• Energy Research

Abstract Fuel cells are considered to be a promising system that is utilized in several applications and in various sectors. Particle image velocimetry is extremely practicable for the exploration of the flow field inside fuel cells and channels. This paper reviews fuel cell studies focusing on the particle image velocimetry technique in the open literature. In this regard, state-of-the-art and comparative evaluation have been investigated and are discussed. Additionally, challenges, opportunities and future direction have been studied in terms of fuel cell type, size, voltage value, current value, power output capacity, and CFD applications. It is concluded that the growing demand on fuel cells will increase system design, performance improvement and cost benefit efforts affected by the flow and design parameters and characteristics which are other important issues that could be covered using PIV methods in the future. Moreover, this review paper is expected to be a better guide for researchers, policy makers and technologists working on potential commercial applications of fuel cells in mobile and stationary platforms.

This study analyzes two types of aircraft offered to the industry by two different manufacturers on an identical route and trajectory for commercial aviation and the noxious emissions resulting from equipping these aircraft with the most frequently used engine combinations today. The research covers the most recent Base of Aircraft Data (BADA v4.2_1), the Aircraft Noise and Performance (ANP v2.3), and the ICAO Engine Emission Database (254-ICAO EDDB25/FOCA) based integrated aircraft noise and emissions modelling platform (IMPACT) devel oped by EUROCONTROL. The striking findings in fuel consumption and emissions of four different scenarios during identical flight operations are detailed. The research presents the application of a systematic aircraft engine pair decision mechanism for investigators, scientists, airline operators, policy analysts and legislators, in accordance with a comprehensive computer simulation method that consistently acknowledges the fuel consumption and emissions analysis of aircraft-engine parings.

Purpose This study aims to introduce exergy analysis of a three-spool turboprop engine during the complete flight. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a flight scenario of the aircraft is assumed. Operating parameters of the aircraft and its engine are modelled based on the assumed flight scenario with the aid of a genuine code. And then performance analysis of the engine is performed for each flight path point with the aid of exergy. Findings At the end of the study, major exergy parameters of the engine are calculated during the complete flight of a cargo aircraft three-spool turboprop engine. Practical implications Findings of the study may be beneficial for industry and practitioners to improve performance of the evaluated engine. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this paper presented the exergy analysis of a three-spool turboprop engine during the complete flight for the first time. It was shown how the exergy destruction rate depends on the altitude and manoeuvre.

It is a matter of great concern that the aviation industry, which has made significant contributions to the transportation sector, relies heavily on nonrenewable fossil fuels that are causing substantial pollution, leading to the industry’s unsustainability. To address this issue, the industry has shifted its focus towards sustainable aviation fuels, with hydrogen fuel showing great promise due to its clean and eco-friendly nature. However, the adoption of hydrogen as an energy carrier in aviation presents several challenges, including the lack of a supply chain comparable to that of kerosene, which is currently the primary fuel used in aviation. The supply chain for hydrogen involves various sub-sections such as production, liquefaction, transport, storage, and distribution. This study aims to analyze the hydrogen supply chains for airports and to develop scenarios for its imple mentation. The study evaluates the environmental impact, cost, sustainability, viability, and safety in different supply chain scenarios, as well as recommending a comprehensive approach to supply chain development that involves collaboration between industry, government, and academia.

Abstract Over the last decade, sustainable energy consumption has attracted the attention of scientists and researchers. The current paper presents sustainability indicators of a small scale turbojet engine, operated on micro-aerial vehicles, for discussion of the sustainable development of the aviation industry from a different perspective. Experimental data was obtained from an engine at full power load and utilized to conduct an exergy-based sustainability analysis. Exergy efficiency, waste exergy ratio, recoverable exergy ratio, environmental effect factor, exergy destruction factor and exergetic sustainability index are evaluated as exergetic sustainability indicators of the turbojet engine under investigation in the current study. The exergy efficiency of the small scale turbojet engine is calculated as 27.25 % whereas the waste exergy ratio, the exergy destruction factor and the sustainability index of the engine are found to be 0.9756, 0.5466 and 0.2793, respectively.

In this research, differences in the quantities of hazardous emissions induced by equipping the first composite constructed narrow body aircraft, which is commonly used in commercial aviation today, with the most common engine combinations are examined. Each engine combination that is the subject of this research is actively deployed by a number of airlines and serves the majority of passenger transportation demands. The objective is to clearly depict the variation in the quantities of emissions generated by the various engine types employed in this commonly used passenger aircraft. The instability in the amounts of emissions in various flight phases of the same aircraft, performed with various engine specifications on the same trajectory and route, is determined using EUROCONTROL's Integrated Aircraft Noise and Emissions Modelling Platform (IMPACT), which is founded on the Base of Aircraft Data, Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA), and International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Helicopter and Aircraft Engine Emission Database. The research seeks to answer the following question: Considering that airlines serve many destinations throughout the year, how much fuel saving and, indirectly, emissions mitigation are achieved per sortie as a result of replacing the engines used by airlines in their existing fleets with the most environmentally friendly equivalents?

Performance forecasting of aeroengines is crucial for achieving better operational efficiency, ensuring safety, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impact in the aviation industry. It enables engineers and researchers to make informed decisions, leading to advancements in technology and the overall evolution of aviation. This study is focused on the effects of flight conditions on the performance of a turbojet, which in consequence affects the environmental aspect of operation. By investigating the relationships between aeroengine efficiency and performance indicators such as thrust, shaft speed, and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and flight characteristics expressed in terms of environmental and operational conditions, the study seeks to elucidate these connections. The article's significance lies in its successful application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to predict thrust, shaft speed, and EGT variations in turbojet engines under varying flight conditions. Experimental data from a turbojet test bench is processed with deep learning, specifically LSTM recurrent neural networks that are developed based on Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB). The model inputs are free stream air speed, compressor inlet pressure, combustor inlet temperature, combustor inlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, nozzle inlet pressure and fuel flow, and the outputs are thrust, shaft speed and EGT. Predicted thrust closely aligns with actual thrust values, though with minor discrepancies. Shaft speed predictions exhibit a similar trend, while EGT predictions showcase a comparable pattern with slight variations. Despite the prediction errors, a thorough evaluation of median values, box plots, and probability density functions confirms that the models effectively capture available information, though discrepancies may arise from measurement inaccuracies and initial engine conditions. These results show that it is possible to accurately predict turbojet performance using LSTM recurrent neural network. This research paves the way for enhanced aeroengine performance prediction, particularly in scenarios requiring off-board or high-performance applications.

Purpose This study was carried out in Igdir, where Turkey’s urban air pollution is at the highest level, and the population is among the smallest. Thus, the study aims to determine the effect of air transportation on air pollution in the most polluted city in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The approach includes six stages: choosing the airport, accessing the flight information for the airport, classifying the aircraft that operated at the airport, determining the aircraft engines, calculating the emission amounts, calculating the landing and takeoff-based emissions. Findings Rather than devoting the resources disproportionally to the aviation sector within the scope of economic globalization, as a policy recommendation, to realize its production potential, Igdir, which has a great agricultural production capacity, considering its microclimate, fertile soil and arable land, should be urgently integrated into neighboring markets and the national market via railways. Practical implications It is inferred from the research that Turkey has to consider implementing the emissions tax policy, while the Turkish aviation sector is to realize new regulations for aircraft-engine matching to take public health and the impacts of the airports on their surroundings into consideration more seriously. Originality/value This study is an original one, as it puts the increasing pollution caused by the aircraft into a historical and political-economic perspective. Also, it is an example of an interdisciplinary work that combines environmental science and political science.

The present research addresses the influence of COVID-19 on the amount of air pollutants induced by commercial air transport in Turkey. The data sets were obtained from the General Directorate of S...