donkor; Robert Aidoo; Samuel Saaka Buah; +4 Authors

    This paper investigates the economic impacts of climate change on cereal crop production in Northern Ghana using 240 households comprising maize and sorghum farmers. The Ricardian regression approach was used to examine the economic impacts of climate change based on data generated from a survey conducted in the 2013/2014 farming seasons. Forty-year time-series data of rainfall and temperature from 1974 to 2013, together with cross-sectional data, were used for the empirical analysis. The Ricardian regression estimates for both maize and sorghum showed varying degrees of climate change impacts on net revenues. The results indicated that early season precipitation was beneficial for sorghum, but harmful for maize. However, mid-season precipitation tended to promote maize production. Temperature levels for all seasons impacted negatively on net revenue for both crops, except during the mid-season, when temperature exerted a positive effect on net revenue for sorghum. Our findings suggest that appropriate adaptation strategies should be promoted to reduce the negative impacts of prevailing climate change on cereal crop production.

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    Authors: Anslem Bawayelaazaa Nyuor; Emmanuel Donkor; Robert Aidoo; Samuel Saaka Buah; +4 Authors

    This paper investigates the economic impacts of climate change on cereal crop production in Northern Ghana using 240 households comprising maize and sorghum farmers. The Ricardian regression approach was used to examine the economic impacts of climate change based on data generated from a survey conducted in the 2013/2014 farming seasons. Forty-year time-series data of rainfall and temperature from 1974 to 2013, together with cross-sectional data, were used for the empirical analysis. The Ricardian regression estimates for both maize and sorghum showed varying degrees of climate change impacts on net revenues. The results indicated that early season precipitation was beneficial for sorghum, but harmful for maize. However, mid-season precipitation tended to promote maize production. Temperature levels for all seasons impacted negatively on net revenue for both crops, except during the mid-season, when temperature exerted a positive effect on net revenue for sorghum. Our findings suggest that appropriate adaptation strategies should be promoted to reduce the negative impacts of prevailing climate change on cereal crop production.

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    Authors: Manuel Müller; Siaka Dembélé; Robert Zougmoré; Thomas Gaiser; +1 Authors

    Recent climate analyses show trends for increasing precipitation variability with increasing precipitation sums in Mali. The increasing occurrence of temporary intra-seasonal droughts and waterlogging longer than a week demands climate-smart solutions. Research has focused on water deficits since the 1980s. However, besides droughts, waterlogging can restrict productivity of sensitive cash and staple crops as cotton and corn. The year 2019 offered the historically unique opportunity to monitor waterlogging effects with 1088 mm precipitation in the rural commune Cinzanawith an isohyet of 681 mm. Impacts of two extreme downpours on three sorghum cultivars were monitored in a farmers-field experiment with three replications. All sorghum cultivars performed well in 2019 with significantly higher grain and above ground biomass yields than in the reference year 2007, with well distributed rainfall in Cinzana. “Jakumbè” (CSM63E) produced significantly higher grain yields than the hybrid cultivar “PR3009B” bred for high harvest index. The local cultivar “Gnofing” selected by local farmers produced significantly higher above ground biomass. All cultivars tolerated without severe stress symptoms 20 days waterlogging and 72 h inundation. Further waterlogging resilience research of other crops and other sorghum cultivars is needed to strengthen food security in Mali with expected increasing precipitation variation in the future.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Waterarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Manuel Müller; Siaka Dembélé; Robert Zougmoré; Thomas Gaiser; +1 Authors

    Recent climate analyses show trends for increasing precipitation variability with increasing precipitation sums in Mali. The increasing occurrence of temporary intra-seasonal droughts and waterlogging longer than a week demands climate-smart solutions. Research has focused on water deficits since the 1980s. However, besides droughts, waterlogging can restrict productivity of sensitive cash and staple crops as cotton and corn. The year 2019 offered the historically unique opportunity to monitor waterlogging effects with 1088 mm precipitation in the rural commune Cinzanawith an isohyet of 681 mm. Impacts of two extreme downpours on three sorghum cultivars were monitored in a farmers-field experiment with three replications. All sorghum cultivars performed well in 2019 with significantly higher grain and above ground biomass yields than in the reference year 2007, with well distributed rainfall in Cinzana. “Jakumbè” (CSM63E) produced significantly higher grain yields than the hybrid cultivar “PR3009B” bred for high harvest index. The local cultivar “Gnofing” selected by local farmers produced significantly higher above ground biomass. All cultivars tolerated without severe stress symptoms 20 days waterlogging and 72 h inundation. Further waterlogging resilience research of other crops and other sorghum cultivars is needed to strengthen food security in Mali with expected increasing precipitation variation in the future.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Waterarrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2020
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    Authors: Tony W. Carr; Siyabusa Mkuhlani; Alcade C. Segnon; Zakari Ali; +4 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture in West Africa faces the challenge of meeting the rising demand for food as national incomes and populations increase while production becomes more uncertain due to climate change. Crop production models can provide helpful information on agricultural yields under a range of climate change scenarios and on the impact of adaptation strategies. Here, we report a systematic review of the impact of climate change on the yield of major staple crops in West Africa. Unlike earlier reviews we pay particular attention to the potential of common agricultural adaptation strategies (such as optimised planting dates, use of fertilisers and climate-resilient crop varieties) to mitigate the effects of climate change on crop yields. We systematically searched two databases for literature published between 2005 and 2020 and identified 35 relevant studies. We analysed yield changes of major staple crops (maize, sorghum, rice, millet, yam, cassava and groundnuts) caused by different climate change and field management scenarios. Yields declined by a median of 6% (−8% to +2% depending on the crop) due to climate change in all scenarios analysed. We show that the common adaptation strategies could increase crop yields affected by climate change by 13% (−4% to +19% depending on the strategy) as compared to business-as-usual field management practices, and that optimised planting dates and cultivars with longer crop cycle duration could in fact offset the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. Increased fertiliser use has not mitigated the impact of climate change on crops but could substantially increase yields now and in the future. Our results suggest that a combination of increased fertiliser use and adopting cropping practices that take advantage of favourable climate conditions have great potential to protect and enhance future crop production in West Africa.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Tony W. Carr; Siyabusa Mkuhlani; Alcade C. Segnon; Zakari Ali; +4 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture in West Africa faces the challenge of meeting the rising demand for food as national incomes and populations increase while production becomes more uncertain due to climate change. Crop production models can provide helpful information on agricultural yields under a range of climate change scenarios and on the impact of adaptation strategies. Here, we report a systematic review of the impact of climate change on the yield of major staple crops in West Africa. Unlike earlier reviews we pay particular attention to the potential of common agricultural adaptation strategies (such as optimised planting dates, use of fertilisers and climate-resilient crop varieties) to mitigate the effects of climate change on crop yields. We systematically searched two databases for literature published between 2005 and 2020 and identified 35 relevant studies. We analysed yield changes of major staple crops (maize, sorghum, rice, millet, yam, cassava and groundnuts) caused by different climate change and field management scenarios. Yields declined by a median of 6% (−8% to +2% depending on the crop) due to climate change in all scenarios analysed. We show that the common adaptation strategies could increase crop yields affected by climate change by 13% (−4% to +19% depending on the strategy) as compared to business-as-usual field management practices, and that optimised planting dates and cultivars with longer crop cycle duration could in fact offset the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. Increased fertiliser use has not mitigated the impact of climate change on crops but could substantially increase yields now and in the future. Our results suggest that a combination of increased fertiliser use and adopting cropping practices that take advantage of favourable climate conditions have great potential to protect and enhance future crop production in West Africa.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Bayala, J; Zougmore, R B; Dayamba, S D; Olivier, A;

    This Thematic Series on “Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground AR4D experiences” contains seven papers presented by researchers from four West African countries based on participatory action research conducted since 2012 in the region. These research activities were funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) through a project titled “Developing community-based climate-smart agriculture through participatory action research in CCAFS benchmark sites in West Africa” (see [1]). This research action under the scientific lead of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) aimed to test and validate, in partnership with rural communities and other stakeholders, scalable climate-smart village models for agricultural development that integrate a range of innovative agricultural risk management strategies. The project also aimed to enable farmers, developers, managers and policy makers for the agriculture sector to develop cost-effective climate-smart agriculture (CSA) options that support local sustainable development and enhance livelihood resilience. It is therefore a response to the challenges (degraded lands, low crop productivity, high level of poverty for rural people, etc.) faced to satisfy the food needs of an increasing population in the face of a changing climate...

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    Agriculture & Food Security
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agriculture & Food Security
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    Authors: Bayala, J; Zougmore, R B; Dayamba, S D; Olivier, A;

    This Thematic Series on “Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground AR4D experiences” contains seven papers presented by researchers from four West African countries based on participatory action research conducted since 2012 in the region. These research activities were funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) through a project titled “Developing community-based climate-smart agriculture through participatory action research in CCAFS benchmark sites in West Africa” (see [1]). This research action under the scientific lead of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) aimed to test and validate, in partnership with rural communities and other stakeholders, scalable climate-smart village models for agricultural development that integrate a range of innovative agricultural risk management strategies. The project also aimed to enable farmers, developers, managers and policy makers for the agriculture sector to develop cost-effective climate-smart agriculture (CSA) options that support local sustainable development and enhance livelihood resilience. It is therefore a response to the challenges (degraded lands, low crop productivity, high level of poverty for rural people, etc.) faced to satisfy the food needs of an increasing population in the face of a changing climate...

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    Agriculture & Food Security
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      Agriculture & Food Security
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    Authors: James Hansen; Lorna Born; Elliott Ronald Dossou-Yovo; Caroline Mwongera; +8 Authors

    Climate services are playing an increasing role in efforts to build the resilience of African agriculture to a variable and changing climate. Efforts to improve the contribution of climate services to agriculture must contend with substantial differences in national agricultural climate services landscapes. Context-specific factors influence the effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of agricultural climate service, but in ways that are challenging to anticipate. In the context of six countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Zambia), this paper addresses the need to consider differing national contexts when developing strategies to make agricultural climate services in sub-Saharan Africa more effective, scalable and sustainable. Based on authors' collective firsthand knowledge and a review of information from secondary sources, we identify key strengths and weaknesses of climate services relative to agriculture sector needs in the focus countries; and assess factors that have contributed to those differences. Focus countries differ substantially in areas such as the degree of public support, alignment of services with agricultural needs, service delivery channels, degree of decentralization, and public—private-sector balance. These differences have been driven largely by differing national policies, delivery capacity and external actors, but not by responsiveness to agricultural sector demands. Building on the analyses of country differences and their drivers, we then discuss four key opportunities to further strengthen the contribution of climate services to agriculture: (a) leveraging farmer demand to drive scaling and sustainability; (b) exploiting digital innovation within a diverse delivery strategy; (c) balancing public and private sector comparative advantage; and (d) embedding climate services in agricultural extension. For each of these opportunities, we consider how different country contexts can impact the potential effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of services; and how efforts to strengthen those services can account for context-specific drivers to manage the tradeoffs among effectiveness, scalability and sustainability.

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    Frontiers in Climate
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    Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Frontiers in Climate
      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: James Hansen; Lorna Born; Elliott Ronald Dossou-Yovo; Caroline Mwongera; +8 Authors

    Climate services are playing an increasing role in efforts to build the resilience of African agriculture to a variable and changing climate. Efforts to improve the contribution of climate services to agriculture must contend with substantial differences in national agricultural climate services landscapes. Context-specific factors influence the effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of agricultural climate service, but in ways that are challenging to anticipate. In the context of six countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Zambia), this paper addresses the need to consider differing national contexts when developing strategies to make agricultural climate services in sub-Saharan Africa more effective, scalable and sustainable. Based on authors' collective firsthand knowledge and a review of information from secondary sources, we identify key strengths and weaknesses of climate services relative to agriculture sector needs in the focus countries; and assess factors that have contributed to those differences. Focus countries differ substantially in areas such as the degree of public support, alignment of services with agricultural needs, service delivery channels, degree of decentralization, and public—private-sector balance. These differences have been driven largely by differing national policies, delivery capacity and external actors, but not by responsiveness to agricultural sector demands. Building on the analyses of country differences and their drivers, we then discuss four key opportunities to further strengthen the contribution of climate services to agriculture: (a) leveraging farmer demand to drive scaling and sustainability; (b) exploiting digital innovation within a diverse delivery strategy; (c) balancing public and private sector comparative advantage; and (d) embedding climate services in agricultural extension. For each of these opportunities, we consider how different country contexts can impact the potential effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of services; and how efforts to strengthen those services can account for context-specific drivers to manage the tradeoffs among effectiveness, scalability and sustainability.

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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Frontiers in Climate
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      Frontiers in Climate
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Samuel Saaka Buah; H. Ibrahim; Mavis Derigubah; Martin Kuzie; +4 Authors

    Les facteurs les plus limitants pour la production durable de maïs dans les systèmes de petites exploitations agricoles d'Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans la zone agroécologique de la savane, sont le régime irrégulier des précipitations et la faible fertilité des sols. Des recherches ont été menées auprès de petits agriculteurs en 2013 et 2014 dans deux communautés de la région du Haut-Ouest du Ghana pour évaluer les effets de l'engrais minéral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha−1 N-P2O5-K2O, respectivement) sur la croissance et le rendement du maïs à Bompari, et 375 kg ha−1 d'engrais YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sur la croissance et le rendement du soja à Doggoh, sans labour (en utilisant l'application de glyphosate avant la plantation) et le travail du sol conventionnel (en utilisant une houe manuelle). Les rendements céréaliers moyens du maïs et du soja étaient plus élevés en 2014 qu'en 2013. Au cours des deux années, le travail sans labour et le travail conventionnel du sol ont eu un effet similaire sur la hauteur des plants de soja, les gousses par plant et la production de matière sèche hors sol. En moyenne par rapport au traitement par engrais, le rendement céréalier du soja sans labour était 51 % plus élevé par rapport au soja labouré en 2014 seulement. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs sans labour était supérieur de 68 % à celui du maïs labouré en 2013 seulement. Quelle que soit la méthode de travail du sol, l'application d'engrais a considérablement augmenté les rendements en maïs et en graines de soja. L'application d'engrais sur le soja a entraîné une augmentation de 59 % (193 kg ha−1) et de 54 % (474 kg ha−1) des rendements céréaliers en 2013 et 2014, respectivement, par rapport à l'absence de traitement par engrais. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs était de 140 et 252 % plus élevé avec le traitement par engrais en 2013 et 2014, respectivement. Le système sans labour a permis de réaliser des économies grâce à une main-d' œuvre réduite, principalement pour le contrôle des mauvaises herbes. Les résultats de ces études ont montré que l'absence de labour avec engrais, que ce soit pour le maïs ou le soja, entraînait généralement les rendements céréaliers les plus élevés. Le non-labour a également donné les rendements économiques les plus élevés. Les agriculteurs peuvent obtenir de meilleurs rendements sur l'argent investi dans les herbicides pour la production de maïs et de soja sans labour qu'avec leur pratique traditionnelle, même sur des sols de savane dégradés avec de faibles niveaux de nutriments disponibles pour les plantes. Los factores más limitantes para la producción sostenible de maíz en los sistemas agrícolas a pequeña escala del África subsahariana, especialmente en la zona agroecológica de la sabana, son el patrón errático de las precipitaciones y la baja fertilidad del suelo. Se realizó una investigación con pequeños agricultores en 2013 y 2014 en dos comunidades de la región del Alto Oeste de Ghana para evaluar los efectos del fertilizante mineral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha-1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectivamente) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento del maíz en Bompari, y 375 kg ha-1 de fertilizante YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de la soja en Doggoh, sin labranza (utilizando la aplicación previa a la siembra de glifosato) y la labranza convencional (utilizando azada manual). Los rendimientos medios de granos tanto de maíz como de soja fueron más altos en 2014 que en 2013. En ambos años, la labranza cero y la labranza convencional tuvieron un efecto similar en la altura de la planta de soja, las vainas por planta y la producción de materia seca sobre el suelo. Con un promedio sobre el tratamiento con fertilizantes, el rendimiento de grano de la soja sin labranza fue 51% mayor en comparación con la soja labrada solo en 2014. El rendimiento medio de grano del maíz sin labranza fue un 68% mayor que el del maíz labrado solo en 2013. Independientemente del método de labranza, la aplicación de fertilizantes aumentó significativamente los rendimientos de los granos de maíz y soja. La aplicación de fertilizantes a la soja dio como resultado un aumento del 59% (193 kg ha-1) y del 54% (474 kg ha-1) en los rendimientos de granos en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente, en comparación con el no tratamiento con fertilizantes. El rendimiento medio de grano de maíz fue 140 y 252% mayor con el tratamiento con fertilizantes en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente. El sistema de labranza cero mostró ahorros de costes debido a la reducción de la mano de obra principalmente para el control de malezas. Los resultados de estos estudios mostraron que la labranza cero con fertilizantes, ya sea para maíz o soja, generalmente dio como resultado los mayores rendimientos de granos. La labranza cero también dio los mayores rendimientos económicos. Los agricultores pueden obtener mejores rendimientos del dinero invertido en herbicidas para producir maíz y soja sin labranza que con su práctica tradicional, incluso en suelos de sabana degradados con bajos niveles de nutrientes disponibles para las plantas. The most limiting factors for sustainable maize production in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa, especially the savanna agro-ecological zone, are erratic rainfall pattern and low soil fertility. Research was conducted with smallholder farmers in 2013 and 2014 in two communities in the Upper West Region of Ghana to evaluate the effects of NPK mineral fertilizer (64–38–38 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectively) on growth and yield of maize at Bompari, and 375 kg ha−1 of YaraLegume™ fertilizer (0–18–13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) on growth and yield of soybean at Doggoh, under no-tillage (using pre-plant application of glyphosate) and conventional tillage (using hand hoe). Mean grain yields of both maize and soybean were higher in 2014 than 2013. In both years, no-tillage and conventional tillage had similar effect on soybean plant height, pods per plant and aboveground dry matter production. Averaging over fertilizer treatment, grain yield of no-tillage soybean was 51% higher when compared with tilled soybean in 2014 only. Mean grain yield of no-tillage maize was 68% higher than that of tilled maize in 2013 only. Regardless of tillage method, fertilizer application significantly increased maize and soybean grain yields. Application of fertilizer to soybean resulted in 59% (193 kg ha−1) and 54% (474 kg ha−1) increase in grain yields in 2013 and 2014, respectively, over no fertilizer treatment. Mean grain yield of maize was 140 and 252% higher with fertilizer treatment in 2013 and 2014, respectively. No-till system showed cost savings due to reduced labour mainly for weed control. The results of these studies showed that no-tillage with fertilizer, whether for maize or soybean, generally resulted in the highest grain yields. No-tillage also gave the highest economic returns. Farmers can get better returns to the money invested in herbicide for producing maize and soybean under no-till than with their traditional practice even on degraded savanna soils with low levels of plant available nutrients. تتمثل العوامل الأكثر تقييدًا لإنتاج الذرة المستدام في أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، وخاصة منطقة السافانا الزراعية الإيكولوجية، في نمط هطول الأمطار غير المنتظم وانخفاض خصوبة التربة. تم إجراء بحث مع صغار المزارعين في عامي 2013 و 2014 في مجتمعين في المنطقة الغربية العليا من غانا لتقييم آثار الأسمدة المعدنية NPK (64-38-38 كجم هكتار-1 N - P2O5 - K2O، على التوالي) على نمو ومحصول الذرة في بومباري، و 375 كجم هكتار-1 من سماد YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) على نمو ومحصول فول الصويا في Doggoh، تحت الحراثة (باستخدام تطبيق ما قبل الزرع من الغليفوسات) والحراثة التقليدية (باستخدام مجرفة اليد). كان متوسط غلة الحبوب لكل من الذرة وفول الصويا أعلى في عام 2014 مقارنة بعام 2013. في كلتا السنتين، كان للحرث التقليدي وعدم الحراثة تأثير مماثل على ارتفاع نبات فول الصويا، والقرون لكل نبات وإنتاج المواد الجافة فوق الأرض. في المتوسط على معالجة الأسمدة، كان إنتاج الحبوب من فول الصويا بدون حرث أعلى بنسبة 51 ٪ مقارنة بفول الصويا الحارث في عام 2014 فقط. كان متوسط محصول الحبوب من الذرة بدون حراثة أعلى بنسبة 68 ٪ من محصول الذرة المحروثة في عام 2013 فقط. بغض النظر عن طريقة الحراثة، أدى استخدام الأسمدة إلى زيادة كبيرة في محصول الذرة وحبوب فول الصويا. أدى استخدام الأسمدة على فول الصويا إلى زيادة بنسبة 59 ٪ (193 كجم هكتار-1) و 54 ٪ (474 كجم هكتار-1) في غلة الحبوب في عامي 2013 و 2014، على التوالي، دون معالجة الأسمدة. كان متوسط محصول الذرة من الحبوب أعلى بنسبة 140 و 252 ٪ مع معالجة الأسمدة في عامي 2013 و 2014 على التوالي. أظهر نظام عدم الحراثة وفورات في التكاليف بسبب انخفاض العمالة بشكل رئيسي لمكافحة الأعشاب الضارة. أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسات أن عدم الحرث بالأسمدة، سواء للذرة أو فول الصويا، أدى عمومًا إلى أعلى إنتاجية للحبوب. كما أعطى عدم الحرث أعلى عوائد اقتصادية. يمكن للمزارعين الحصول على عوائد أفضل للأموال المستثمرة في مبيدات الأعشاب لإنتاج الذرة وفول الصويا دون حراثة مقارنة بممارساتهم التقليدية حتى على تربة السافانا المتدهورة ذات المستويات المنخفضة من المغذيات النباتية المتاحة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Agriculture & Food Security
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/km...
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    Authors: Samuel Saaka Buah; H. Ibrahim; Mavis Derigubah; Martin Kuzie; +4 Authors

    Les facteurs les plus limitants pour la production durable de maïs dans les systèmes de petites exploitations agricoles d'Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans la zone agroécologique de la savane, sont le régime irrégulier des précipitations et la faible fertilité des sols. Des recherches ont été menées auprès de petits agriculteurs en 2013 et 2014 dans deux communautés de la région du Haut-Ouest du Ghana pour évaluer les effets de l'engrais minéral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha−1 N-P2O5-K2O, respectivement) sur la croissance et le rendement du maïs à Bompari, et 375 kg ha−1 d'engrais YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sur la croissance et le rendement du soja à Doggoh, sans labour (en utilisant l'application de glyphosate avant la plantation) et le travail du sol conventionnel (en utilisant une houe manuelle). Les rendements céréaliers moyens du maïs et du soja étaient plus élevés en 2014 qu'en 2013. Au cours des deux années, le travail sans labour et le travail conventionnel du sol ont eu un effet similaire sur la hauteur des plants de soja, les gousses par plant et la production de matière sèche hors sol. En moyenne par rapport au traitement par engrais, le rendement céréalier du soja sans labour était 51 % plus élevé par rapport au soja labouré en 2014 seulement. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs sans labour était supérieur de 68 % à celui du maïs labouré en 2013 seulement. Quelle que soit la méthode de travail du sol, l'application d'engrais a considérablement augmenté les rendements en maïs et en graines de soja. L'application d'engrais sur le soja a entraîné une augmentation de 59 % (193 kg ha−1) et de 54 % (474 kg ha−1) des rendements céréaliers en 2013 et 2014, respectivement, par rapport à l'absence de traitement par engrais. Le rendement céréalier moyen du maïs était de 140 et 252 % plus élevé avec le traitement par engrais en 2013 et 2014, respectivement. Le système sans labour a permis de réaliser des économies grâce à une main-d' œuvre réduite, principalement pour le contrôle des mauvaises herbes. Les résultats de ces études ont montré que l'absence de labour avec engrais, que ce soit pour le maïs ou le soja, entraînait généralement les rendements céréaliers les plus élevés. Le non-labour a également donné les rendements économiques les plus élevés. Les agriculteurs peuvent obtenir de meilleurs rendements sur l'argent investi dans les herbicides pour la production de maïs et de soja sans labour qu'avec leur pratique traditionnelle, même sur des sols de savane dégradés avec de faibles niveaux de nutriments disponibles pour les plantes. Los factores más limitantes para la producción sostenible de maíz en los sistemas agrícolas a pequeña escala del África subsahariana, especialmente en la zona agroecológica de la sabana, son el patrón errático de las precipitaciones y la baja fertilidad del suelo. Se realizó una investigación con pequeños agricultores en 2013 y 2014 en dos comunidades de la región del Alto Oeste de Ghana para evaluar los efectos del fertilizante mineral NPK (64-38-38 kg ha-1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectivamente) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento del maíz en Bompari, y 375 kg ha-1 de fertilizante YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de la soja en Doggoh, sin labranza (utilizando la aplicación previa a la siembra de glifosato) y la labranza convencional (utilizando azada manual). Los rendimientos medios de granos tanto de maíz como de soja fueron más altos en 2014 que en 2013. En ambos años, la labranza cero y la labranza convencional tuvieron un efecto similar en la altura de la planta de soja, las vainas por planta y la producción de materia seca sobre el suelo. Con un promedio sobre el tratamiento con fertilizantes, el rendimiento de grano de la soja sin labranza fue 51% mayor en comparación con la soja labrada solo en 2014. El rendimiento medio de grano del maíz sin labranza fue un 68% mayor que el del maíz labrado solo en 2013. Independientemente del método de labranza, la aplicación de fertilizantes aumentó significativamente los rendimientos de los granos de maíz y soja. La aplicación de fertilizantes a la soja dio como resultado un aumento del 59% (193 kg ha-1) y del 54% (474 kg ha-1) en los rendimientos de granos en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente, en comparación con el no tratamiento con fertilizantes. El rendimiento medio de grano de maíz fue 140 y 252% mayor con el tratamiento con fertilizantes en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente. El sistema de labranza cero mostró ahorros de costes debido a la reducción de la mano de obra principalmente para el control de malezas. Los resultados de estos estudios mostraron que la labranza cero con fertilizantes, ya sea para maíz o soja, generalmente dio como resultado los mayores rendimientos de granos. La labranza cero también dio los mayores rendimientos económicos. Los agricultores pueden obtener mejores rendimientos del dinero invertido en herbicidas para producir maíz y soja sin labranza que con su práctica tradicional, incluso en suelos de sabana degradados con bajos niveles de nutrientes disponibles para las plantas. The most limiting factors for sustainable maize production in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa, especially the savanna agro-ecological zone, are erratic rainfall pattern and low soil fertility. Research was conducted with smallholder farmers in 2013 and 2014 in two communities in the Upper West Region of Ghana to evaluate the effects of NPK mineral fertilizer (64–38–38 kg ha−1 N–P2O5–K2O, respectively) on growth and yield of maize at Bompari, and 375 kg ha−1 of YaraLegume™ fertilizer (0–18–13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) on growth and yield of soybean at Doggoh, under no-tillage (using pre-plant application of glyphosate) and conventional tillage (using hand hoe). Mean grain yields of both maize and soybean were higher in 2014 than 2013. In both years, no-tillage and conventional tillage had similar effect on soybean plant height, pods per plant and aboveground dry matter production. Averaging over fertilizer treatment, grain yield of no-tillage soybean was 51% higher when compared with tilled soybean in 2014 only. Mean grain yield of no-tillage maize was 68% higher than that of tilled maize in 2013 only. Regardless of tillage method, fertilizer application significantly increased maize and soybean grain yields. Application of fertilizer to soybean resulted in 59% (193 kg ha−1) and 54% (474 kg ha−1) increase in grain yields in 2013 and 2014, respectively, over no fertilizer treatment. Mean grain yield of maize was 140 and 252% higher with fertilizer treatment in 2013 and 2014, respectively. No-till system showed cost savings due to reduced labour mainly for weed control. The results of these studies showed that no-tillage with fertilizer, whether for maize or soybean, generally resulted in the highest grain yields. No-tillage also gave the highest economic returns. Farmers can get better returns to the money invested in herbicide for producing maize and soybean under no-till than with their traditional practice even on degraded savanna soils with low levels of plant available nutrients. تتمثل العوامل الأكثر تقييدًا لإنتاج الذرة المستدام في أنظمة زراعة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، وخاصة منطقة السافانا الزراعية الإيكولوجية، في نمط هطول الأمطار غير المنتظم وانخفاض خصوبة التربة. تم إجراء بحث مع صغار المزارعين في عامي 2013 و 2014 في مجتمعين في المنطقة الغربية العليا من غانا لتقييم آثار الأسمدة المعدنية NPK (64-38-38 كجم هكتار-1 N - P2O5 - K2O، على التوالي) على نمو ومحصول الذرة في بومباري، و 375 كجم هكتار-1 من سماد YaraLegume™ (0-18-13 NPK + 3 CaO + 2 MgO + 4 S) على نمو ومحصول فول الصويا في Doggoh، تحت الحراثة (باستخدام تطبيق ما قبل الزرع من الغليفوسات) والحراثة التقليدية (باستخدام مجرفة اليد). كان متوسط غلة الحبوب لكل من الذرة وفول الصويا أعلى في عام 2014 مقارنة بعام 2013. في كلتا السنتين، كان للحرث التقليدي وعدم الحراثة تأثير مماثل على ارتفاع نبات فول الصويا، والقرون لكل نبات وإنتاج المواد الجافة فوق الأرض. في المتوسط على معالجة الأسمدة، كان إنتاج الحبوب من فول الصويا بدون حرث أعلى بنسبة 51 ٪ مقارنة بفول الصويا الحارث في عام 2014 فقط. كان متوسط محصول الحبوب من الذرة بدون حراثة أعلى بنسبة 68 ٪ من محصول الذرة المحروثة في عام 2013 فقط. بغض النظر عن طريقة الحراثة، أدى استخدام الأسمدة إلى زيادة كبيرة في محصول الذرة وحبوب فول الصويا. أدى استخدام الأسمدة على فول الصويا إلى زيادة بنسبة 59 ٪ (193 كجم هكتار-1) و 54 ٪ (474 كجم هكتار-1) في غلة الحبوب في عامي 2013 و 2014، على التوالي، دون معالجة الأسمدة. كان متوسط محصول الذرة من الحبوب أعلى بنسبة 140 و 252 ٪ مع معالجة الأسمدة في عامي 2013 و 2014 على التوالي. أظهر نظام عدم الحراثة وفورات في التكاليف بسبب انخفاض العمالة بشكل رئيسي لمكافحة الأعشاب الضارة. أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسات أن عدم الحرث بالأسمدة، سواء للذرة أو فول الصويا، أدى عمومًا إلى أعلى إنتاجية للحبوب. كما أعطى عدم الحرث أعلى عوائد اقتصادية. يمكن للمزارعين الحصول على عوائد أفضل للأموال المستثمرة في مبيدات الأعشاب لإنتاج الذرة وفول الصويا دون حراثة مقارنة بممارساتهم التقليدية حتى على تربة السافانا المتدهورة ذات المستويات المنخفضة من المغذيات النباتية المتاحة.

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    Authors: Zougmoré, Robert B.; Läderach, Peter; Campbell, Bruce M.;

    Low-income producers and consumers of food in Africa are more vulnerable to climate change, owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in more adapted institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Therefore, the way we manage our food systems needs to be urgently changed if the goal is to achieve food security and sustainable development more quickly. This review paper analyzes the nexus “climate-smart agriculture-food systems-sustainable development” in order to draw sound ways that could allow rapid transformation of food systems in the context of climate change pressure. We followed an integrative review approach based on selected concrete example-experiences from ground-implemented projects across Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, in West Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in East Africa). Mostly composed of examples from the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Program of the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and its partners, these also included ground initiatives from non-CGIAR that could provide demonstrable conditions for a transformative agriculture and food systems. The lessons learnt from the ground implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), in the African context, were instrumental to informing the actions areas of the food-system transformation framework suggested in this paper (reroute, de-risk, reduce, and realign). Selected CSA example-cases to inform these action areas included 24 initiatives across Africa, but with a focus on the following studies for an in-depth analysis: (1) the climate-smart village approach to generate knowledge on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices for their scaling, (2) the use of climate information services (CIS) to better manage climate variability and extremes, and (3) the science–policy interfacing to mainstream CSA into agricultural development policies and plans. The analysis of these examples showed that CSA can contribute driving a rapid change of food systems in Africa through: (1) the implementation of relevant climate-smart technologies and practices to reroute farming and rural livelihoods to new climate-resilient and low-emission trajectories; (2) the development and application of weather and climate information services (WCIS) that support de-risking of livelihoods, farms, and value chains in the face of increasing vagaries of weather and extreme events; (3) the use of climate-smart options that minimize waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting, and marketing food, and therefore mitigating the carbon footprint attached to this food loss and waste; and (4) the realignment of policies and finance that facilitate action in the four proposed action areas through the identification of news ways to mobilize sustainable finance and create innovative financial mechanisms and delivery channels.

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    Authors: Zougmoré, Robert B.; Läderach, Peter; Campbell, Bruce M.;

    Low-income producers and consumers of food in Africa are more vulnerable to climate change, owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in more adapted institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Therefore, the way we manage our food systems needs to be urgently changed if the goal is to achieve food security and sustainable development more quickly. This review paper analyzes the nexus “climate-smart agriculture-food systems-sustainable development” in order to draw sound ways that could allow rapid transformation of food systems in the context of climate change pressure. We followed an integrative review approach based on selected concrete example-experiences from ground-implemented projects across Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, in West Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in East Africa). Mostly composed of examples from the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Program of the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and its partners, these also included ground initiatives from non-CGIAR that could provide demonstrable conditions for a transformative agriculture and food systems. The lessons learnt from the ground implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), in the African context, were instrumental to informing the actions areas of the food-system transformation framework suggested in this paper (reroute, de-risk, reduce, and realign). Selected CSA example-cases to inform these action areas included 24 initiatives across Africa, but with a focus on the following studies for an in-depth analysis: (1) the climate-smart village approach to generate knowledge on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices for their scaling, (2) the use of climate information services (CIS) to better manage climate variability and extremes, and (3) the science–policy interfacing to mainstream CSA into agricultural development policies and plans. The analysis of these examples showed that CSA can contribute driving a rapid change of food systems in Africa through: (1) the implementation of relevant climate-smart technologies and practices to reroute farming and rural livelihoods to new climate-resilient and low-emission trajectories; (2) the development and application of weather and climate information services (WCIS) that support de-risking of livelihoods, farms, and value chains in the face of increasing vagaries of weather and extreme events; (3) the use of climate-smart options that minimize waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting, and marketing food, and therefore mitigating the carbon footprint attached to this food loss and waste; and (4) the realignment of policies and finance that facilitate action in the four proposed action areas through the identification of news ways to mobilize sustainable finance and create innovative financial mechanisms and delivery channels.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Authors: Ndèye Seynabou Diouf; Issa Ouedraogo; Robert B. Zougmoré; Madické Niang;

    Climate variability has become a major issue for vital sectors in the context of climate change. In fisheries, in particular, the effects of climate change are reflected in the decline of fishing yield and loss of lives during extreme weather events in the sea. This study analyzed the perception of climate variability and change by fisher-folks, the attitude of fisher-folks toward the weather forecast and the adoption rate of the use of the weather forecast as well as the factors determining its use in Senegal. To this end, 576 fisher-folks belonging to 41 local fishing committees along the coastal areas were surveyed and focus group discussions were organized with key informants. The adoption rate was identified using the method of the average treatment effect (ATE) and the test of independency (chi-square) was used to analyze the perceptions of and beliefs on climate change. The results showed that 96% of fisher-folks perceive the change in the climate, though the effects are differently appreciated across the coastline. The most frequently observed effects are: coastal erosion, change in wind direction, increase in extreme swells and sea level rise. Nearly half of fisher-folks confirm that they noticed these changes over the past five years. In the Southern Coast in particular, 40% of fisher-folks stated that these changes happened 10 years ago. This statement is confirmed by the qualitative data. More than 90% of the respondents ascertain the weather forecast before going to fish, 63% regularly receive the weather forecast and 53% avoid going to sea during extreme events. In addition, the results showed that if the weather forecast was made accessible to the majority of fisher-folks, more than 83% would avoid going to sea during periods of extreme weather extreme events, thus reducing significantly the number of fatalities. The best way to protect the fisher-folks from the harmful effects of climate change is to ensure large-scale access to and use of accurate weather forecasts.

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    Authors: Ndèye Seynabou Diouf; Issa Ouedraogo; Robert B. Zougmoré; Madické Niang;

    Climate variability has become a major issue for vital sectors in the context of climate change. In fisheries, in particular, the effects of climate change are reflected in the decline of fishing yield and loss of lives during extreme weather events in the sea. This study analyzed the perception of climate variability and change by fisher-folks, the attitude of fisher-folks toward the weather forecast and the adoption rate of the use of the weather forecast as well as the factors determining its use in Senegal. To this end, 576 fisher-folks belonging to 41 local fishing committees along the coastal areas were surveyed and focus group discussions were organized with key informants. The adoption rate was identified using the method of the average treatment effect (ATE) and the test of independency (chi-square) was used to analyze the perceptions of and beliefs on climate change. The results showed that 96% of fisher-folks perceive the change in the climate, though the effects are differently appreciated across the coastline. The most frequently observed effects are: coastal erosion, change in wind direction, increase in extreme swells and sea level rise. Nearly half of fisher-folks confirm that they noticed these changes over the past five years. In the Southern Coast in particular, 40% of fisher-folks stated that these changes happened 10 years ago. This statement is confirmed by the qualitative data. More than 90% of the respondents ascertain the weather forecast before going to fish, 63% regularly receive the weather forecast and 53% avoid going to sea during extreme events. In addition, the results showed that if the weather forecast was made accessible to the majority of fisher-folks, more than 83% would avoid going to sea during periods of extreme weather extreme events, thus reducing significantly the number of fatalities. The best way to protect the fisher-folks from the harmful effects of climate change is to ensure large-scale access to and use of accurate weather forecasts.

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    Authors: Anslem Bawayelaazaa Nyuor; Emmanuel Donkor; Robert Aidoo; Samuel Saaka Buah; +4 Authors

    This paper investigates the economic impacts of climate change on cereal crop production in Northern Ghana using 240 households comprising maize and sorghum farmers. The Ricardian regression approach was used to examine the economic impacts of climate change based on data generated from a survey conducted in the 2013/2014 farming seasons. Forty-year time-series data of rainfall and temperature from 1974 to 2013, together with cross-sectional data, were used for the empirical analysis. The Ricardian regression estimates for both maize and sorghum showed varying degrees of climate change impacts on net revenues. The results indicated that early season precipitation was beneficial for sorghum, but harmful for maize. However, mid-season precipitation tended to promote maize production. Temperature levels for all seasons impacted negatively on net revenue for both crops, except during the mid-season, when temperature exerted a positive effect on net revenue for sorghum. Our findings suggest that appropriate adaptation strategies should be promoted to reduce the negative impacts of prevailing climate change on cereal crop production.

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    Authors: Anslem Bawayelaazaa Nyuor; Emmanuel Donkor; Robert Aidoo; Samuel Saaka Buah; +4 Authors

    This paper investigates the economic impacts of climate change on cereal crop production in Northern Ghana using 240 households comprising maize and sorghum farmers. The Ricardian regression approach was used to examine the economic impacts of climate change based on data generated from a survey conducted in the 2013/2014 farming seasons. Forty-year time-series data of rainfall and temperature from 1974 to 2013, together with cross-sectional data, were used for the empirical analysis. The Ricardian regression estimates for both maize and sorghum showed varying degrees of climate change impacts on net revenues. The results indicated that early season precipitation was beneficial for sorghum, but harmful for maize. However, mid-season precipitation tended to promote maize production. Temperature levels for all seasons impacted negatively on net revenue for both crops, except during the mid-season, when temperature exerted a positive effect on net revenue for sorghum. Our findings suggest that appropriate adaptation strategies should be promoted to reduce the negative impacts of prevailing climate change on cereal crop production.

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    Authors: Manuel Müller; Siaka Dembélé; Robert Zougmoré; Thomas Gaiser; +1 Authors

    Recent climate analyses show trends for increasing precipitation variability with increasing precipitation sums in Mali. The increasing occurrence of temporary intra-seasonal droughts and waterlogging longer than a week demands climate-smart solutions. Research has focused on water deficits since the 1980s. However, besides droughts, waterlogging can restrict productivity of sensitive cash and staple crops as cotton and corn. The year 2019 offered the historically unique opportunity to monitor waterlogging effects with 1088 mm precipitation in the rural commune Cinzanawith an isohyet of 681 mm. Impacts of two extreme downpours on three sorghum cultivars were monitored in a farmers-field experiment with three replications. All sorghum cultivars performed well in 2019 with significantly higher grain and above ground biomass yields than in the reference year 2007, with well distributed rainfall in Cinzana. “Jakumbè” (CSM63E) produced significantly higher grain yields than the hybrid cultivar “PR3009B” bred for high harvest index. The local cultivar “Gnofing” selected by local farmers produced significantly higher above ground biomass. All cultivars tolerated without severe stress symptoms 20 days waterlogging and 72 h inundation. Further waterlogging resilience research of other crops and other sorghum cultivars is needed to strengthen food security in Mali with expected increasing precipitation variation in the future.

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    Authors: Manuel Müller; Siaka Dembélé; Robert Zougmoré; Thomas Gaiser; +1 Authors

    Recent climate analyses show trends for increasing precipitation variability with increasing precipitation sums in Mali. The increasing occurrence of temporary intra-seasonal droughts and waterlogging longer than a week demands climate-smart solutions. Research has focused on water deficits since the 1980s. However, besides droughts, waterlogging can restrict productivity of sensitive cash and staple crops as cotton and corn. The year 2019 offered the historically unique opportunity to monitor waterlogging effects with 1088 mm precipitation in the rural commune Cinzanawith an isohyet of 681 mm. Impacts of two extreme downpours on three sorghum cultivars were monitored in a farmers-field experiment with three replications. All sorghum cultivars performed well in 2019 with significantly higher grain and above ground biomass yields than in the reference year 2007, with well distributed rainfall in Cinzana. “Jakumbè” (CSM63E) produced significantly higher grain yields than the hybrid cultivar “PR3009B” bred for high harvest index. The local cultivar “Gnofing” selected by local farmers produced significantly higher above ground biomass. All cultivars tolerated without severe stress symptoms 20 days waterlogging and 72 h inundation. Further waterlogging resilience research of other crops and other sorghum cultivars is needed to strengthen food security in Mali with expected increasing precipitation variation in the future.

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    Authors: Tony W. Carr; Siyabusa Mkuhlani; Alcade C. Segnon; Zakari Ali; +4 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture in West Africa faces the challenge of meeting the rising demand for food as national incomes and populations increase while production becomes more uncertain due to climate change. Crop production models can provide helpful information on agricultural yields under a range of climate change scenarios and on the impact of adaptation strategies. Here, we report a systematic review of the impact of climate change on the yield of major staple crops in West Africa. Unlike earlier reviews we pay particular attention to the potential of common agricultural adaptation strategies (such as optimised planting dates, use of fertilisers and climate-resilient crop varieties) to mitigate the effects of climate change on crop yields. We systematically searched two databases for literature published between 2005 and 2020 and identified 35 relevant studies. We analysed yield changes of major staple crops (maize, sorghum, rice, millet, yam, cassava and groundnuts) caused by different climate change and field management scenarios. Yields declined by a median of 6% (−8% to +2% depending on the crop) due to climate change in all scenarios analysed. We show that the common adaptation strategies could increase crop yields affected by climate change by 13% (−4% to +19% depending on the strategy) as compared to business-as-usual field management practices, and that optimised planting dates and cultivars with longer crop cycle duration could in fact offset the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. Increased fertiliser use has not mitigated the impact of climate change on crops but could substantially increase yields now and in the future. Our results suggest that a combination of increased fertiliser use and adopting cropping practices that take advantage of favourable climate conditions have great potential to protect and enhance future crop production in West Africa.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Tony W. Carr; Siyabusa Mkuhlani; Alcade C. Segnon; Zakari Ali; +4 Authors

    Abstract Agriculture in West Africa faces the challenge of meeting the rising demand for food as national incomes and populations increase while production becomes more uncertain due to climate change. Crop production models can provide helpful information on agricultural yields under a range of climate change scenarios and on the impact of adaptation strategies. Here, we report a systematic review of the impact of climate change on the yield of major staple crops in West Africa. Unlike earlier reviews we pay particular attention to the potential of common agricultural adaptation strategies (such as optimised planting dates, use of fertilisers and climate-resilient crop varieties) to mitigate the effects of climate change on crop yields. We systematically searched two databases for literature published between 2005 and 2020 and identified 35 relevant studies. We analysed yield changes of major staple crops (maize, sorghum, rice, millet, yam, cassava and groundnuts) caused by different climate change and field management scenarios. Yields declined by a median of 6% (−8% to +2% depending on the crop) due to climate change in all scenarios analysed. We show that the common adaptation strategies could increase crop yields affected by climate change by 13% (−4% to +19% depending on the strategy) as compared to business-as-usual field management practices, and that optimised planting dates and cultivars with longer crop cycle duration could in fact offset the negative effects of climate change on crop yields. Increased fertiliser use has not mitigated the impact of climate change on crops but could substantially increase yields now and in the future. Our results suggest that a combination of increased fertiliser use and adopting cropping practices that take advantage of favourable climate conditions have great potential to protect and enhance future crop production in West Africa.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Bayala, J; Zougmore, R B; Dayamba, S D; Olivier, A;

    This Thematic Series on “Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground AR4D experiences” contains seven papers presented by researchers from four West African countries based on participatory action research conducted since 2012 in the region. These research activities were funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) through a project titled “Developing community-based climate-smart agriculture through participatory action research in CCAFS benchmark sites in West Africa” (see [1]). This research action under the scientific lead of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) aimed to test and validate, in partnership with rural communities and other stakeholders, scalable climate-smart village models for agricultural development that integrate a range of innovative agricultural risk management strategies. The project also aimed to enable farmers, developers, managers and policy makers for the agriculture sector to develop cost-effective climate-smart agriculture (CSA) options that support local sustainable development and enhance livelihood resilience. It is therefore a response to the challenges (degraded lands, low crop productivity, high level of poverty for rural people, etc.) faced to satisfy the food needs of an increasing population in the face of a changing climate...

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    Agriculture & Food Security
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    Authors: Bayala, J; Zougmore, R B; Dayamba, S D; Olivier, A;

    This Thematic Series on “Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies in West Africa: learning from the ground AR4D experiences” contains seven papers presented by researchers from four West African countries based on participatory action research conducted since 2012 in the region. These research activities were funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) through a project titled “Developing community-based climate-smart agriculture through participatory action research in CCAFS benchmark sites in West Africa” (see [1]). This research action under the scientific lead of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) aimed to test and validate, in partnership with rural communities and other stakeholders, scalable climate-smart village models for agricultural development that integrate a range of innovative agricultural risk management strategies. The project also aimed to enable farmers, developers, managers and policy makers for the agriculture sector to develop cost-effective climate-smart agriculture (CSA) options that support local sustainable development and enhance livelihood resilience. It is therefore a response to the challenges (degraded lands, low crop productivity, high level of poverty for rural people, etc.) faced to satisfy the food needs of an increasing population in the face of a changing climate...

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      Agriculture & Food Security
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    Authors: James Hansen; Lorna Born; Elliott Ronald Dossou-Yovo; Caroline Mwongera; +8 Authors

    Climate services are playing an increasing role in efforts to build the resilience of African agriculture to a variable and changing climate. Efforts to improve the contribution of climate services to agriculture must contend with substantial differences in national agricultural climate services landscapes. Context-specific factors influence the effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of agricultural climate service, but in ways that are challenging to anticipate. In the context of six countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Zambia), this paper addresses the need to consider differing national contexts when developing strategies to make agricultural climate services in sub-Saharan Africa more effective, scalable and sustainable. Based on authors' collective firsthand knowledge and a review of information from secondary sources, we identify key strengths and weaknesses of climate services relative to agriculture sector needs in the focus countries; and assess factors that have contributed to those differences. Focus countries differ substantially in areas such as the degree of public support, alignment of services with agricultural needs, service delivery channels, degree of decentralization, and public—private-sector balance. These differences have been driven largely by differing national policies, delivery capacity and external actors, but not by responsiveness to agricultural sector demands. Building on the analyses of country differences and their drivers, we then discuss four key opportunities to further strengthen the contribution of climate services to agriculture: (a) leveraging farmer demand to drive scaling and sustainability; (b) exploiting digital innovation within a diverse delivery strategy; (c) balancing public and private sector comparative advantage; and (d) embedding climate services in agricultural extension. For each of these opportunities, we consider how different country contexts can impact the potential effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of services; and how efforts to strengthen those services can account for context-specific drivers to manage the tradeoffs among effectiveness, scalability and sustainability.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Climate
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    Frontiers in Climate
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      Frontiers in Climate
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    Authors: James Hansen; Lorna Born; Elliott Ronald Dossou-Yovo; Caroline Mwongera; +8 Authors

    Climate services are playing an increasing role in efforts to build the resilience of African agriculture to a variable and changing climate. Efforts to improve the contribution of climate services to agriculture must contend with substantial differences in national agricultural climate services landscapes. Context-specific factors influence the effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of agricultural climate service, but in ways that are challenging to anticipate. In the context of six countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Zambia), this paper addresses the need to consider differing national contexts when developing strategies to make agricultural climate services in sub-Saharan Africa more effective, scalable and sustainable. Based on authors' collective firsthand knowledge and a review of information from secondary sources, we identify key strengths and weaknesses of climate services relative to agriculture sector needs in the focus countries; and assess factors that have contributed to those differences. Focus countries differ substantially in areas such as the degree of public support, alignment of services with agricultural needs, service delivery channels, degree of decentralization, and public—private-sector balance. These differences have been driven largely by differing national policies, delivery capacity and external actors, but not by responsiveness to agricultural sector demands. Building on the analyses of country differences and their drivers, we then discuss four key opportunities to further strengthen the contribution of climate services to agriculture: (a) leveraging farmer demand to drive scaling and sustainability; (b) exploiting digital innovation within a diverse delivery strategy; (c) balancing public and private sector comparative advantage; and (d) embedding climate services in agricultural extension. For each of these opportunities, we consider how different country contexts can impact the potential effectiveness, scalability and sustainability of services; and how efforts to strengthen those services can account for context-specific drivers to manage the tradeoffs among effectiveness, scalability and sustainability.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Frontiers in Climate
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Climate
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