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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Pedro E. Gória Silva;
    Pedro E. Gória Silva
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro E. Gória Silva in OpenAIRE
    Nicola Marchetti; orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid Rausley A. A. de Souza;
    Rausley A. A. de Souza
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Rausley A. A. de Souza in OpenAIRE

    A central concern for large-scale sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) has been battery capacity and how to recharge it. Recent advances have pointed to a technique capable of collecting energy from radio frequency (RF) waves called radio frequency-based energy harvesting (RF-EH) as a solution for low-power networks where cables or even changing the battery is unfeasible. The technical literature addresses energy harvesting techniques as an isolated block by dealing with energy harvesting apart from the other aspects inherent to the transmitter and receiver. Thus, the energy spent on data transmission cannot be used together to charge the battery and decode information. As an extension to them, we propose here a method that enables the information to be recovered from the battery charge by designing a sensor network operating with a semanticfunctional communication framework. Moreover, we propose an event-driven sensor network in which batteries are recharged by applying the technique RF-EH. In order to evaluate system performance, we investigated event signaling, event detection, empty battery, and signaling success rates, as well as the Age of Information (AoI). We discuss how the main parameters are related to the system behavior based on a representative case study, also discussing the battery charge behavior. Numerical results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Sensors
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sensors
      Article . 2023
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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      Sensors
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: orcid Pedro E. Gória Silva;
    Pedro E. Gória Silva
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro E. Gória Silva in OpenAIRE
    Nicola Marchetti; orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid Rausley A. A. de Souza;
    Rausley A. A. de Souza
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Rausley A. A. de Souza in OpenAIRE

    A central concern for large-scale sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) has been battery capacity and how to recharge it. Recent advances have pointed to a technique capable of collecting energy from radio frequency (RF) waves called radio frequency-based energy harvesting (RF-EH) as a solution for low-power networks where cables or even changing the battery is unfeasible. The technical literature addresses energy harvesting techniques as an isolated block by dealing with energy harvesting apart from the other aspects inherent to the transmitter and receiver. Thus, the energy spent on data transmission cannot be used together to charge the battery and decode information. As an extension to them, we propose here a method that enables the information to be recovered from the battery charge by designing a sensor network operating with a semanticfunctional communication framework. Moreover, we propose an event-driven sensor network in which batteries are recharged by applying the technique RF-EH. In order to evaluate system performance, we investigated event signaling, event detection, empty battery, and signaling success rates, as well as the Age of Information (AoI). We discuss how the main parameters are related to the system behavior based on a representative case study, also discussing the battery charge behavior. Numerical results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sensors
    Article . 2023
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sensors
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2023
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      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sensors
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mehar Ullah; Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas; orcid Eero Inkeri;
    Eero Inkeri
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Eero Inkeri in OpenAIRE
    orcid Tero Tynjälä;
    Tero Tynjälä
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Tero Tynjälä in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    This study is a systematic analysis of selected research articles about power-to-X (P2X)-related processes. The relevance of this resides in the fact that most of the world’s energy is produced using fossil fuels, which has led to a huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of global warming. One of the most supported actions against such a phenomenon is to employ renewable energy resources, some of which are intermittent, such as solar and wind. This brings the need for large-scale, longer-period energy storage solutions. In this sense, the P2X process chain could play this role: renewable energy can be converted into storable hydrogen, chemicals, and fuels via electrolysis and subsequent synthesis with CO2. The main contribution of this study is to provide a systematic articulation of advanced data-driven methods and latest technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and machine learning for the efficient operation of P2X-related processes. We summarize our findings into different working architectures and illustrate them with a numerical result that employs a machine learning model using historic data to define operational parameters for a given P2X process.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Energies
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mehar Ullah; Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas; orcid Eero Inkeri;
    Eero Inkeri
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Eero Inkeri in OpenAIRE
    orcid Tero Tynjälä;
    Tero Tynjälä
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Tero Tynjälä in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    This study is a systematic analysis of selected research articles about power-to-X (P2X)-related processes. The relevance of this resides in the fact that most of the world’s energy is produced using fossil fuels, which has led to a huge amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of global warming. One of the most supported actions against such a phenomenon is to employ renewable energy resources, some of which are intermittent, such as solar and wind. This brings the need for large-scale, longer-period energy storage solutions. In this sense, the P2X process chain could play this role: renewable energy can be converted into storable hydrogen, chemicals, and fuels via electrolysis and subsequent synthesis with CO2. The main contribution of this study is to provide a systematic articulation of advanced data-driven methods and latest technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and machine learning for the efficient operation of P2X-related processes. We summarize our findings into different working architectures and illustrate them with a numerical result that employs a machine learning model using historic data to define operational parameters for a given P2X process.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: orcid bw Arun Narayanan;
    Arun Narayanan
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Arun Narayanan in OpenAIRE
    orcid Arthur Sousa De Sena;
    Arthur Sousa De Sena
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Arthur Sousa De Sena in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas;
    Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dick Carrillo Melgarejo;
    Dick Carrillo Melgarejo
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Dick Carrillo Melgarejo in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    This article surveys emerging technologies related to pervasive edge computing (PEC) for industrial internet-of-things (IIoT) enabled by fifth-generation (5G) and beyond communication networks. PEC encompasses all devices that are capable of performing computational tasks locally, including those at the edge of the core network (edge servers co-located with 5G base stations) and in the radio access network (sensors, actuators, etc.). The main advantages of this paradigm are core network offloading (and benefits therefrom) and low latency for delay-sensitive applications (e.g., automatic control). We have reviewed the state-of-the-art in the PEC paradigm and its applications to the IIoT domain, which have been enabled by the recent developments in 5G technology. We have classified and described three important research areas related to PEC-distributed artificial intelligence methods, energy efficiency, and cyber security. We have also identified the main open challenges that must be solved to have a scalable PEC-based IIoT network that operates efficiently under different conditions. By explaining the applications, challenges, and opportunities, our paper reinforces the perspective that the PEC paradigm is an extremely suitable and important deployment model for industrial communication networks, considering the modern trend toward private industrial 5G networks with local operations and flexible management.

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    Authors: orcid bw Arun Narayanan;
    Arun Narayanan
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    Arun Narayanan in OpenAIRE
    orcid Arthur Sousa De Sena;
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    Arthur Sousa De Sena in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas;
    Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas
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    Daniel Gutierrez-Rojas in OpenAIRE
    orcid Dick Carrillo Melgarejo;
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    Dick Carrillo Melgarejo in OpenAIRE
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    This article surveys emerging technologies related to pervasive edge computing (PEC) for industrial internet-of-things (IIoT) enabled by fifth-generation (5G) and beyond communication networks. PEC encompasses all devices that are capable of performing computational tasks locally, including those at the edge of the core network (edge servers co-located with 5G base stations) and in the radio access network (sensors, actuators, etc.). The main advantages of this paradigm are core network offloading (and benefits therefrom) and low latency for delay-sensitive applications (e.g., automatic control). We have reviewed the state-of-the-art in the PEC paradigm and its applications to the IIoT domain, which have been enabled by the recent developments in 5G technology. We have classified and described three important research areas related to PEC-distributed artificial intelligence methods, energy efficiency, and cyber security. We have also identified the main open challenges that must be solved to have a scalable PEC-based IIoT network that operates efficiently under different conditions. By explaining the applications, challenges, and opportunities, our paper reinforces the perspective that the PEC paradigm is an extremely suitable and important deployment model for industrial communication networks, considering the modern trend toward private industrial 5G networks with local operations and flexible management.

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    Authors: orcid Osamah S. Badarneh;
    Osamah S. Badarneh
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    Osamah S. Badarneh in OpenAIRE
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    Daniel Benevides da Costa in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE

    En este documento, consideramos una red de comunicación inalámbrica (WPCN), donde una fuente de información de múltiples antenas de energía limitada, alimentada por una baliza de alimentación dedicada, se comunica con un usuario móvil (MU). La UM está equipada con una sola antena y su movilidad se caracteriza por el conocido modelo de movilidad de puntos de referencia aleatorios. Para obtener las ventajas con el uso de múltiples antenas en la fuente, adoptamos dos esquemas populares de transmisión de múltiples antenas, a saber, la transmisión de relación máxima (MRT) y la selección de antena de transmisión (tas). A diferencia de trabajos anteriores que consideraban solo escenarios estáticos, este documento tiene como objetivo investigar la energía inalámbrica y la transferencia de información en el escenario con un usuario móvil aleatorio bajoNakagami $m$ desvaneciéndose. Cabe destacar que un caso especial de nuestro análisis, es decir, el caso de desvanecimiento de Rayleigh, tampoco se ha examinado en la literatura, lo que mejora el valor de contribución del análisis propuesto. Teniendo en cuenta los esquemas MRT y tas, se derivan las expresiones de forma cerrada para la probabilidad de interrupción, el rendimiento medio del límite de retardo, el rendimiento medio tolerante al retardo, la tasa media de errores de bits (Ber) y el rendimiento bajo la restricción media de BER. El análisis cuantifica el impacto de los entornos de movilidad y propagación, que se caracterizan por el exponente de pérdida de trayectoria y el parámetro multitrayectoria para el enlace PB-AP y el enlace AP-MU, en el rendimiento de una WPCN. Los resultados analíticos se comparan con las simulaciones de Monte-Carlo para validar el análisis y proporcionar información útil sobre el impacto de diferentes parámetros en el rendimiento del sistema. Dans cet article, nous considérons un réseau de communication alimenté sans fil (WPCN), où une source d'informations multi-antennes limitée en énergie, alimentée par une balise d'alimentation dédiée, communique avec un utilisateur mobile (MU). La MU est équipée d'une seule antenne et sa mobilité est caractérisée par le modèle bien connu de mobilité par points de cheminement aléatoires. Pour bénéficier des avantages de l'utilisation de plusieurs antennes à la source, nous adoptons deux schémas de transmission multi-antennes populaires, à savoir la transmission à rapport maximal (MRT) et la sélection d'antenne d'émission (tas). Contrairement aux travaux précédents qui ne considéraient que des scénarios statiques, cet article vise à étudier le transfert d'énergie et d'informations sans fil dans le scénario avec un utilisateur mobile aléatoire sousNakagami- $m$ fading. Il convient de noter qu'un cas particulier de notre analyse, à savoir le cas de l'évanouissement de Rayleigh, n'a pas non plus été examiné dans la littérature, ce qui améliore la valeur de contribution de l'analyse proposée. En considérant à la fois les schémas MRT et tas, des expressions de forme fermée pour la probabilité de panne, le débit de limite de retard moyen, le débit tolérant au retard moyen, le taux d'erreur binaire moyen (BER) et le débit sous contrainte de BER moyen sont dérivées. L'analyse quantifie l'impact des environnements de mobilité et de propagation, qui sont caractérisés par l'exposant de perte de trajet et le paramètre de trajet multiple pour la liaison PB-AP et la liaison AP-MU, sur la performance d'un WPCN. Les résultats analytiques sont comparés aux simulations de Monte-Carlo afin de valider l'analyse et de fournir des informations utiles sur l'impact de différents paramètres sur les performances du système. In this paper, we consider a wireless-powered communication network (WPCN), where an energy-limited multi-antenna information source, powered by a dedicated power beacon, communicates with a mobile user (MU). The MU is equipped with a single-antenna and its mobility is characterized by the well-known random waypoint mobility model. To gain the advantages with the use of multiple antennas at the source, we adopt two popular multiple-antenna transmission schemes, namely maximal-ratio transmission (MRT) and transmit antenna selection (TAS). Differently from previous works which considered only static scenarios, this paper aims to investigate wireless power and information transfer in the scenario with a random mobile user under Nakagami-$m$ fading. It is noteworthy that a special case of our analysis, i.e., the Rayleigh fading case, has not been examined in the literature as well, which enhances the contribution value of the proposed analysis. Considering both MRT and TAS schemes, closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average delay-limit throughput, average delay-tolerant throughput, average bit error rate (BER), and throughput under average BER constraint are derived. The analysis quantifies the impact of the mobility and propagation environments, which are characterized by the path-loss exponent and multipath parameter for the PB-AP link and AP-MU link, on the performance of a WPCN. The analytical results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations in order to validate the analysis and provide useful insights on the impact of different parameters on the system performance. في هذه الورقة، ننظر في شبكة اتصالات لاسلكية تعمل بالطاقة (WPCN)، حيث يتواصل مصدر معلومات متعدد الهوائيات محدود الطاقة، مدعوم من منارة طاقة مخصصة، مع مستخدم جوال (MU). تم تجهيز MU بهوائي واحد وتتميز حركتها بنموذج التنقل العشوائي المعروف. للحصول على المزايا باستخدام هوائيات متعددة في المصدر، نعتمد نظامين شائعين لنقل الهوائي المتعدد، وهما الإرسال الأقصى للنسبة (MRT) واختيار هوائي الإرسال (TAS). على عكس الأعمال السابقة التي اعتبرت سيناريوهات ثابتة فقط، تهدف هذه الورقة إلى التحقيق في الطاقة اللاسلكية ونقل المعلومات في السيناريو مع مستخدم جوال عشوائي في ظل تلاشيNakagami -$m$. من الجدير بالذكر أن حالة خاصة من تحليلنا، أي حالة تلاشي رايلي، لم يتم فحصها في الأدبيات أيضًا، مما يعزز قيمة مساهمة التحليل المقترح. بالنظر إلى كل من مخططات مترو الأنفاق و تاس، يتم اشتقاق تعبيرات مغلقة الشكل لاحتمال الانقطاع، ومتوسط إنتاجية حد التأخير، ومتوسط إنتاجية متسامحة مع التأخير، ومتوسط معدل خطأ البت (BER)، والإنتاجية تحت متوسط قيود BER. يحدد التحليل كمياً تأثير بيئات التنقل والانتشار، والتي تتميز بأسس فقدان المسار والمعلمة متعددة المسارات لرابط PB - AP ورابط AP - MU، على أداء WPCN. تتم مقارنة النتائج التحليلية بمحاكاة مونت كارلو من أجل التحقق من صحة التحليل وتقديم رؤى مفيدة حول تأثير المعلمات المختلفة على أداء النظام.

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    Authors: orcid Osamah S. Badarneh;
    Osamah S. Badarneh
    ORCID
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    Osamah S. Badarneh in OpenAIRE
    orcid Daniel Benevides da Costa;
    Daniel Benevides da Costa
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    Daniel Benevides da Costa in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE

    En este documento, consideramos una red de comunicación inalámbrica (WPCN), donde una fuente de información de múltiples antenas de energía limitada, alimentada por una baliza de alimentación dedicada, se comunica con un usuario móvil (MU). La UM está equipada con una sola antena y su movilidad se caracteriza por el conocido modelo de movilidad de puntos de referencia aleatorios. Para obtener las ventajas con el uso de múltiples antenas en la fuente, adoptamos dos esquemas populares de transmisión de múltiples antenas, a saber, la transmisión de relación máxima (MRT) y la selección de antena de transmisión (tas). A diferencia de trabajos anteriores que consideraban solo escenarios estáticos, este documento tiene como objetivo investigar la energía inalámbrica y la transferencia de información en el escenario con un usuario móvil aleatorio bajoNakagami $m$ desvaneciéndose. Cabe destacar que un caso especial de nuestro análisis, es decir, el caso de desvanecimiento de Rayleigh, tampoco se ha examinado en la literatura, lo que mejora el valor de contribución del análisis propuesto. Teniendo en cuenta los esquemas MRT y tas, se derivan las expresiones de forma cerrada para la probabilidad de interrupción, el rendimiento medio del límite de retardo, el rendimiento medio tolerante al retardo, la tasa media de errores de bits (Ber) y el rendimiento bajo la restricción media de BER. El análisis cuantifica el impacto de los entornos de movilidad y propagación, que se caracterizan por el exponente de pérdida de trayectoria y el parámetro multitrayectoria para el enlace PB-AP y el enlace AP-MU, en el rendimiento de una WPCN. Los resultados analíticos se comparan con las simulaciones de Monte-Carlo para validar el análisis y proporcionar información útil sobre el impacto de diferentes parámetros en el rendimiento del sistema. Dans cet article, nous considérons un réseau de communication alimenté sans fil (WPCN), où une source d'informations multi-antennes limitée en énergie, alimentée par une balise d'alimentation dédiée, communique avec un utilisateur mobile (MU). La MU est équipée d'une seule antenne et sa mobilité est caractérisée par le modèle bien connu de mobilité par points de cheminement aléatoires. Pour bénéficier des avantages de l'utilisation de plusieurs antennes à la source, nous adoptons deux schémas de transmission multi-antennes populaires, à savoir la transmission à rapport maximal (MRT) et la sélection d'antenne d'émission (tas). Contrairement aux travaux précédents qui ne considéraient que des scénarios statiques, cet article vise à étudier le transfert d'énergie et d'informations sans fil dans le scénario avec un utilisateur mobile aléatoire sousNakagami- $m$ fading. Il convient de noter qu'un cas particulier de notre analyse, à savoir le cas de l'évanouissement de Rayleigh, n'a pas non plus été examiné dans la littérature, ce qui améliore la valeur de contribution de l'analyse proposée. En considérant à la fois les schémas MRT et tas, des expressions de forme fermée pour la probabilité de panne, le débit de limite de retard moyen, le débit tolérant au retard moyen, le taux d'erreur binaire moyen (BER) et le débit sous contrainte de BER moyen sont dérivées. L'analyse quantifie l'impact des environnements de mobilité et de propagation, qui sont caractérisés par l'exposant de perte de trajet et le paramètre de trajet multiple pour la liaison PB-AP et la liaison AP-MU, sur la performance d'un WPCN. Les résultats analytiques sont comparés aux simulations de Monte-Carlo afin de valider l'analyse et de fournir des informations utiles sur l'impact de différents paramètres sur les performances du système. In this paper, we consider a wireless-powered communication network (WPCN), where an energy-limited multi-antenna information source, powered by a dedicated power beacon, communicates with a mobile user (MU). The MU is equipped with a single-antenna and its mobility is characterized by the well-known random waypoint mobility model. To gain the advantages with the use of multiple antennas at the source, we adopt two popular multiple-antenna transmission schemes, namely maximal-ratio transmission (MRT) and transmit antenna selection (TAS). Differently from previous works which considered only static scenarios, this paper aims to investigate wireless power and information transfer in the scenario with a random mobile user under Nakagami-$m$ fading. It is noteworthy that a special case of our analysis, i.e., the Rayleigh fading case, has not been examined in the literature as well, which enhances the contribution value of the proposed analysis. Considering both MRT and TAS schemes, closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average delay-limit throughput, average delay-tolerant throughput, average bit error rate (BER), and throughput under average BER constraint are derived. The analysis quantifies the impact of the mobility and propagation environments, which are characterized by the path-loss exponent and multipath parameter for the PB-AP link and AP-MU link, on the performance of a WPCN. The analytical results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations in order to validate the analysis and provide useful insights on the impact of different parameters on the system performance. في هذه الورقة، ننظر في شبكة اتصالات لاسلكية تعمل بالطاقة (WPCN)، حيث يتواصل مصدر معلومات متعدد الهوائيات محدود الطاقة، مدعوم من منارة طاقة مخصصة، مع مستخدم جوال (MU). تم تجهيز MU بهوائي واحد وتتميز حركتها بنموذج التنقل العشوائي المعروف. للحصول على المزايا باستخدام هوائيات متعددة في المصدر، نعتمد نظامين شائعين لنقل الهوائي المتعدد، وهما الإرسال الأقصى للنسبة (MRT) واختيار هوائي الإرسال (TAS). على عكس الأعمال السابقة التي اعتبرت سيناريوهات ثابتة فقط، تهدف هذه الورقة إلى التحقيق في الطاقة اللاسلكية ونقل المعلومات في السيناريو مع مستخدم جوال عشوائي في ظل تلاشيNakagami -$m$. من الجدير بالذكر أن حالة خاصة من تحليلنا، أي حالة تلاشي رايلي، لم يتم فحصها في الأدبيات أيضًا، مما يعزز قيمة مساهمة التحليل المقترح. بالنظر إلى كل من مخططات مترو الأنفاق و تاس، يتم اشتقاق تعبيرات مغلقة الشكل لاحتمال الانقطاع، ومتوسط إنتاجية حد التأخير، ومتوسط إنتاجية متسامحة مع التأخير، ومتوسط معدل خطأ البت (BER)، والإنتاجية تحت متوسط قيود BER. يحدد التحليل كمياً تأثير بيئات التنقل والانتشار، والتي تتميز بأسس فقدان المسار والمعلمة متعددة المسارات لرابط PB - AP ورابط AP - MU، على أداء WPCN. تتم مقارنة النتائج التحليلية بمحاكاة مونت كارلو من أجل التحقق من صحة التحليل وتقديم رؤى مفيدة حول تأثير المعلمات المختلفة على أداء النظام.

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    Authors: orcid bw Iran Ramezanipour;
    Iran Ramezanipour
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    Iran Ramezanipour in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hirley Alves;
    Hirley Alves
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    Hirley Alves in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    Ari Pouttu;

    In this paper, the throughput and energy efficiency of an unlicensed machine type communications network is studied. If an outage event happens in the network, there is a possibility for packet retransmission in order to obtain a lower error probability. The concept of spectrum sharing is used here for modeling the network, which allows the two types of licensed and unlicensed users to share the same uplink channel allocated to the licensed users. However, it is done in a way that no harm is done to the licensed nodes’ transmission for sharing the same channel with the unlicensed users, while licensed nodes’ transmission causes interference on the unlicensed network. Poisson point process is used here to model the location of the nodes and the effect of interference on the network. We study how different factors such as the number of retransmissions, SIR threshold and outage can affect the throughput and energy efficiency of the network. Throughput and energy efficiency are also both studied in constrained optimization problems where the constraints are the SIR threshold and the number of retransmission attempts. We also show why it is important to use limited transmissions and what are the benefits.

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    Authors: orcid bw Iran Ramezanipour;
    Iran Ramezanipour
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    orcid Hirley Alves;
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    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
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    In this paper, the throughput and energy efficiency of an unlicensed machine type communications network is studied. If an outage event happens in the network, there is a possibility for packet retransmission in order to obtain a lower error probability. The concept of spectrum sharing is used here for modeling the network, which allows the two types of licensed and unlicensed users to share the same uplink channel allocated to the licensed users. However, it is done in a way that no harm is done to the licensed nodes’ transmission for sharing the same channel with the unlicensed users, while licensed nodes’ transmission causes interference on the unlicensed network. Poisson point process is used here to model the location of the nodes and the effect of interference on the network. We study how different factors such as the number of retransmissions, SIR threshold and outage can affect the throughput and energy efficiency of the network. Throughput and energy efficiency are also both studied in constrained optimization problems where the constraints are the SIR threshold and the number of retransmission attempts. We also show why it is important to use limited transmissions and what are the benefits.

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    Sensors
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: orcid Pedro H.J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H.J. Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro H.J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Florian Kuhnlenz;
    Florian Kuhnlenz
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Florian Kuhnlenz in OpenAIRE

    This article discusses the unexpected consequences of idealistic conceptions about the modernization of power grids. It focuses on demand?response policies based on automatic decisions made by smart home appliances. Following the usual approach, individual appliances sense a universal signal (i.e., a grid frequency or price) that reflects the system state. Such information is the basis of device decision making. While each device, on its own, has a negligible impact, together their aggregate effect is expected to improve system efficiency; this is the demand? response goal. The smartness of such an ideal system, one composed of isolated decision-making appliances that are also simultaneously connected within the same physical grid, may worsen system stability. This undesirable outcome results from the synchronization of the devices? reactions when subjected to the same signal. We argue that this is a predictable effect of (implicit) methodological choices. Additionally, we employ a different approach that recognizes the electrical system as constituted by physical, informational, and regulatory (networked and structured) layers that are numerous and cannot be reduced to only one or two; the system needs to be regarded as an organic whole so that proper management tools can be designed. In this article, two examples are provided to illustrate the strength of this modeling.

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    IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Magazine
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Pedro H.J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H.J. Nardelli
    ORCID
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    Pedro H.J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Florian Kuhnlenz;
    Florian Kuhnlenz
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    Florian Kuhnlenz in OpenAIRE

    This article discusses the unexpected consequences of idealistic conceptions about the modernization of power grids. It focuses on demand?response policies based on automatic decisions made by smart home appliances. Following the usual approach, individual appliances sense a universal signal (i.e., a grid frequency or price) that reflects the system state. Such information is the basis of device decision making. While each device, on its own, has a negligible impact, together their aggregate effect is expected to improve system efficiency; this is the demand? response goal. The smartness of such an ideal system, one composed of isolated decision-making appliances that are also simultaneously connected within the same physical grid, may worsen system stability. This undesirable outcome results from the synchronization of the devices? reactions when subjected to the same signal. We argue that this is a predictable effect of (implicit) methodological choices. Additionally, we employ a different approach that recognizes the electrical system as constituted by physical, informational, and regulatory (networked and structured) layers that are numerous and cannot be reduced to only one or two; the system needs to be regarded as an organic whole so that proper management tools can be designed. In this article, two examples are provided to illustrate the strength of this modeling.

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    IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Magazine
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    Authors: orcid Mauricio de Castro Tomé;
    Mauricio de Castro Tomé
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    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    Hafiz Majid Hussain; Sohail Wahid; +1 Authors

    This paper proposes a cyber-physical system to manage flexible residential loads based on virtualized energy packets. Before being used, flexible loads need to request packets to an energy server, which may be granted or not. If granted, the energy server guarantees that the request will be fulfilled. Each different load has a specific consumption profile and user requirement. In the proposed case study, the residential consumers share a pool of energy resources that need to be allocated by the energy server whose aim is to minimize the imports related to such a group. The proposed solution shows qualitative advantages compared to the existing approaches in relation to computational complexity, fairness of the resource allocation outcomes and effectiveness in peak reduction. We demonstrate our solution based on three different representative flexible loads; namely, electric vehicles, saunas and dishwashers. The numerical results show the efficacy of the proposed solution for three different representative examples, demonstrating the advantages and drawbacks of different allocation rules.

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    Energies
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    Authors: orcid Mauricio de Castro Tomé;
    Mauricio de Castro Tomé
    ORCID
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    Mauricio de Castro Tomé in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    Hafiz Majid Hussain; Sohail Wahid; +1 Authors

    This paper proposes a cyber-physical system to manage flexible residential loads based on virtualized energy packets. Before being used, flexible loads need to request packets to an energy server, which may be granted or not. If granted, the energy server guarantees that the request will be fulfilled. Each different load has a specific consumption profile and user requirement. In the proposed case study, the residential consumers share a pool of energy resources that need to be allocated by the energy server whose aim is to minimize the imports related to such a group. The proposed solution shows qualitative advantages compared to the existing approaches in relation to computational complexity, fairness of the resource allocation outcomes and effectiveness in peak reduction. We demonstrate our solution based on three different representative flexible loads; namely, electric vehicles, saunas and dishwashers. The numerical results show the efficacy of the proposed solution for three different representative examples, demonstrating the advantages and drawbacks of different allocation rules.

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    Energies
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    Authors: orcid bw Ali Esmaeel Nezhad;
    Ali Esmaeel Nezhad
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Ali Esmaeel Nezhad in OpenAIRE
    Abolfazl Rahimnejad; orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
    ORCID
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Stephen Andrew Gadsden;
    Stephen Andrew Gadsden
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Stephen Andrew Gadsden in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    In this paper, the model predictive control (MPC) strategy is utilized in smart homes to handle the optimal operation of controllable electrical loads of residential end-users. In the proposed model, active consumers reduce their daily electricity bills by installing photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery electrical energy storage (BEES) units. The optimal control strategy will be determined by the home energy management system (HEMS), benefiting from the meteorological and electricity market data stream during the operation horizon. In this case, the optimal scheduling of home appliances is managed using the shrinking horizon MPC (SH-MPC) and the main objective is to minimize the electricity cost. To this end, the HEMS is augmented by the SH-MPC, while maintaining the desired operation time slots of controllable loads for each day. The HEMS is cast as a standard mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that is incorporated into the SH-MPC framework. The functionality of the proposed method is investigated under different scenarios applied to a benchmark system while both time-of-use (TOU) and real-time pricing (RTP) mechanisms have been adopted in this study. The problem is solved using six case studies. In this regard, the impact of the TOU tariff was assessed in Scenarios 1–3 while Scenarios 4–6 evaluate the problem with the RTP mechanism. By adopting the TOU tariff and without any load shifting program, the cost is $\$ $ 1.2274 while by using the load shifting program without the PV and BEES system, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 0.8709. Furthermore, by using the SH-MPC model, PV system and the BEES system, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ -0.282713 with the TOU tariff. This issue shows that the prosumer would be able to make a profit. By adopting the RTP tariff and without any load shifting program, the cost would be $\$ $ 1.22093 without any PV and BEES systems. By using the SH-MPC model, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 1.08383. Besides, by adopting the SH-MPC, and the PV and BEES systems, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 0.05251 with the RTP tariff, showing the significant role of load shifting programs, local power generation, and storage systems.

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    Authors: orcid bw Ali Esmaeel Nezhad;
    Ali Esmaeel Nezhad
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Ali Esmaeel Nezhad in OpenAIRE
    Abolfazl Rahimnejad; orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
    Pedro H. J. Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Stephen Andrew Gadsden;
    Stephen Andrew Gadsden
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Stephen Andrew Gadsden in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    In this paper, the model predictive control (MPC) strategy is utilized in smart homes to handle the optimal operation of controllable electrical loads of residential end-users. In the proposed model, active consumers reduce their daily electricity bills by installing photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery electrical energy storage (BEES) units. The optimal control strategy will be determined by the home energy management system (HEMS), benefiting from the meteorological and electricity market data stream during the operation horizon. In this case, the optimal scheduling of home appliances is managed using the shrinking horizon MPC (SH-MPC) and the main objective is to minimize the electricity cost. To this end, the HEMS is augmented by the SH-MPC, while maintaining the desired operation time slots of controllable loads for each day. The HEMS is cast as a standard mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that is incorporated into the SH-MPC framework. The functionality of the proposed method is investigated under different scenarios applied to a benchmark system while both time-of-use (TOU) and real-time pricing (RTP) mechanisms have been adopted in this study. The problem is solved using six case studies. In this regard, the impact of the TOU tariff was assessed in Scenarios 1–3 while Scenarios 4–6 evaluate the problem with the RTP mechanism. By adopting the TOU tariff and without any load shifting program, the cost is $\$ $ 1.2274 while by using the load shifting program without the PV and BEES system, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 0.8709. Furthermore, by using the SH-MPC model, PV system and the BEES system, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ -0.282713 with the TOU tariff. This issue shows that the prosumer would be able to make a profit. By adopting the RTP tariff and without any load shifting program, the cost would be $\$ $ 1.22093 without any PV and BEES systems. By using the SH-MPC model, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 1.08383. Besides, by adopting the SH-MPC, and the PV and BEES systems, the cost would reduce to $\$ $ 0.05251 with the RTP tariff, showing the significant role of load shifting programs, local power generation, and storage systems.

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    Authors: orcid Fernanda Spada Villar;
    Fernanda Spada Villar
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Fernanda Spada Villar in OpenAIRE
    orcid Pedro Henrique Juliano Nardelli;
    Pedro Henrique Juliano Nardelli
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pedro Henrique Juliano Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Arun Narayanan;
    Arun Narayanan
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    Arun Narayanan in OpenAIRE
    orcid Renan Cipriano Moioli;
    Renan Cipriano Moioli
    ORCID
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    Renan Cipriano Moioli in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Smart meters with automatic meter reading functionalities are becoming popular across the world. As a result, load measurements at various sampling frequencies are now available. Several methods have been proposed to infer device usage characteristics from household load measurements. However, many techniques are based on highly intensive computations that incur heavy computational costs; moreover, they often rely on private household information. In this paper, we propose a technique for the detection of appliance utilization patterns using low-computational-cost algorithms that do not require any information about households. Appliance utilization patterns are identified only from the system status behavior, represented by large system status datasets, by using dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms. Principal component analysis, k-means, and the elbow method are used to define the clusters, and the minimum spanning tree is used to visualize the results that show the appearance of utilization patterns. Self organizing maps are used to create a system status classifier. We applied our techniques to two public datasets from two different countries, the United Kingdom (UK-DALE) and the US (REDD), with different usage patterns. The proposed clustering techniques enable effective demand-side management, while the system status classifier can detect appliance malfunctions only through system status analyses.

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    Energies
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    Authors: orcid Fernanda Spada Villar;
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    orcid Pedro Henrique Juliano Nardelli;
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    orcid bw Arun Narayanan;
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    orcid Renan Cipriano Moioli;
    Renan Cipriano Moioli
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    Renan Cipriano Moioli in OpenAIRE
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    Smart meters with automatic meter reading functionalities are becoming popular across the world. As a result, load measurements at various sampling frequencies are now available. Several methods have been proposed to infer device usage characteristics from household load measurements. However, many techniques are based on highly intensive computations that incur heavy computational costs; moreover, they often rely on private household information. In this paper, we propose a technique for the detection of appliance utilization patterns using low-computational-cost algorithms that do not require any information about households. Appliance utilization patterns are identified only from the system status behavior, represented by large system status datasets, by using dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms. Principal component analysis, k-means, and the elbow method are used to define the clusters, and the minimum spanning tree is used to visualize the results that show the appearance of utilization patterns. Self organizing maps are used to create a system status classifier. We applied our techniques to two public datasets from two different countries, the United Kingdom (UK-DALE) and the US (REDD), with different usage patterns. The proposed clustering techniques enable effective demand-side management, while the system status classifier can detect appliance malfunctions only through system status analyses.

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    Energies
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    Authors: orcid bw Florian Kuhnlenz;
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    orcid Hirley Alves;
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    This paper studies how the communication network between proactive consumers affects the power utilization and fairness in a simplified direct-current microgrid model, composed of three coupled layers: physical (an electric circuit that represents a microgrid), communication (a peer-to-peer network within the microgrid), and regulatory (individual decision strategies). Our results show that, for optimal power utilization and fairness, a global knowledge about the system is needed, demonstrating the importance of a microgrid aggregator to inform about the power consumption for different time periods.

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    IEEE Systems Journal
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    Authors: orcid bw Florian Kuhnlenz;
    Florian Kuhnlenz
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    orcid Pedro H. J. Nardelli;
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    Pedro H. J. Nardelli in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hirley Alves;
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    Hirley Alves in OpenAIRE

    This paper studies how the communication network between proactive consumers affects the power utilization and fairness in a simplified direct-current microgrid model, composed of three coupled layers: physical (an electric circuit that represents a microgrid), communication (a peer-to-peer network within the microgrid), and regulatory (individual decision strategies). Our results show that, for optimal power utilization and fairness, a global knowledge about the system is needed, demonstrating the importance of a microgrid aggregator to inform about the power consumption for different time periods.

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    IEEE Systems Journal
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