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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Md. Sanwar Hossain; Mostafizur Rahman; Md. Tuhin Sarker; orcid Md. Ershadul Haque;
    Md. Ershadul Haque
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Md. Ershadul Haque in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Abstract Remote monitoring and controlling of the sub-station equipment is an important issue for the power/energy management department which is normally done manually, or using an expensive PLC and SCADA system. With the emergence of the internet and computational era, a smart monitoring and reliable controlling system over the entire sub-station equipment is highly desirable that can be achieved by introducing the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT is the network of physical devices embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and network connectivity which have the ability to identify, collect and exchange the data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system and able to interoperate within the existing internet infrastructure. This paper proposed an IoT based network strategy for monitoring and controlling the sub-station equipment so that managing time and resources can take place as efficiently as possible. The IoT based system allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit with the added merits of minimum human intervention. Moreover, a prototype system has been implemented and tested for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed model.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Internet of Thingsarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Internet of Things
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Internet of Thingsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Internet of Things
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Abu Jahid;
    Abu Jahid
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Abu Jahid in OpenAIRE
    orcid Mohammed H. Alsharif;
    Mohammed H. Alsharif
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    Mohammed H. Alsharif in OpenAIRE
    orcid Peerapong Uthansakul;
    Peerapong Uthansakul
    ORCID
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    Peerapong Uthansakul in OpenAIRE
    orcid Jamel Nebhen;
    Jamel Nebhen
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Jamel Nebhen in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Avec l'augmentation des gadgets sans fil multimédias abordables, la disponibilité omniprésente de l'accès Internet et le rythme rapide du trafic mobile motivent la recherche vers les communications de cinquième génération (5G) pour réaliser des réseaux d'accès radio en nuage (C-RAN) économes en énergie avec une qualité d'expérience garantie. Exploiter la récolte d'énergie verte pour alimenter le C-RAN réduit considérablement l'approvisionnement en énergie du réseau électrique, l'empreinte carbone et les dépenses opérationnelles. Dans cet article, nous proposons un nouveau paradigme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur la sélection dynamique de points multipoints coordonnés (DPS CoMP), mettant l'accent sur le débit réalisable et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) en réduisant la consommation du réseau de distribution d'électricité du point de vue du réseau. Cet article étudie l'efficacité radio, l'efficacité énergétique et les économies d'énergie moyennes sur le réseau pour relever les principaux défis de la dynamique tempo-spatiale de l'intensité du trafic et de la production d'énergie renouvelable (ER) dans un large éventail de configurations de réseau. La technique d'équilibrage de charge s'efforce d'équilibrer les services publics du réseau tels que l'utilisation de l'énergie verte et l'association d'utilisateurs basée sur la technique de coordination BS dans un cluster. La fourniture d'une approche de veille cellulaire est envisagée pour économiser davantage d'énergie en éteignant les stations de base légèrement chargées (BS) lors des arrivées à faible trafic. L'algorithme d'équilibrage de charge basé sur CoMP proposé gère efficacement l'allocation de blocs de ressources aux nouveaux utilisateurs et augmente l'efficacité énergétique par rapport aux mécanismes conventionnels centrés sur l'emplacement et le trafic. Des simulations approfondies au niveau du système montrent que le cadre suggéré permet un compromis réglable entre l'efficacité radio et l'EE, et permet d'économiser 22 % de la consommation d'énergie sur le réseau et d'augmenter l'indice EE de 32 %. Par la suite, une comparaison exhaustive de la méthode proposée avec les systèmes existants est promise pour une validation ultérieure mettant en évidence les systèmes sans fil 5G durables. Con el aumento de los dispositivos inalámbricos multimedia asequibles, la disponibilidad ubicua del acceso a Internet y el rápido ritmo del tráfico móvil, la investigación hacia las comunicaciones de quinta generación (5G) para realizar redes de acceso de radio en la nube (C-RAN) energéticamente eficientes con una calidad de experiencia garantizada. La explotación de la recolección de energía verde para alimentar la C-RAN alivia sustancialmente la adquisición de energía de la red eléctrica, la huella de carbono y los gastos operativos. En este documento, proponemos un nuevo paradigma de equilibrio de carga basado en la selección dinámica de puntos coordinados multipunto (DPS CoMP) que enfatiza el rendimiento alcanzable y la eficiencia energética (EE) al reducir el consumo de la red de servicios públicos desde una perspectiva a nivel de red. Este documento investiga la eficiencia de radio, EE y el ahorro de energía promedio en la red que aborda los desafíos clave de la dinámica tempo-espacial de la intensidad del tráfico y la generación de energía renovable (RE) en una amplia gama de configuraciones de red. La técnica de equilibrio de carga favorece un equilibrio en las utilidades de la red, como la utilización de energía verde y la asociación de usuarios basada en la técnica de coordinación BS en un clúster. Se contempla la provisión de un enfoque de sueño celular para un mayor ahorro de energía al apagar las estaciones base (BS) ligeramente cargadas durante las llegadas de poco tráfico. El algoritmo de equilibrio de carga basado en CoMP propuesto gestiona de manera competente la asignación de bloques de recursos a los nuevos usuarios y eleva la eficiencia energética con respecto a los mecanismos convencionales centrados en la ubicación y el tráfico. Las extensas simulaciones a nivel de sistema manifiestan que el marco sugerido permite una compensación ajustable entre la eficiencia de la radio y la EE, y ahorra un 22% de consumo de energía en la red y aumenta el índice de EE en un 32%. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva del método propuesto con los esquemas existentes para una validación adicional que destaque los sistemas inalámbricos 5G sostenibles. With the augmentation of affordable multimedia wireless gadgets, the ubiquitous availability of the internet access, and the rapid pace of mobile traffic motivate research towards fifth generation (5G) communications to realize energy-efficient cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) with guaranteed quality of experience. Exploiting green energy harvesting for powering the C-RAN substantially alleviates the energy procurement from the utility grid, carbon footprint, and operational expenses. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic point selection coordinated multipoint (DPS CoMP) based load balancing paradigm emphasizing achievable throughput and energy efficiency (EE) by reducing utility grid consumption from a network level perspective. This paper investigates the radio efficiency, EE, and average on-grid energy saving addressing the key challenges of tempo-spatial dynamics of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation under a wide range of network setup. Endeavoring load balancing technique strives a balance in network utilities such as green energy utilization and user association based on BS coordination technique in a cluster. Provision of cell sleep approach is contemplated for further energy saving by turning off lightly loaded base stations (BSs) during low traffic arrivals. The proposed CoMP based load balancing algorithm proficiently manages resource block allocation to the new users and elevated the energy efficiency over the conventional location and traffic centric mechanisms. Extensive system-level simulations manifest that the suggested framework enables an adjustable trade-off between radio efficiency and EE, and saves 22% on-grid power consumption and increases EE index by 32%. Afterward, an exhaustive comparison of the proposed method with the existing schemes is pledged for further validation highlighting sustainable 5G wireless systems. مع زيادة الأدوات اللاسلكية متعددة الوسائط بأسعار معقولة، فإن التوافر الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والوتيرة السريعة لحركة المرور المتنقلة تحفز البحث نحو اتصالات الجيل الخامس (5G) لتحقيق شبكات الوصول اللاسلكي السحابية الموفرة للطاقة (C - RAN) مع ضمان جودة التجربة. إن استغلال حصاد الطاقة الخضراء لتشغيل C - RAN يخفف بشكل كبير من شراء الطاقة من شبكة المرافق والبصمة الكربونية والنفقات التشغيلية. في هذه الورقة، نقترح نموذجًا جديدًا لموازنة الحمل متعدد النقاط (DPS CoMP) قائمًا على الاختيار الديناميكي للنقاط (DPS CoMP) مع التأكيد على الإنتاجية القابلة للتحقيق وكفاءة الطاقة (EE) من خلال تقليل استهلاك شبكة المرافق من منظور مستوى الشبكة. تبحث هذه الورقة في كفاءة الراديو، و EE، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة على الشبكة التي تعالج التحديات الرئيسية للديناميكيات المكانية الإيقاعية لكثافة حركة المرور وتوليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE) في إطار مجموعة واسعة من إعداد الشبكة. تسعى تقنية موازنة الحمل إلى تحقيق التوازن في مرافق الشبكة مثل استخدام الطاقة الخضراء وارتباط المستخدم بناءً على تقنية تنسيق BS في المجموعة. يتم التفكير في توفير نهج النوم الخلوي لتوفير المزيد من الطاقة عن طريق إيقاف تشغيل المحطات الأساسية ذات التحميل الخفيف (BSs) أثناء وصول حركة المرور المنخفضة. تدير خوارزمية موازنة الحمل القائمة على CoMP المقترحة ببراعة تخصيص كتلة الموارد للمستخدمين الجدد وترفع كفاءة الطاقة على الموقع التقليدي والآليات التي تركز على حركة المرور. تظهر عمليات المحاكاة المكثفة على مستوى النظام أن الإطار المقترح يتيح مفاضلة قابلة للتعديل بين كفاءة الراديو و EE، ويوفر 22 ٪ من استهلاك الطاقة على الشبكة ويزيد مؤشر EE بنسبة 32 ٪. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للطريقة المقترحة مع المخططات الحالية لمزيد من التحقق من الصحة لتسليط الضوء على الأنظمة اللاسلكية المستدامة للجيل الخامس.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Abu Jahid;
    Abu Jahid
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Abu Jahid in OpenAIRE
    orcid Md. Sanwar Hossain;
    Md. Sanwar Hossain
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Md. Sanwar Hossain in OpenAIRE
    Md. Kamrul Hasan Monju; orcid bw Md. Fayzur Rahman;
    Md. Fayzur Rahman
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    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Md. Fayzur Rahman in OpenAIRE
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    La prolifération généralisée de l'accès à Internet, des gadgets sans fil abordables, de la demande de données des utilisateurs et des réseaux cellulaires étendus correspondants entraîne une consommation d'énergie et une empreinte carbone importantes. Avec les avantages supplémentaires de la technologie de récupération des énergies renouvelables (REH), les stations de base de télécommunications (BS) sont principalement alimentées par des sources d'énergie vertes pour réduire les dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX) et la pollution atmosphérique avec une qualité de service (QoS) garantie. En conséquence, cet article examine la plausibilité de solutions d'alimentation électrique optimales telles que le photovoltaïque solaire autonome (PV), l'éolienne hybride PV/éolienne (PV/WT), le générateur hybride PV/diesel (DG) et le réseau hybride PV/électrique (PV/EG) pour alimenter les BS de l'évolution à long terme (LTE) concernant les aspects techniques, économiques et environnementaux au Bangladesh. Une vaste simulation basée sur Monte-Carlo est réalisée pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité énergétique (EE), de gain d'efficacité énergétique (gain EE), d'économies d'énergie moyennes, de bande passante du système de variation de l'efficacité radio (B) et de puissance de transmission BS (P TX) compte tenu du comportement dynamique de l'intensité du trafic et du profil de production d'énergie renouvelable (RE). En tirant parti de la technique de zoom cellulaire et d'un cadre d'orientation de la circulation écologique, nous nous efforçons de minimiser le coût net actuel et de maximiser également les économies d'énergie moyennes. Les résultats de la simulation révèlent que la technique de zoom cellulaire a permis de réaliser des économies d'énergie allant jusqu'à 36 % et que l'amélioration du gain EE a atteint environ 23 % avec une modélisation efficace du REH. Par la suite, une comparaison complète des régimes susmentionnés est promise pour une validation ultérieure. La proliferación generalizada del acceso a Internet, los dispositivos inalámbricos asequibles, la demanda de datos de los usuarios y las correspondientes redes celulares extendidas conllevan un importante consumo de energía y huellas de carbono. Con los beneficios adicionales de la tecnología de recolección de energía renovable (REH), las estaciones base de telecomunicaciones (BS) son suministradas predominantemente por fuentes de energía verde para reducir el gasto operativo (OPEX) y la contaminación atmosférica con calidad de servicio (QoS) garantizada. En consecuencia, este documento examina la plausibilidad de soluciones óptimas de suministro de energía, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) independiente, la energía fotovoltaica híbrida/turbina eólica (PV/WT), el generador fotovoltaico híbrido/diesel (DG) y la red fotovoltaica híbrida/eléctrica (PV/EG) para alimentar las BS de evolución a largo plazo (LTE) relacionadas con aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales en Bangladesh. Se realizan extensas simulaciones basadas en Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia energética (EE), ganancia de eficiencia energética (ganancia EE), ahorro de energía promedio, ancho de banda del sistema variable de eficiencia de radio (B) y potencia de transmisión BS (P TX) considerando el comportamiento dinámico de la intensidad del tráfico y el perfil de generación de energía renovable (RE). Al aprovechar la técnica de zoom celular y un marco de dirección de tráfico verde, se esfuerza por minimizar el costo neto actual y maximizar también el ahorro medio de energía. Los resultados de la simulación revelan que la técnica de zoom celular logró ahorros de energía de hasta el 36% y la mejora de la ganancia de EE logró alrededor del 23% con un modelado efectivo de REH. Posteriormente, se promete una comparación exhaustiva de los esquemas antes mencionados para su posterior validación. The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain ), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX ) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. الانتشار الواسع النطاق للوصول إلى الإنترنت، والأدوات اللاسلكية بأسعار معقولة، وطلب بيانات المستخدم والشبكات الخلوية الموسعة المقابلة التي تنطوي على استهلاك كبير للطاقة وآثار الكربون. مع الفوائد الإضافية لتقنية حصاد الطاقة المتجددة (REH)، يتم توفير محطات قاعدة الاتصالات (BSs) في الغالب من مصادر الطاقة الخضراء لتقليل النفقات التشغيلية (OPEX) وتلوث الغلاف الجوي مع ضمان جودة الخدمة (QoS). وفقًا لذلك، تبحث هذه الورقة في معقولية حلول إمدادات الطاقة المثلى مثل الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المستقلة (PV)، والتوربينات الكهروضوئية/الرياح الهجينة (PV/WT)، والمولدات الكهروضوئية/الديزل الهجينة (DG) والشبكة الكهروضوئية/الكهربائية الهجينة (PV/EG) لتغذية BSs التطور طويل الأجل (LTE) المتعلقة بالجوانب التقنية والاقتصادية والبيئية في بنغلاديش. يتم إجراء عمليات محاكاة واسعة النطاق تستند إلى مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية، وكفاءة الطاقة (EE)، وكسب كفاءة الطاقة (EE GAIN)، ومتوسط توفير الطاقة، وعرض النطاق الترددي المتغير لكفاءة الراديو (B) وقوة إرسال BS (P TX) مع الأخذ في الاعتبار السلوك الديناميكي لكثافة حركة المرور وملف توليد الطاقة المتجددة (RE). من خلال الاستفادة من تقنية تكبير الخلايا وإطار توجيه حركة المرور الأخضر، تسعى إلى تقليل صافي التكلفة الحالية وتعظيم متوسط توفير الطاقة أيضًا. تكشف نتائج المحاكاة أن تقنية تكبير الخلية حققت وفورات في الطاقة مما أدى إلى تحقيق ما يصل إلى 36 ٪ وتحسين مكاسب EE التي حققت حوالي 23 ٪ مع النمذجة الفعالة لـ REH. بعد ذلك، يتم التعهد بإجراء مقارنة شاملة للمخططات المذكورة أعلاه لمزيد من التحقق.

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    Authors: orcid Abu Jahid;
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    With the growing awareness of environmental implications and fossil fuel crisis, renewable energy harvesting (EH) technology has shown remarkable aptitude in green cellular networking and is expected to be pervasively utilized by telecom operators aiming to reduce carbon footprints. To take the full advantage of renewable EH technology, we proposed an energy sustainable paradigm to address energy self-reliance, eco-sustainability, and minimize the networks energy cost while meeting the quality of service requirements. This paper investigates the techno-economic feasibility of integrated renewable energy powered off-grid cellular base stations (BSs) taking into the account of stochastic behavior of RE generation and traffic intensity for remote areas in Bangladesh. Thereafter, a hybrid energy cooperation framework is formulated to optimally determine the quantities of RE exchanged among BSs via physically installed power cables. Under the proposed framework, each BS is equipped with on-site solar module/wind turbine coupled with an independent storage device, whereas collocated BSs are inter-connected through resistive lines. Extensive simulation is carried out for evaluating optimal system architecture, energy yield analysis, and cost assessment in the context of downlink long-term evolution cellular networks varying different system parameters. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system performance pertaining to net present cost and energy savings. Finally, a comprehensive comparison with other schemes is provided for further validation.

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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; orcid bw Parag Nijhawan;
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    orcid Amandeep Singh Oberoi;
    Amandeep Singh Oberoi
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    Amandeep Singh Oberoi in OpenAIRE
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    This manuscript presents a thorough review of unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) and their importance in Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). In RAPS systems that utilize solar and hydrogen power, which typically include photovoltaic modules, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, hydrogen gas storage, and PEM fuel cells, the cost of these systems is currently higher compared to conventional RAPS systems that employ diesel generators or batteries. URFCs offer a potential solution to reduce the expenses of solar hydrogen renewable energy systems in RAPS by combining the functionalities of the electrolyzer and fuel cell into a single unit, thereby eliminating the need to purchase separate and costly electrolyzer and fuel cell units. URFCs are particularly well-suited for RAPS applications because the electrolyzer and fuel cell do not need to operate simultaneously. In electrolyzer mode, URFCs function similarly to stand-alone electrolyzers. However, in fuel cell mode, the performance of URFCs is inferior to that of stand-alone fuel cells. The presented review summarizes the past, present, and future of URFCs with details on the operating modes of URFCs, limitations and technical challenges, and applications. Solar hydrogen renewable energy applications in RAPS and challenges facing solar hydrogen renewable energy in the RAPS is discussed in detail.

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    Authors: Manish Kumar Singla; Jyoti Gupta; orcid Mohammed H. Alsharif;
    Mohammed H. Alsharif
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    orcid Abu Jahid;
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    This article presents a cost-effective and reliable solution for meeting the energy demands of remote areas through the integration of multiple renewable energy sources. The proposed system aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by utilizing accessible energy resources in a self-contained microgrid. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, the study examined the optimal combination of energy sources and storage technologies for an integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) in the Patiala location of Punjab. The total life cycle cost (TLCC) is the main objective of this manuscript. The HOMER result is taken as a reference, and the results are compared with the optimization hybrid algorithm (PSORSA). From this, it is clear that the proposed algorithm has less TLCC as compared to others. Two combinations of energy sources and storage technologies were considered, namely solar photovoltaic (PV)/battery and solar PV/fuel cell (FC). The results showed that the solar PV/FC combination is more cost-effective, reliable, and efficient than the solar PV/battery combination. Additionally, the IHRES strategy was found to be more economically viable than the single energy source system, with lower total life cycle costs and greater reliability and efficiency. Overall, the proposed IHRES model offers a promising solution for meeting energy demands in remote areas while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development.

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    Authors: orcid Abu Jahid;
    Abu Jahid
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    Abu Jahid in OpenAIRE
    orcid Abdullah Bin Shams;
    Abdullah Bin Shams
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    orcid Md. Farhad Hossain;
    Md. Farhad Hossain
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    This paper proposes a novel framework for PV-powered cellular networks with a standby grid supply and an essential energy management technique for achieving envisaged green networks. The proposal considers an emerging cellular network architecture employing two types of coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission techniques for serving the subscribers. Under the proposed framework, each base station (BS) is powered by an individual PV solar energy module having an independent storage device. BSs are also connected to the conventional grid supply for meeting additional energy demand. We also propose a dynamic inter-BS solar energy sharing policy through a transmission line for further greening the proposed network by minimizing the consumption from the grid supply. An extensive simulation-based study in the downlink of a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular system is carried out for evaluating the energy efficiency performance of the proposed framework. System performance is also investigated for identifying the impact of various system parameters including storage factor, storage capacity, solar generation capacity, transmission line loss, and different CoMP techniques.

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    International Journal of Photoenergy
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    Authors: orcid Abu Jahid;
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    Md. Shamimul Islam; Md. Sanwar Hossain; Md. Emran Hossain; +2 Authors

    In this paper, we focus on an essential energy management approach for enhancing energy efficiency (EE) as well as reducing fuel consumption of off-grid cellular networks whose base stations (BSs) are supplied with hybrid power sources including solar PV array and diesel generator (DG). To take the full advantage of PV technology, this paper examines the reliability performance and carbon footprint implications in addition to EE. This paper also investigates the benefits of unevenly harvested green energy sharing mechanism under zero fuel consumption scheme via physically installed resistive power lines taking into account of dynamic nature of renewable energy (RE) generation and traffic arrival density. Furthermore, joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) user association technique is integrated for achieving higher throughput and EE performance providing the best SINR quality to a connected user equipment (UE). A comprehensive Monte-Carlo based simulation study has been carried out for evaluating EE, EE index (EEI), and energy saving performances in downlink LTE-advanced networks under a wide range of network settings. The results reveal that the proposed system can attain up to 26% energy savings via cooperation mechanism and 48.7% more energy efficient in terms of EEI under peak load over the conventional hybrid paradigm.

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    Authors: orcid Md. Sanwar Hossain;
    Md. Sanwar Hossain
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    orcid Abu Jahid;
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    orcid Khondoker Ziaul Islam;
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    orcid Mohammed H. Alsharif;
    Mohammed H. Alsharif
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    Mohammed H. Alsharif in OpenAIRE
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    El enorme crecimiento de las redes celulares y los servicios inalámbricos ubicuos ha provocado un consumo de energía trascendental, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y, por lo tanto, un gran desafío para el desarrollo de redes celulares sostenibles y energéticamente eficientes. Con el aumento de la recolección de energía renovable, las estaciones base celulares (BS) se están alimentando progresivamente con fuentes de energía renovables (RES) para reducir la crisis energética, los contenidos de carbono y su dependencia del suministro de la red convencional. Por lo tanto, la utilización combinada de fuentes de energía renovables con el sistema de red eléctrica está demostrando ser una opción más realista para desarrollar un sistema energéticamente eficiente y ecosostenible en el contexto de las comunicaciones móviles ecológicas. El objetivo final de este trabajo es desarrollar un sistema de suministro de energía solar fotovoltaica (PV) conectado a la red que tenga en cuenta el tráfico y que utilice las redes heterogéneas habilitadas para la cabeza de radio remota (RRH) (HetNets) con el objetivo de minimizar el consumo de energía de la red y la huella de carbono, al tiempo que garantiza la sostenibilidad energética a largo plazo y la eficiencia energética (EE). Además, la técnica de equilibrio de carga se implementa entre las BS colocadas para una mejor utilización de los bloques de recursos (RB) y, a partir de entonces, el rendimiento del sistema se compara con una arquitectura celular habilitada para zoom celular existente para la evaluación comparativa. Además, la viabilidad tecnoeconómica del sistema previsto se ha analizado exhaustivamente utilizando el software de optimización HOMER, teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza dinámica del perfil de generación solar y la tasa de llegada de tráfico. Además, se realiza una investigación exhaustiva con la ayuda de simulaciones de Monte-Carlo para evaluar el rendimiento de la red inalámbrica en términos de rendimiento, eficiencia espectral (SE) y eficiencia energética, así como en una amplia gama de escenarios de diseño. Los resultados numéricos demuestran que el sistema solar fotovoltaico/batería conectado a la red propuesto puede lograr una reducción significativa del consumo de energía de la red con un rendimiento de hasta el 54,8% y garantizar una sostenibilidad energética destacada con el modelado eficaz de la recolección de energía renovable. L'énorme croissance des réseaux cellulaires et des services sans fil omniprésents a entraîné une consommation d'énergie et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) considérables et, par conséquent, a posé un grand défi au développement de réseaux cellulaires durables et économes en énergie. Avec l'augmentation de la récolte d'énergie renouvelable, les stations de base cellulaires (BS) sont progressivement alimentées par des sources d'énergie renouvelables (SER) pour réduire la crise énergétique, la teneur en carbone et sa dépendance à l'approvisionnement en réseau conventionnel. Ainsi, l'utilisation combinée des sources d'énergie renouvelables avec le système de réseau électrique s'avère être une option plus réaliste pour développer un système économe en énergie ainsi qu'un système éco-durable dans le contexte des communications mobiles vertes. L'objectif ultime de ce travail est de développer un système d'alimentation optimale en énergie solaire photovoltaïque (PV) connecté au réseau et sensible au trafic, en s'efforçant de mettre en place des réseaux hétérogènes à tête radio à distance (RRH) (HetNets) visant à minimiser la consommation d'énergie et l'empreinte carbone du réseau tout en garantissant la durabilité énergétique et l'efficacité énergétique (EE) à long terme. En outre, la technique d'équilibrage de charge est mise en œuvre parmi les BS colocalisées pour une meilleure utilisation des blocs de ressources (RB) et, par la suite, les performances du système sont comparées à une architecture cellulaire activée par zoom de cellule existante pour l'étalonnage. En outre, la faisabilité technico-économique du système envisagé a été largement analysée à l'aide du logiciel d'optimisation HOMER compte tenu de la nature dynamique du profil de production solaire et du taux d'arrivée du trafic. En outre, une enquête approfondie est menée à l'aide de simulations Monte-Carlo pour évaluer les performances du réseau sans fil en termes de débit, d'efficacité spectrale (SE) et d'efficacité énergétique ainsi que dans un large éventail de scénarios de conception. Les résultats numériques démontrent que le système solaire photovoltaïque/batterie relié au réseau proposé peut réduire considérablement la consommation d'énergie du réseau, jusqu'à 54,8 %, et assurer une durabilité énergétique de premier plan grâce à la modélisation efficace de la collecte d'énergie renouvelable. The enormous growth in the cellular networks and ubiquitous wireless services has incurred momentous energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thereby, imposed a great challenge to the development of energy-efficient sustainable cellular networks. With the augmentation of harvesting renewable energy, cellular base stations (BSs) are progressively being powered by renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the energy crisis, carbon contents, and its dependency on conventional grid supply. Thus, the combined utilization of renewable energy sources with the electrical grid system is proving to be a more realistic option for developing an energy-efficient as well as an eco-sustainable system in the context of green mobile communications. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a traffic-aware grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) optimal power supply system endeavoring the remote radio head (RRH) enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) aiming to minimize grid energy consumption and carbon footprint while ensuring long-term energy sustainability and energy efficiency (EE). Moreover, the load balancing technique is implemented among collocated BSs for better resource blocks (RBs) utilization and thereafter, the performance of the system is compared with an existing cell zooming enabled cellular architecture for benchmarking. Besides, the techno-economic feasibility of the envisaged system has been extensively analyzed using HOMER optimization software considering the dynamic nature of solar generation profile and traffic arrival rate. Furthermore, a thorough investigation is conducted with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the wireless network performance in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency as well under a wide range of design scenarios. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed grid-tied solar PV/battery system can achieve a significant reduction of grid power consumption yielding up to 54.8% and ensure prominent energy sustainability with the effective modeling of renewable energy harvesting. أدى النمو الهائل في الشبكات الخلوية والخدمات اللاسلكية في كل مكان إلى استهلاك هائل للطاقة وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة (GHG)، وبالتالي فرض تحديًا كبيرًا لتطوير شبكات خلوية مستدامة موفرة للطاقة. مع زيادة حصاد الطاقة المتجددة، يتم تشغيل المحطات الأساسية الخلوية (BSs) تدريجياً بواسطة مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (RES) للحد من أزمة الطاقة ومحتويات الكربون واعتمادها على إمدادات الشبكة التقليدية. وبالتالي، فإن الاستخدام المشترك لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظام الشبكة الكهربائية يثبت أنه خيار أكثر واقعية لتطوير نظام موفر للطاقة ومستدام بيئيًا في سياق الاتصالات المتنقلة الخضراء. الهدف النهائي من هذا العمل هو تطوير نظام مثالي لإمداد الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية المتصلة بالشبكة (PV) التي تسعى إلى إنشاء شبكات غير متجانسة ممكّنة برأس راديو بعيد (RRH) (HetNets) تهدف إلى تقليل استهلاك طاقة الشبكة والبصمة الكربونية مع ضمان استدامة الطاقة وكفاءة الطاقة على المدى الطويل (EE). علاوة على ذلك، يتم تنفيذ تقنية موازنة الحمل بين BSs المجمعة لاستخدام كتل الموارد (RBs) بشكل أفضل وبعد ذلك، تتم مقارنة أداء النظام مع البنية الخلوية القائمة التي تتيح تكبير الخلية لإجراء المقارنات المعيارية. إلى جانب ذلك، تم تحليل الجدوى التقنية والاقتصادية للنظام المتوخى على نطاق واسع باستخدام برنامج تحسين هوميروس مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الطبيعة الديناميكية لملف تعريف توليد الطاقة الشمسية ومعدل وصول حركة المرور. علاوة على ذلك، يتم إجراء تحقيق شامل بمساعدة عمليات محاكاة مونت كارلو لتقييم أداء الشبكة اللاسلكية من حيث الإنتاجية والكفاءة الطيفية (SE) وكفاءة الطاقة بالإضافة إلى مجموعة واسعة من سيناريوهات التصميم. تُظهر النتائج العددية أن نظام الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية/البطارية المقترح المرتبط بالشبكة يمكن أن يحقق انخفاضًا كبيرًا في استهلاك الطاقة الشبكية الذي يصل إلى 54.8 ٪ ويضمن استدامة بارزة للطاقة من خلال النمذجة الفعالة لحصاد الطاقة المتجددة.

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  • Authors: Md. Fayzur Rahman; orcid Abu Jahid;
    Abu Jahid
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Abu Jahid in OpenAIRE
    Md. Sanwar Hossain;

    Owing to the tremendous growth of cellular networks expansion, total energy consumption and operational expenditures (OPEX) has increased concurrently. To meet this challenges, a step towards to green communication has received a deep attention in the context of Long-Term Evolution (LTE). Consequently, telecommunication sectors are trending to harvest energy from renewable sources and devising off-grid hybrid base stations (BSs). The aim of this paper is to present a low cost, sustainable and eco-friendly hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV)/ wind turbine generator (WT) powered base stations (BSs) in remote areas of Bangladesh. HOMER software is used to assess the optimal system architecture and its associated net present cost (NPC) throughout this paper. For benchmarking, the economic and environmental issues of the proposed system are compared with the conventional only diesel generator (DG), and hybrid PV/DG powered BSs. Simulation results show that implementing the proposed hybrid PV/WT system to the off-grid macro BSs in remote areas can be substantially achieved 53 % and 10 % NPC saving over the aforementioned only DG powered BS and PV/DG enabled BS respectively. In addition, the proposed hybrid model exhibits zero carbon footprints compared to other schemes.

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