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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2013Publisher:ASME International Authors: Jen Supra; Detlef Stolten; Holger Janßen; Werner Lehnert;doi: 10.1115/1.4025052
A 10-cell high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (HT-PEFC) stack with an active cell area of 200 cm2 has been built up and tested with regard to the temperature distribution from cell to cell and over the active area since not every cell is cooled. Measurements with artificial reformate as a fuel show that the vertical temperature distribution over the active area is sufficiently small, with a maximum of 5.1 K at 550 mA cm−2. Additionally, the temperature gradient from cell to cell is sufficiently small with 10.7 K at 550 mA cm−2. As a result, it can be concluded that the heat pipe supported external cooling is well suited to cool HT-PEFC stacks with large active areas in reformate operation.
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4025052&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu24 citations 24 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4025052&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014 GermanyPublisher:The Electrochemical Society Authors: Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Birgit Schumacher; Uwe Reimer;Journal of the Electrochemical Society 162(1), F153-F164 (2015). doi:10.1149/2.0961501jes Published by Electrochemical Soc., Pennington, NJ
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1149/2.0961501jes&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 23 citations 23 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1149/2.0961501jes&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2015Publisher:Elsevier BV Heinrich Riesemeier; Ingo Manke; Tobias Arlt; K. Heyne; Alexander Schröder; Klaus Wippermann; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert;Abstract The water distribution of a Nafion-based membrane in a direct methanol fuel cell was analyzed in-operando using high resolved synchrotron X-ray radiography. A specially developed fuel cell design that meets the requirements for radiography as well as for stable cell operation was used. Different electric loads were applied during cell operation. A correlation between the electric load of the cell and the thickness of the membrane was found: the membrane thickness increased with increasing current density. The impact of local water drop dynamics on the water distribution in the membrane and the electrodes have been analyzed. We found a strong influence of water drops in the cathode channel on the water distribution in the adjacent area of the Nafion membrane.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.064&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu14 citations 14 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.064&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2018Publisher:ASME International Chuan Fang; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Siliang Cheng; Liangfei Xu; Liangfei Xu; Junming Hu; Jianqiu Li; Minggao Ouyang;doi: 10.1115/1.4038628
Water management is critical for the operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). For the purposes of high power and long working-lifetime of PEMFCs, external humidifiers are always utilized as a necessary part of balance of plants to keep the imported air and fuel wet. However, they have several disadvantages, and it is beneficial to remove them so as to reduce system volume and to enhance the cold-starting capability. In this paper, a self-humidified PEMFC of an active area 250 cm2 and cell number 320 is proposed and investigated. The imported dry air on the cathode side is mixed with moisty exhaust gas by using a recirculation valve, and the dry hydrogen on the anode side is humidified by back-diffusion water through the membrane. A nonlinear model is set up based on mass transport and energy conservation equations to capture dynamics of gases in the supply and exhaust manifolds, the gas diffusion layers (GDLs), and the membrane. An analysis is conducted to investigate the influences of parameters on dynamic and stable performances. Simulation results show that system performances can be greatly affected by parameters such as air stoichiometry, current density, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio, and membrane thickness. By accurately controlling the EGR ratio and carefully selecting design and operation parameters, it is probably for a PEMFC without an external humidifier to have similar system efficiency compared to a traditional system.
Journal of Electroch... arrow_drop_down Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and StorageArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4038628&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu18 citations 18 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of Electroch... arrow_drop_down Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and StorageArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4038628&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2012Publisher:Elsevier BV Christiane Wiethege; Ralf Peters; Joachim Pasel; Holger Janßen; Remzi Can Samsun; Werner Lehnert;AbstractHT-PEFC systems designed for operation with diesel and kerosene are currently being developed in Jülich. Fuel processing reactors consisting of an autothermal reformer, a two-stage water-gas shift reactor and a catalytic burner were designed with the aim of maximizing heat integration and minimizing system volume. The stack is designed for operation with reformate coming from fuel processing.This paper highlights the system architecture as well as experimental results in the 5 kWel power class. The integrated system concept was characterized via sub-system experiments. The stack performance was tested under system-relevant conditions. Finally, actual system performance was compared with APU targets.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.063&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 21 citations 21 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.063&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014Publisher:Elsevier BV Ralf Peters; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Joachim Pasel; Remzi Can Samsun; Detlef Stolten; Detlef Stolten; Holger Janßen;Abstract A high-temperature PEFC system, developed with the aim of delivering 5 kW electrical power from the chemical energy stored in diesel and kerosene fuels for application as an auxiliary power unit, was simulated and tested. The key components of the system were an autothermal reformer, a water–gas shift reactor, a catalytic burner, and the HT-PEFC stack. The targeted power level of 5 kW was achieved using different fuels, namely GTL kerosene, BTL diesel and premium diesel. Using an integrated system approach, operation without external heat input was demonstrated. The overall analysis showed slight but non-continuous performance loss for 250 h operation time.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu90 citations 90 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2009Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Christian Quick; Dietrich Ritzinger; Werner Lehnert; Christoph Hartnig;An in-depth insight in the role of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) and its impact on the water management is a key issue for the optimization of fuel cells. A new ex situ test method is developed to investigate the water transport in gas diffusion media for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This research is focused on properties of GDLs, which influence the water removal and water retention in the cell. Gas diffusion media are evaluated ex situ in terms of liquid water and water vapor transport employing a conventional PEMFC setup. The amount of water transported through a GDL and out of the cell is determined by the properties of the gas diffusion medium. GDL properties such as the GDL thickness have a significant impact on water transport behavior. Furthermore, high impregnation weight or an additional micro-porous layer (MPL) reduces water removal due to enhanced mass transport resistances. The composition and distribution of the impregnation material in the GDL substrate also play a crucial role. Water transport rates depend not only on the GDL properties but increase exponentially with cell temperature. Finally, a two-phase water transport model is proposed taking into account both diffusive gas phase and liquid water transport in diffusion media. Based on this model, ex situ data set in correlation with in situ performance in PEMFCs on dry operating conditions and guidelines towards new design concepts for gas diffusion media are deduced.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.093&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu65 citations 65 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.093&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2010Publisher:Elsevier BV Volker Schmidt; Xuhui Feng; Yun Wang; Ralf Thiedmann; Werner Lehnert; Sung Chan Cho;Abstract This paper combines the stochastic-model-based reconstruction of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) and direct simulation to investigate the pore-level transport within GDLs. The carbon-paper-based GDL is modeled as a stack of thin sections with each section described by planar two-dimensional random line tessellations which are further dilated to three dimensions. The reconstruction is based on given GDL data provided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. With the constructed GDL, we further introduce the direct simulation of the coupled transport processes inside the GDL. The simulation considers the gas flow and species transport in the void space, electronic current conduction in the solid, and heat transfer in both phases. Results indicate a remarkable distinction in tortuosities of gas diffusion passage and solid matrix across the GDL with the former ∼1.2 and the latter ∼13.8. This difference arises from the synthetic microstructure of GDL, i.e. the lateral alignment nature of the thin carbon fiber, allowing the solid-phase transport to occur mostly in lateral direction. Extensive discussion on the tortuosity is also presented. The numerical tool can be applied to investigate the impact of the GDL microstructure on pore-level transport and scrutinize the macroscopic approach vastly adopted in current fuel cell modeling.
International Journa... arrow_drop_down International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferArticle . 2010 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.10.044&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu75 citations 75 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert International Journa... arrow_drop_down International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferArticle . 2010 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.10.044&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014Publisher:Elsevier BV Christian Tötzke; Christian Tötzke; Ingo Manke; Gerd Gaiselmann; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Volker Schmidt;Abstract A novel parametrized model that describes the 3D microstructure of compressed fiber-based materials is introduced. It allows to virtually generate the microstructure of realistically compressed gas-diffusion layers (GDL). Given the input of a 3D microstructure of some fiber-based material, the model compresses the system of fibers in a uniaxial direction for arbitrary compression rates. The basic idea is to translate the fibers in the direction of compression according to a vector field which depends on the rate of compression and on the locations of fibers within the material. In order to apply the model to experimental 3D image data of fiber-based materials given for several compression states, an optimal vector field is estimated by simulated annealing. The model is applied to 3D image data of non-woven GDL in PEMFC gained by synchrotron tomography for different compression rates. The compression model is validated by comparing structural characteristics computed for experimentally compressed and virtually compressed microstructures, where two kinds of compression – using a flat stamp and a stamp with a flow-field profile – are applied. For both stamps types, a good agreement is found. Furthermore, the compression model is combined with a stochastic 3D microstructure model for uncompressed fiber-based materials. This allows to efficiently generate compressed fiber-based microstructures in arbitrary volumes.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.095&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu64 citations 64 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.095&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal , Other literature type 2019Embargo end date: 26 Aug 2019 GermanyPublisher:MDPI AG Panchenko, Olha; Giesenberg, Lennard; Borgardt, Elena; Zwaygardt, Walter; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Markötter, Henning; Arlt, Tobias; Manke, Ingo; Müller, Martin; Stolten, Detlef; Lehnert, Werner Karl Josef;In order for electrolysis cells to operate optimally, mass transport must be improved. The key initial component for optimal operation is the current collector, which is also essential for mass transport. Water as an educt of the reaction must be evenly distributed by the current collector to the membrane electrode assembly. As products of the reaction, hydrogen and oxygen must also be directed quickly and efficiently through the current collector into the channel and removed from the cell. The second key component is the stoichiometry, which includes the current density and water volume flow rate and represents the ratio between the water supplied and water consumed. This study presents the correlation of the stoichiometry, two-phase flow in the channel and gas fraction in the porous transport layer for the first time. The gas-water ratio in the channel and porous transport layer during cell operation with various stoichiometries was investigated by means of a model in the form of an ex situ cell without electrochemical processes. Bubble formation in the channel was observed using a transparent cell. The gas-water exchange in the porous transport layer was then investigated using neutron radiography.
Energies arrow_drop_down EnergiesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/350/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstitutePublikationsserver der RWTH Aachen UniversityArticle . 2019Data sources: Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/en12030350&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu22 citations 22 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Energies arrow_drop_down EnergiesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/350/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstitutePublikationsserver der RWTH Aachen UniversityArticle . 2019Data sources: Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/en12030350&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2013Publisher:ASME International Authors: Jen Supra; Detlef Stolten; Holger Janßen; Werner Lehnert;doi: 10.1115/1.4025052
A 10-cell high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (HT-PEFC) stack with an active cell area of 200 cm2 has been built up and tested with regard to the temperature distribution from cell to cell and over the active area since not every cell is cooled. Measurements with artificial reformate as a fuel show that the vertical temperature distribution over the active area is sufficiently small, with a maximum of 5.1 K at 550 mA cm−2. Additionally, the temperature gradient from cell to cell is sufficiently small with 10.7 K at 550 mA cm−2. As a result, it can be concluded that the heat pipe supported external cooling is well suited to cool HT-PEFC stacks with large active areas in reformate operation.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4025052&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu24 citations 24 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4025052&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014 GermanyPublisher:The Electrochemical Society Authors: Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Birgit Schumacher; Uwe Reimer;Journal of the Electrochemical Society 162(1), F153-F164 (2015). doi:10.1149/2.0961501jes Published by Electrochemical Soc., Pennington, NJ
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1149/2.0961501jes&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 23 citations 23 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1149/2.0961501jes&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2015Publisher:Elsevier BV Heinrich Riesemeier; Ingo Manke; Tobias Arlt; K. Heyne; Alexander Schröder; Klaus Wippermann; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert;Abstract The water distribution of a Nafion-based membrane in a direct methanol fuel cell was analyzed in-operando using high resolved synchrotron X-ray radiography. A specially developed fuel cell design that meets the requirements for radiography as well as for stable cell operation was used. Different electric loads were applied during cell operation. A correlation between the electric load of the cell and the thickness of the membrane was found: the membrane thickness increased with increasing current density. The impact of local water drop dynamics on the water distribution in the membrane and the electrodes have been analyzed. We found a strong influence of water drops in the cathode channel on the water distribution in the adjacent area of the Nafion membrane.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.064&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu14 citations 14 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.064&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2018Publisher:ASME International Chuan Fang; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Siliang Cheng; Liangfei Xu; Liangfei Xu; Junming Hu; Jianqiu Li; Minggao Ouyang;doi: 10.1115/1.4038628
Water management is critical for the operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). For the purposes of high power and long working-lifetime of PEMFCs, external humidifiers are always utilized as a necessary part of balance of plants to keep the imported air and fuel wet. However, they have several disadvantages, and it is beneficial to remove them so as to reduce system volume and to enhance the cold-starting capability. In this paper, a self-humidified PEMFC of an active area 250 cm2 and cell number 320 is proposed and investigated. The imported dry air on the cathode side is mixed with moisty exhaust gas by using a recirculation valve, and the dry hydrogen on the anode side is humidified by back-diffusion water through the membrane. A nonlinear model is set up based on mass transport and energy conservation equations to capture dynamics of gases in the supply and exhaust manifolds, the gas diffusion layers (GDLs), and the membrane. An analysis is conducted to investigate the influences of parameters on dynamic and stable performances. Simulation results show that system performances can be greatly affected by parameters such as air stoichiometry, current density, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio, and membrane thickness. By accurately controlling the EGR ratio and carefully selecting design and operation parameters, it is probably for a PEMFC without an external humidifier to have similar system efficiency compared to a traditional system.
Journal of Electroch... arrow_drop_down Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and StorageArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4038628&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu18 citations 18 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of Electroch... arrow_drop_down Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and StorageArticle . 2018 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1115/1.4038628&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2012Publisher:Elsevier BV Christiane Wiethege; Ralf Peters; Joachim Pasel; Holger Janßen; Remzi Can Samsun; Werner Lehnert;AbstractHT-PEFC systems designed for operation with diesel and kerosene are currently being developed in Jülich. Fuel processing reactors consisting of an autothermal reformer, a two-stage water-gas shift reactor and a catalytic burner were designed with the aim of maximizing heat integration and minimizing system volume. The stack is designed for operation with reformate coming from fuel processing.This paper highlights the system architecture as well as experimental results in the 5 kWel power class. The integrated system concept was characterized via sub-system experiments. The stack performance was tested under system-relevant conditions. Finally, actual system performance was compared with APU targets.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.063&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 21 citations 21 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.063&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014Publisher:Elsevier BV Ralf Peters; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Joachim Pasel; Remzi Can Samsun; Detlef Stolten; Detlef Stolten; Holger Janßen;Abstract A high-temperature PEFC system, developed with the aim of delivering 5 kW electrical power from the chemical energy stored in diesel and kerosene fuels for application as an auxiliary power unit, was simulated and tested. The key components of the system were an autothermal reformer, a water–gas shift reactor, a catalytic burner, and the HT-PEFC stack. The targeted power level of 5 kW was achieved using different fuels, namely GTL kerosene, BTL diesel and premium diesel. Using an integrated system approach, operation without external heat input was demonstrated. The overall analysis showed slight but non-continuous performance loss for 250 h operation time.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu90 citations 90 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.054&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2009Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Christian Quick; Dietrich Ritzinger; Werner Lehnert; Christoph Hartnig;An in-depth insight in the role of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) and its impact on the water management is a key issue for the optimization of fuel cells. A new ex situ test method is developed to investigate the water transport in gas diffusion media for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This research is focused on properties of GDLs, which influence the water removal and water retention in the cell. Gas diffusion media are evaluated ex situ in terms of liquid water and water vapor transport employing a conventional PEMFC setup. The amount of water transported through a GDL and out of the cell is determined by the properties of the gas diffusion medium. GDL properties such as the GDL thickness have a significant impact on water transport behavior. Furthermore, high impregnation weight or an additional micro-porous layer (MPL) reduces water removal due to enhanced mass transport resistances. The composition and distribution of the impregnation material in the GDL substrate also play a crucial role. Water transport rates depend not only on the GDL properties but increase exponentially with cell temperature. Finally, a two-phase water transport model is proposed taking into account both diffusive gas phase and liquid water transport in diffusion media. Based on this model, ex situ data set in correlation with in situ performance in PEMFCs on dry operating conditions and guidelines towards new design concepts for gas diffusion media are deduced.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.093&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu65 citations 65 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.093&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2010Publisher:Elsevier BV Volker Schmidt; Xuhui Feng; Yun Wang; Ralf Thiedmann; Werner Lehnert; Sung Chan Cho;Abstract This paper combines the stochastic-model-based reconstruction of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) and direct simulation to investigate the pore-level transport within GDLs. The carbon-paper-based GDL is modeled as a stack of thin sections with each section described by planar two-dimensional random line tessellations which are further dilated to three dimensions. The reconstruction is based on given GDL data provided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. With the constructed GDL, we further introduce the direct simulation of the coupled transport processes inside the GDL. The simulation considers the gas flow and species transport in the void space, electronic current conduction in the solid, and heat transfer in both phases. Results indicate a remarkable distinction in tortuosities of gas diffusion passage and solid matrix across the GDL with the former ∼1.2 and the latter ∼13.8. This difference arises from the synthetic microstructure of GDL, i.e. the lateral alignment nature of the thin carbon fiber, allowing the solid-phase transport to occur mostly in lateral direction. Extensive discussion on the tortuosity is also presented. The numerical tool can be applied to investigate the impact of the GDL microstructure on pore-level transport and scrutinize the macroscopic approach vastly adopted in current fuel cell modeling.
International Journa... arrow_drop_down International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferArticle . 2010 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.10.044&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu75 citations 75 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert International Journa... arrow_drop_down International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferArticle . 2010 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.10.044&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014Publisher:Elsevier BV Christian Tötzke; Christian Tötzke; Ingo Manke; Gerd Gaiselmann; Werner Lehnert; Werner Lehnert; Volker Schmidt;Abstract A novel parametrized model that describes the 3D microstructure of compressed fiber-based materials is introduced. It allows to virtually generate the microstructure of realistically compressed gas-diffusion layers (GDL). Given the input of a 3D microstructure of some fiber-based material, the model compresses the system of fibers in a uniaxial direction for arbitrary compression rates. The basic idea is to translate the fibers in the direction of compression according to a vector field which depends on the rate of compression and on the locations of fibers within the material. In order to apply the model to experimental 3D image data of fiber-based materials given for several compression states, an optimal vector field is estimated by simulated annealing. The model is applied to 3D image data of non-woven GDL in PEMFC gained by synchrotron tomography for different compression rates. The compression model is validated by comparing structural characteristics computed for experimentally compressed and virtually compressed microstructures, where two kinds of compression – using a flat stamp and a stamp with a flow-field profile – are applied. For both stamps types, a good agreement is found. Furthermore, the compression model is combined with a stochastic 3D microstructure model for uncompressed fiber-based materials. This allows to efficiently generate compressed fiber-based microstructures in arbitrary volumes.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.095&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu64 citations 64 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.095&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Conference object , Journal , Other literature type 2019Embargo end date: 26 Aug 2019 GermanyPublisher:MDPI AG Panchenko, Olha; Giesenberg, Lennard; Borgardt, Elena; Zwaygardt, Walter; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Markötter, Henning; Arlt, Tobias; Manke, Ingo; Müller, Martin; Stolten, Detlef; Lehnert, Werner Karl Josef;In order for electrolysis cells to operate optimally, mass transport must be improved. The key initial component for optimal operation is the current collector, which is also essential for mass transport. Water as an educt of the reaction must be evenly distributed by the current collector to the membrane electrode assembly. As products of the reaction, hydrogen and oxygen must also be directed quickly and efficiently through the current collector into the channel and removed from the cell. The second key component is the stoichiometry, which includes the current density and water volume flow rate and represents the ratio between the water supplied and water consumed. This study presents the correlation of the stoichiometry, two-phase flow in the channel and gas fraction in the porous transport layer for the first time. The gas-water ratio in the channel and porous transport layer during cell operation with various stoichiometries was investigated by means of a model in the form of an ex situ cell without electrochemical processes. Bubble formation in the channel was observed using a transparent cell. The gas-water exchange in the porous transport layer was then investigated using neutron radiography.
Energies arrow_drop_down EnergiesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/350/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstitutePublikationsserver der RWTH Aachen UniversityArticle . 2019Data sources: Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/en12030350&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu22 citations 22 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Energies arrow_drop_down EnergiesOther literature type . 2019License: CC BYFull-Text: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/350/pdfData sources: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstitutePublikationsserver der RWTH Aachen UniversityArticle . 2019Data sources: Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen Universityadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.3390/en12030350&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu