• Energy Research

L'étude étudie la relation entre la production industrielle et la qualité de l'environnement dans une économie chinoise. Les estimations du test des limites ARDL sur l'échantillon 1972–2020 fournissent la preuve de la relation à long terme entre la production industrielle et la qualité de l'environnement en présence d'un facteur de contrôle de la consommation d'énergie. Les résultats confirment également la présence d'un impact en forme de N de la production industrielle sur la qualité de l'environnement à long et à court terme en Chine. Les résultats démontrent en outre que l'utilisation de l'énergie pollue l'environnement en Chine au cours des deux périodes. Ces résultats ont ouvert un processus de réflexion pour les décideurs politiques afin de voir dans quelle mesure le développement industriel devrait être autorisé en Chine en contrôlant la consommation d'énergie là où elle n'est pas nocive pour la qualité de l'environnement. Les résultats dévoilent également deux points de coupure de la production industrielle pour la qualité de l'environnement. Le point de coupure maximum de la production industrielle est de 29,21% auquel la qualité de l'environnement s'aggrave et le point de coupure minimum est de 30,71% auquel la qualité de l'environnement se détériore à long terme en Chine. Le test de causalité basé sur le modèle de correction d'erreur vectorielle (VECM) suggère un lien de causalité unidirectionnel allant des termes linéaires, carrés et cubiques de la production industrielle aux émissions de carbone à court terme, mais ils ont un lien de causalité bidirectionnel entre eux à long terme. De plus, un lien de causalité bidirectionnel entre la consommation d'énergie et la qualité de l'environnement est observé à court terme, mais la consommation d'énergie est à l'origine de la qualité de l'environnement à long terme en Chine. Ces résultats sont robustes pour divers tests de diagnostic appliqués dans l'étude. L'étude propose de telles politiques qui peuvent permettre d'augmenter la production industrielle jusqu'à un niveau où elle ne nuira pas à l'environnement naturel. Bien qu'au-delà d'un point de coupure minimum, la production industrielle peut être restructurée en passant d'une énergie sale à une énergie propre et respectueuse de l'environnement. El estudio investiga la relación entre la producción industrial y la calidad ambiental en una economía china. Las estimaciones de la prueba de límites ARDL sobre la muestra 1972–2020 proporcionan evidencia de la relación a largo plazo entre la producción industrial y la calidad ambiental en presencia de un factor de control del uso de energía. Los resultados también confirman la presencia de un impacto en forma de N de la producción industrial en la calidad ambiental a largo y corto plazo en China. Los hallazgos demuestran además que el uso de energía está contaminando el medio ambiente en China en ambos períodos. Estos hallazgos han abierto un proceso de reflexión para que los responsables políticos vean en qué medida se debe permitir el desarrollo industrial en China mediante el control del uso de energía donde no sea perjudicial para la calidad ambiental. Los hallazgos también despliegan dos puntos de corte de la producción industrial para la calidad ambiental. El punto de corte máximo de la producción industrial es del 29,21% en el que la calidad ambiental empeora y el punto de corte mínimo es del 30,71% en el que la calidad ambiental se desactiva a largo plazo en China. La prueba de causalidad basada en el Modelo de Corrección de Errores Vectoriales (VECM) sugiere un vínculo causal unidireccional que va desde términos lineales, cuadrados y cúbicos de la producción industrial hasta las emisiones de carbono a corto plazo, pero tienen un vínculo causal bidireccional entre sí a largo plazo. Además, se observa un vínculo causal bidireccional entre el uso de energía y la calidad ambiental a corto plazo, pero el uso de energía está causando calidad ambiental a largo plazo en China. Estos hallazgos son sólidos para varias pruebas de diagnóstico aplicadas en el estudio. El estudio propone políticas que pueden permitir que la producción industrial aumente hasta un nivel en el que no dañe el medio ambiente natural. Aunque más allá de un punto de corte mínimo, la producción industrial puede reestructurarse pasando de la energía sucia a la energía limpia y respetuosa con el medio ambiente. The study investigates the relationship between industrial production and environmental quality in a Chinese economy. The estimates of the ARDL bounds test over the sample 1972–2020 provide evidence of the long-run relation between industrial production and environmental quality in the presence of a controlling factor energy use. The results also confirm the presence of an N-shaped impact of industrial production on environmental quality in the long and short-run in China. The findings further demonstrate that the use of energy is polluting the environment in China in both periods. These findings have opened up a thought process for the policymakers to see to what extent industrial development should be allowed in China by controlling energy use where it is not harmful to environmental quality. The findings also unfold two cutoff points of industrial production for environmental quality. The maximum cutoff point of industrial production is 29.21% at which environmental quality becomes worse off and the minimum cutoff point is 30.71% at which environmental quality turns well off in the long run in China. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) based causality test suggests a unidirectional causal link running from linear, squared, and cubic terms of industrial production to carbon emissions in the short run, but they have a bidirectional causal link between each other in the long run. Moreover, a bidirectional causal link between energy use and environmental quality is witnessed in the short run but energy use is causing environmental quality in the long run in China. These findings are robust to various diagnostic tests applied in the study. The study proposes such policies that may allow industrial production to be increased up to a level where it will not hurt the natural environment. While beyond a minimum cutoff point, industrial production may be restructured by shifting from unclean energy to environmentally friendly clean energy. تبحث الدراسة في العلاقة بين الإنتاج الصناعي والجودة البيئية في الاقتصاد الصيني. تقدم تقديرات اختبار حدود ARDL على العينة 1972-2020 دليلاً على العلاقة طويلة المدى بين الإنتاج الصناعي والجودة البيئية في وجود عامل تحكم في استخدام الطاقة. تؤكد النتائج أيضًا وجود تأثير على شكل حرف N للإنتاج الصناعي على الجودة البيئية على المدى الطويل والقصير في الصين. وتظهر النتائج كذلك أن استخدام الطاقة يلوث البيئة في الصين في كلتا الفترتين. وقد فتحت هذه النتائج عملية تفكير لصانعي السياسات لمعرفة إلى أي مدى ينبغي السماح بالتنمية الصناعية في الصين من خلال التحكم في استخدام الطاقة حيث لا تكون ضارة بجودة البيئة. تكشف النتائج أيضًا عن نقطتي توقف للإنتاج الصناعي لجودة البيئة. الحد الأقصى لنقطة القطع للإنتاج الصناعي هو 29.21 ٪ حيث تصبح الجودة البيئية أسوأ حالًا والحد الأدنى لنقطة القطع هو 30.71 ٪ حيث تتحول الجودة البيئية بشكل جيد على المدى الطويل في الصين. يشير اختبار السببية القائم على نموذج تصحيح الأخطاء المتجهية (VECM) إلى وجود صلة سببية أحادية الاتجاه تمتد من المصطلحات الخطية والمربعة والمكعبة للإنتاج الصناعي إلى انبعاثات الكربون على المدى القصير، ولكن لها صلة سببية ثنائية الاتجاه بين بعضها البعض على المدى الطويل. علاوة على ذلك، هناك علاقة سببية ثنائية الاتجاه بين استخدام الطاقة وجودة البيئة على المدى القصير، لكن استخدام الطاقة يتسبب في جودة البيئة على المدى الطويل في الصين. هذه النتائج قوية لمختلف الاختبارات التشخيصية المطبقة في الدراسة. تقترح الدراسة مثل هذه السياسات التي قد تسمح بزيادة الإنتاج الصناعي إلى مستوى لا يضر بالبيئة الطبيعية. في حين أنه يتجاوز الحد الأدنى لنقطة القطع، يمكن إعادة هيكلة الإنتاج الصناعي عن طريق التحول من الطاقة غير النظيفة إلى الطاقة النظيفة الصديقة للبيئة.

This paper aims to evaluate the overarching relationships between International Inbound Tourism Demand (IITD), regional trade integration and Renewable Energy Transition (RET) in the context of selected South Asian economies between 1990 and 2016. The results from the panel data econometric analyses, accounting for cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity issues, showed that higher degrees of intra-regional trade between the South Asian economies exert positive impacts on the IITD in South Asia. Similarly, undergoing a RET was found to stimulate the IITD further. Besides, the joint favorable impacts of regional trade integration and RET on South Asia’s IITD were also ascertained. Therefore, these findings impose key policy implications concerning the pertinence of strengthening regional trade cooperation between the South Asian neighbors and boosting renewable energy consumption for enhancing the IITD further.

Agriculture plays an integral part in facilitating socioeconomic development in Nepal. However, it is also associated with environmental concerns which need to be controlled for the sake of ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability in tandem. Against this backdrop, this current study aims to check whether shocks to the levels of agricultural productivity, land utilization for crop production, and fertilizer consumption influence the carbon dioxide emission figures of Nepal over the 1965-2018 period. The long-run associations between these variables are confirmed from the cointegration analysis. Besides, the outcomes from the asymmetric non-linear autoregressive distributed lag regression analysis show that crop productivity does not influence the emission levels in Nepal. However, a decline in the land area used for crop production purposes is evidenced to trigger higher emissions of carbon dioxide both in the short- and long run. On the other hand, higher fertilizer consumption is found to boost the short- and long-run carbon dioxide emission levels in Nepal. Accordingly, considering the objective of reducing agriculture-based emissions, this study recommends the Nepalese government to adopt policies that can enhance the productivity of low energy-intensive crop production, stimulate green agriculture and non-agriculture activities, and minimize the use of chemical fertilizers in arable lands.

Bangladesh has recently pledged at the 26th Conference of Parties (COP26) to reduce its carbon dioxide emission figures by 22% at the end of 2030. However, since this South Asian country has always turned to fossil fuels for electricity generation purposes, achieving this emission reduction goal is a challenging task for the Bangladesh government. Nevertheless, considering the negative environmental implications associated with the generation and consumption of unclean energy, particularly electricity, it is critically important for Bangladesh to expedite the process of clean transformation of its traditional pollution-intensive power system. Hence, the objective of this study is to dissect the repercussions of hydroelectricity use on Bangladesh’s fossil fuel consumption-related carbon dioxide As opposed to the traditional method of quantifying environmental quality using total carbon dioxide emissions, this study considers Bangladesh’s annual carbon dioxide emissions generated from the combustion of gas, oil, and coal. Besides, novel Fourier-based econometric methods that effectively handle structural break problems in data are utilized in this study. Based on the results, it is found that up-scaling hydroelectricity consumption levels exert emission-inhibiting effects while greater economic globalization activities are witnessed to boost the emissions. More importantly, hydroelectricity consumption and economic globalization are observed to jointly curb fossil fuel consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide. Additionally, the results verify the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Bangladesh. Furthermore, financial sector development is found to be effective in reducing the natural gas consumption-related carbon dioxide emissions while urbanization is held responsible for amplifying emissions generated from all three types of fossil fuels. Therefore, considering these findings, the Bangladesh government needs to particularly emphasize scaling up production and consumption of hydroelectricity to decarbonize its economy.

The GCC countries are moving toward circular and green economies in their long-run visions. This transformation is accelerating the industrialization, urbanization, economic growth, and Trade Openness (TO) in the region. This present study examines the effects of these economic indicators on pollution emissions in the GCC panel from 1980-2019 using panel techniques. We found the environmental Kuznets curve. Moreover, TO is helping reduce CO2 emissions. Hence, economic growth and TO are helping the GCC region to follow the track of green and circular economies. In short run, TO also reduces emissions. Industrialization and urbanization accelerate emissions in long run. Thus, both indicators have environmental consequences in the GCC region in the long run. However, these indicators could not harm the in short run. To follow the track of green and circular economies, the study recommends increasing trade openness in the region and imposing carbon taxes on industrialization and urbanization to reduce their environmental consequences.

Expansionary monetary and fiscal policies are necessary for economic and environmental development. The present research studies the impact of monetary policy and fiscal policy on Territory-Based CO2 (TBC) and Consumption-Based CO2 (CBC) emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies from 1990–2019. The cointegration is corroborated through various tests, and long-term relationships are found in both TBC and CBC models. Government expenditures have long-term positive effects on both TBC and CBC emissions and short-term positive effects on TBC emissions in the region. Money supply negatively affects the TBC and CBC emissions in the long run and positively affects TBC and CBC emissions in the short run. Hence, monetary policy needs a long time to have positive ecological effects in the GCC region. Moreover, fiscal policy in both the long and short run and monetary policy in the short run have scale effects in GCC economies. Therefore, we recommend reducing fiscal measures and encouraging monetary policy in the long run to have positive environmental outcomes in the region.

Trade openness may support the economic growth of any country but its environmental effects due to increasing energy consumption cannot be ignored. This research hypothesizes the asymmetrical effects of both economic growth and trade openness on the energy consumption of Egypt from 1971–2014. Our estimates suggest that both economic growth and trade openness have asymmetrical effects on the energy consumption in both long and short runs because magnitude of the effects are found unequal. Both increasing and decreasing economic growth have positive effects on the energy consumption in the long and short runs except an insignificant effect of decreasing economic growth in the short run. Increasing and decreasing trade openness have also positive effects on the energy consumption in the long and short runs except an insignificant effect of decreasing trade openness in the long run. The increasing energy consumption, as results of increasing economic growth and/or trade openness, may have environmental consequence. Therefore, we recommend the Egyptian government to diversify the energy consumption from fossil fuel sources.

The rule of law and control of corruption would play an effective role in managing CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The present research has explored this issue in Pakistan controlling economic growth during 1996-2019. Further, the unit root and cointegration tests are used. We found the long and short-run relationships in the model. Economic growth has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. The rule of law could not impact in the long run and negatively impacts in the short run. Hence, improving law and order conditions would reduce CO2 emissions in the short run, and further improvements in the rule of law could have pleasant long-run environmental effects. The control of corruption has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the long run. However, the short-run effects of control of corruption with first and second lags are found negative.