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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tianyi Zhang; Yong He; Ron DePauw; Zhenong Jin; +7 Authors

    AbstractVariety adaptation to future climate for wheat is important but lacks comprehensive understanding. Here, we evaluate genetic advancement under current and future climate using a dataset of wheat breeding nurseries in North America during 1960-2018. Results show that yields declined by 3.6% per 1 °C warming for advanced winter wheat breeding lines, compared with −5.5% for the check variety, indicating a superior climate-resilience. However, advanced spring wheat breeding lines showed a 7.5% yield reduction per 1 °C warming, which is more sensitive than a 7.1% reduction for the check variety, indicating climate resilience is not improved and may even decline for spring wheat. Under future climate of SSP scenarios, yields of winter and spring wheat exhibit declining trends even with advanced breeding lines, suggesting future climate warming could outpace the yield gains from current breeding progress. Our study highlights that the adaptation progress following the current wheat breeding strategies is challenging.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Communication...arrow_drop_down
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tianyi Zhang; Yong He; Ron DePauw; Zhenong Jin; +7 Authors

    AbstractVariety adaptation to future climate for wheat is important but lacks comprehensive understanding. Here, we evaluate genetic advancement under current and future climate using a dataset of wheat breeding nurseries in North America during 1960-2018. Results show that yields declined by 3.6% per 1 °C warming for advanced winter wheat breeding lines, compared with −5.5% for the check variety, indicating a superior climate-resilience. However, advanced spring wheat breeding lines showed a 7.5% yield reduction per 1 °C warming, which is more sensitive than a 7.1% reduction for the check variety, indicating climate resilience is not improved and may even decline for spring wheat. Under future climate of SSP scenarios, yields of winter and spring wheat exhibit declining trends even with advanced breeding lines, suggesting future climate warming could outpace the yield gains from current breeding progress. Our study highlights that the adaptation progress following the current wheat breeding strategies is challenging.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Communication...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Nature Communications
    Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiaosheng Xia; Peiyang Ren; Xuhui Wang; Dan Liú; +16 Authors

    En tant que l'un des plus grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre au monde, la Chine s'est fixé l'objectif ambitieux d'atteindre le pic de carbone et la neutralité carbone. Par conséquent, il est crucial de quantifier l'ampleur et la tendance des sources et des puits de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique (CO2), et de suivre les progrès de la Chine vers ces objectifs. À l'aide d'ensembles de données et de modèles de pointe, cette étude a estimé de manière exhaustive les émissions anthropiques de CO2 provenant de l'énergie, des processus industriels et de l'utilisation des produits, ainsi que des déchets, des sources naturelles et des puits de CO2 pour toute la Chine au cours de la période 1980-2021. Pour reconnaître les différences entre les différentes méthodes d'estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les estimations sont comparées aux inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre (INGES) de la Chine pour 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 et 2014. Les émissions anthropiques de CO2 en Chine ont été multipliées par 7,39 entre 1980 et 2021, passant à 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1. Tout en bénéficiant de projets écologiques (par exemple, le Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), le puits de carbone terrestre en Chine a atteint 1,65 Gt de CO2 a-1 en moyenne entre 2010 et 2021, soit près de 15,81 fois celui du puits de carbone des années 1980. En moyenne, les écosystèmes terrestres de la Chine ont compensé 14,69 % ± 2,49 % des émissions anthropiques de CO2 jusqu'en 2010-2021. Deux régions administratives de niveau provincial de la Chine, Xizang et Qinghai, ont atteint la neutralité carbone selon nos estimations, mais près de la moitié des régions administratives de la Chine ont des compensations de puits de carbone terrestres de moins de 10% des émissions anthropiques de CO2. Cette étude a indiqué un niveau élevé de cohérence entre les NGHGI et divers ensembles de données utilisés pour estimer les émissions de CO2 d'origine fossile, mais a révélé des différences notables pour les puits de carbone terrestres. Les estimations futures des puits de carbone terrestres des NGHGI doivent être vérifiées de toute urgence avec des modèles basés sur les processus qui intègrent les processus complets du cycle du carbone. Como uno de los mayores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, China se ha fijado el ambicioso objetivo de alcanzar el pico de carbono y la neutralidad de carbono. Por lo tanto, es crucial cuantificar la magnitud y la tendencia de las fuentes y sumideros de dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2), y monitorear el progreso de China hacia estos objetivos. Utilizando conjuntos de datos y modelos de vanguardia, este estudio estimó exhaustivamente las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 de la energía, los procesos industriales y el uso de productos, y los desechos junto con las fuentes naturales y los sumideros de CO2 para toda China durante 1980-2021. Para reconocer las diferencias entre los diversos métodos de estimación de las emisiones de efecto invernadero, las estimaciones se comparan con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de China para 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 y 2014. Las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 en China han aumentado 7,39 veces desde 1980 a 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1 en 2021. Si bien se beneficia de proyectos ecológicos (por ejemplo, Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), el sumidero de carbono terrestre en China ha alcanzado un promedio de 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 entre 2010 y 2021, que es casi 15.81 veces mayor que el sumidero de carbono en la década de 1980. En promedio, los ecosistemas terrestres de China compensaron el 14,69% ± 2,49% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 entre 2010 y 2021. Según nuestras estimaciones, dos regiones administrativas a nivel provincial de China, Xizang y Qinghai, han logrado la neutralidad de carbono, pero casi la mitad de las regiones administrativas de China tienen compensaciones de sumideros de carbono terrestres de menos del 10% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2. Este estudio indicó un alto nivel de consistencia entre los INGH y varios conjuntos de datos utilizados para estimar las emisiones fósiles de CO2, pero encontró diferencias notables para los sumideros de carbono terrestres. Las estimaciones futuras de los sumideros de carbono terrestre de los GEI deben verificarse urgentemente con modelos basados en procesos que integren los procesos integrales del ciclo del carbono. باعتبارها واحدة من أكبر الدول المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، وضعت الصين لنفسها هدفًا طموحًا يتمثل في تحقيق ذروة الكربون وحياد الكربون. لذلك، من الأهمية بمكان تحديد حجم واتجاه مصادر ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي (CO2)، ومراقبة تقدم الصين نحو هذه الأهداف. باستخدام أحدث مجموعات البيانات والنماذج، قدرت هذه الدراسة بشكل شامل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ من الطاقة والعمليات الصناعية واستخدام المنتجات والنفايات جنبًا إلى جنب مع المصادر الطبيعية ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في جميع أنحاء الصين خلال الفترة 1980-2021. للتعرف على الاختلافات بين الطرق المختلفة لتقدير انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، تتم مقارنة التقديرات بقوائم الجرد الوطنية لغازات الدفيئة في الصين للأعوام 1994 و 2005 و 2010 و 2012 و 2014. زادت انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ في الصين بمقدار 7.39 مرة من عام 1980 إلى 12.77 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في عام 2021. مع الاستفادة من المشاريع البيئية (على سبيل المثال، مشروع نظام غابات المأوى في الشمال)، بلغ بالوعة الكربون في الصين 1.65 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المتوسط خلال الفترة 2010-2021، وهو ما يقرب من 15.81 ضعف بالوعة الكربون في الثمانينيات. في المتوسط، عوضت النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية في الصين 14.69 ٪ ± 2.49 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ خلال الفترة 2010-2021. حققت منطقتان إداريتان على مستوى المقاطعة في الصين، شيزانغ وتشينغهاي، حيادية الكربون وفقًا لتقديراتنا، ولكن ما يقرب من نصف المناطق الإدارية في الصين لديها تعويضات بالوعة الكربون الأرضية أقل من 10 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ. أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى وجود مستوى عالٍ من الاتساق بين مؤشرات الغازات الدفيئة الوطنية ومجموعات البيانات المختلفة المستخدمة لتقدير انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون الأحفوري، ولكنها وجدت اختلافات ملحوظة في بالوعات الكربون الأرضية. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى التحقق من التقديرات المستقبلية لأحواض الكربون الأرضية الخاصة بالمصارف الصحية الوطنية من خلال النماذج القائمة على العمليات التي تدمج عمليات دورة الكربون الشاملة. As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and to monitor China's progress toward these goals. Using state-of-the-art datasets and models, this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from energy, industrial processes and product use, and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO2 for all of China during 1980-2021. To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions, the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) for 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO2 a-1 in 2021. While benefiting from ecological projects (e.g., Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 averaged through 2010-2021, which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s. On average, China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69% ± 2.49% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through 2010-2021. Two provincial-level administrative regions of China, Xizang and Qinghai, have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates, but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO2 emissions, but found notable differences for land carbon sinks. Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Science Bulletinarrow_drop_down
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    Science Bulletin
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7k...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/cf...
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Science Bulletinarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Science Bulletin
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7k...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/cf...
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xiaosheng Xia; Peiyang Ren; Xuhui Wang; Dan Liú; +16 Authors

    En tant que l'un des plus grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre au monde, la Chine s'est fixé l'objectif ambitieux d'atteindre le pic de carbone et la neutralité carbone. Par conséquent, il est crucial de quantifier l'ampleur et la tendance des sources et des puits de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique (CO2), et de suivre les progrès de la Chine vers ces objectifs. À l'aide d'ensembles de données et de modèles de pointe, cette étude a estimé de manière exhaustive les émissions anthropiques de CO2 provenant de l'énergie, des processus industriels et de l'utilisation des produits, ainsi que des déchets, des sources naturelles et des puits de CO2 pour toute la Chine au cours de la période 1980-2021. Pour reconnaître les différences entre les différentes méthodes d'estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les estimations sont comparées aux inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre (INGES) de la Chine pour 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 et 2014. Les émissions anthropiques de CO2 en Chine ont été multipliées par 7,39 entre 1980 et 2021, passant à 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1. Tout en bénéficiant de projets écologiques (par exemple, le Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), le puits de carbone terrestre en Chine a atteint 1,65 Gt de CO2 a-1 en moyenne entre 2010 et 2021, soit près de 15,81 fois celui du puits de carbone des années 1980. En moyenne, les écosystèmes terrestres de la Chine ont compensé 14,69 % ± 2,49 % des émissions anthropiques de CO2 jusqu'en 2010-2021. Deux régions administratives de niveau provincial de la Chine, Xizang et Qinghai, ont atteint la neutralité carbone selon nos estimations, mais près de la moitié des régions administratives de la Chine ont des compensations de puits de carbone terrestres de moins de 10% des émissions anthropiques de CO2. Cette étude a indiqué un niveau élevé de cohérence entre les NGHGI et divers ensembles de données utilisés pour estimer les émissions de CO2 d'origine fossile, mais a révélé des différences notables pour les puits de carbone terrestres. Les estimations futures des puits de carbone terrestres des NGHGI doivent être vérifiées de toute urgence avec des modèles basés sur les processus qui intègrent les processus complets du cycle du carbone. Como uno de los mayores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, China se ha fijado el ambicioso objetivo de alcanzar el pico de carbono y la neutralidad de carbono. Por lo tanto, es crucial cuantificar la magnitud y la tendencia de las fuentes y sumideros de dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2), y monitorear el progreso de China hacia estos objetivos. Utilizando conjuntos de datos y modelos de vanguardia, este estudio estimó exhaustivamente las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 de la energía, los procesos industriales y el uso de productos, y los desechos junto con las fuentes naturales y los sumideros de CO2 para toda China durante 1980-2021. Para reconocer las diferencias entre los diversos métodos de estimación de las emisiones de efecto invernadero, las estimaciones se comparan con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de China para 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 y 2014. Las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 en China han aumentado 7,39 veces desde 1980 a 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1 en 2021. Si bien se beneficia de proyectos ecológicos (por ejemplo, Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), el sumidero de carbono terrestre en China ha alcanzado un promedio de 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 entre 2010 y 2021, que es casi 15.81 veces mayor que el sumidero de carbono en la década de 1980. En promedio, los ecosistemas terrestres de China compensaron el 14,69% ± 2,49% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 entre 2010 y 2021. Según nuestras estimaciones, dos regiones administrativas a nivel provincial de China, Xizang y Qinghai, han logrado la neutralidad de carbono, pero casi la mitad de las regiones administrativas de China tienen compensaciones de sumideros de carbono terrestres de menos del 10% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2. Este estudio indicó un alto nivel de consistencia entre los INGH y varios conjuntos de datos utilizados para estimar las emisiones fósiles de CO2, pero encontró diferencias notables para los sumideros de carbono terrestres. Las estimaciones futuras de los sumideros de carbono terrestre de los GEI deben verificarse urgentemente con modelos basados en procesos que integren los procesos integrales del ciclo del carbono. باعتبارها واحدة من أكبر الدول المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، وضعت الصين لنفسها هدفًا طموحًا يتمثل في تحقيق ذروة الكربون وحياد الكربون. لذلك، من الأهمية بمكان تحديد حجم واتجاه مصادر ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي (CO2)، ومراقبة تقدم الصين نحو هذه الأهداف. باستخدام أحدث مجموعات البيانات والنماذج، قدرت هذه الدراسة بشكل شامل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ من الطاقة والعمليات الصناعية واستخدام المنتجات والنفايات جنبًا إلى جنب مع المصادر الطبيعية ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في جميع أنحاء الصين خلال الفترة 1980-2021. للتعرف على الاختلافات بين الطرق المختلفة لتقدير انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، تتم مقارنة التقديرات بقوائم الجرد الوطنية لغازات الدفيئة في الصين للأعوام 1994 و 2005 و 2010 و 2012 و 2014. زادت انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ في الصين بمقدار 7.39 مرة من عام 1980 إلى 12.77 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في عام 2021. مع الاستفادة من المشاريع البيئية (على سبيل المثال، مشروع نظام غابات المأوى في الشمال)، بلغ بالوعة الكربون في الصين 1.65 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المتوسط خلال الفترة 2010-2021، وهو ما يقرب من 15.81 ضعف بالوعة الكربون في الثمانينيات. في المتوسط، عوضت النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية في الصين 14.69 ٪ ± 2.49 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ خلال الفترة 2010-2021. حققت منطقتان إداريتان على مستوى المقاطعة في الصين، شيزانغ وتشينغهاي، حيادية الكربون وفقًا لتقديراتنا، ولكن ما يقرب من نصف المناطق الإدارية في الصين لديها تعويضات بالوعة الكربون الأرضية أقل من 10 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ. أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى وجود مستوى عالٍ من الاتساق بين مؤشرات الغازات الدفيئة الوطنية ومجموعات البيانات المختلفة المستخدمة لتقدير انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون الأحفوري، ولكنها وجدت اختلافات ملحوظة في بالوعات الكربون الأرضية. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى التحقق من التقديرات المستقبلية لأحواض الكربون الأرضية الخاصة بالمصارف الصحية الوطنية من خلال النماذج القائمة على العمليات التي تدمج عمليات دورة الكربون الشاملة. As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and to monitor China's progress toward these goals. Using state-of-the-art datasets and models, this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from energy, industrial processes and product use, and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO2 for all of China during 1980-2021. To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions, the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) for 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO2 a-1 in 2021. While benefiting from ecological projects (e.g., Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 averaged through 2010-2021, which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s. On average, China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69% ± 2.49% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through 2010-2021. Two provincial-level administrative regions of China, Xizang and Qinghai, have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates, but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO2 emissions, but found notable differences for land carbon sinks. Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.

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    Authors: Lili Ren; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.

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    Geophysical Research Letters
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    Authors: Lili Ren; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.

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    Geophysical Research Letters
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    Authors: Yuan Zhao; Xu Yue; Hao Zhou; Zhen Yu; +1 Authors

    Abstract As one of the most densely populated and economically developed regions in China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has confronted with substantial land cover change (LCC) over the past several decades. This study investigates the impact of climate change and LCC on carbon dynamics in the YRD region for 1990–2019, taking advantage of a high-resolution vegetation model and two well-established LCC data in China. Simulated gross primary productivity increases from 0.52 ± 0.02 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 1990s to 0.57 ± 0.01 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2010s with the major contribution by CO2 fertilization effect. The regional carbon sink, measured as net biospheric productivity (NBP), peaks at 0.03 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2000s but remains stable or slightly decreases in the 2010s depending on the LCC datasets. Forests act as the main contributors to the enhancement of the regional carbon sink, with negative contributions from the loss of shrubland and grassland. The stable NBP during 2000–2019 suggests a potential slowdown in the efficacy of carbon sink as forests mature. While forest expansion significantly promotes NBP, the carbon released during the replacement of other vegetation types suggests that afforestation efforts need to be complemented with associated supportive measures to prevent newly forested areas from becoming net carbon sources.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Yuan Zhao; Xu Yue; Hao Zhou; Zhen Yu; +1 Authors

    Abstract As one of the most densely populated and economically developed regions in China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has confronted with substantial land cover change (LCC) over the past several decades. This study investigates the impact of climate change and LCC on carbon dynamics in the YRD region for 1990–2019, taking advantage of a high-resolution vegetation model and two well-established LCC data in China. Simulated gross primary productivity increases from 0.52 ± 0.02 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 1990s to 0.57 ± 0.01 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2010s with the major contribution by CO2 fertilization effect. The regional carbon sink, measured as net biospheric productivity (NBP), peaks at 0.03 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2000s but remains stable or slightly decreases in the 2010s depending on the LCC datasets. Forests act as the main contributors to the enhancement of the regional carbon sink, with negative contributions from the loss of shrubland and grassland. The stable NBP during 2000–2019 suggests a potential slowdown in the efficacy of carbon sink as forests mature. While forest expansion significantly promotes NBP, the carbon released during the replacement of other vegetation types suggests that afforestation efforts need to be complemented with associated supportive measures to prevent newly forested areas from becoming net carbon sources.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Zhen Yu; Philippe Ciais; Shilong Piao; Richard A. Houghton; +12 Authors

    AbstractCarbon budget accounting relies heavily on Food and Agriculture Organization land-use data reported by governments. Here we develop a new land-use and cover-change database for China, finding that differing historical survey methods biased China’s reported data causing large errors in Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Land ecosystem model simulations driven with the new data reveal a strong carbon sink of 8.9 ± 0.8 Pg carbon from 1980 to 2019 in China, which was not captured in Food and Agriculture Organization data-based estimations due to biased land-use and cover-change signals. The land-use and cover-change in China, characterized by a rapid forest expansion from 1980 to 2019, contributed to nearly 44% of the national terrestrial carbon sink. In contrast, climate changes (22.3%), increasing nitrogen deposition (12.9%), and rising carbon dioxide (8.1%) are less important contributors. This indicates that previous studies have greatly underestimated the impact of land-use and cover-change on the terrestrial carbon balance of China. This study underlines the importance of reliable land-use and cover-change databases in global carbon budget accounting.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Zhen Yu; Philippe Ciais; Shilong Piao; Richard A. Houghton; +12 Authors

    AbstractCarbon budget accounting relies heavily on Food and Agriculture Organization land-use data reported by governments. Here we develop a new land-use and cover-change database for China, finding that differing historical survey methods biased China’s reported data causing large errors in Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Land ecosystem model simulations driven with the new data reveal a strong carbon sink of 8.9 ± 0.8 Pg carbon from 1980 to 2019 in China, which was not captured in Food and Agriculture Organization data-based estimations due to biased land-use and cover-change signals. The land-use and cover-change in China, characterized by a rapid forest expansion from 1980 to 2019, contributed to nearly 44% of the national terrestrial carbon sink. In contrast, climate changes (22.3%), increasing nitrogen deposition (12.9%), and rising carbon dioxide (8.1%) are less important contributors. This indicates that previous studies have greatly underestimated the impact of land-use and cover-change on the terrestrial carbon balance of China. This study underlines the importance of reliable land-use and cover-change databases in global carbon budget accounting.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Jintai Lin; Ji Nie; Tao Wang; Xu Yue; +3 Authors

    Abstract As a major economy with large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ecosystem carbon sink, China’s commitment and pathway towards carbon neutrality is of global importance. Faced with the dual challenges of sustained economic growth and environmental protection, there is pressing need to integrate scientific knowledge from multiple disciplines to support policymaking on emission mitigation and carbon sink enhancement. This focus issue, with a companion workshop with the same theme, offers an opportunity to meet such need. With a total of 21 published papers, the focus issue provides more solid evidence of intensifying weather extremes caused by anthropogenic emissions, evaluates the potential of exploitation of terrestrial carbon sink which is in turn under the threat of warming, and reveals the challenges and opportunities of anthropogenic emission mitigation from perspectives of GHG types, economic sectors, environmental co-benefits, and disproportional impacts across the stakeholders. A comprehensive framework to combine data and models from related disciplines is a crucial next step to form integrated information much needed for climate action.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Environmental Resear...arrow_drop_down
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Jintai Lin; Ji Nie; Tao Wang; Xu Yue; +3 Authors

    Abstract As a major economy with large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ecosystem carbon sink, China’s commitment and pathway towards carbon neutrality is of global importance. Faced with the dual challenges of sustained economic growth and environmental protection, there is pressing need to integrate scientific knowledge from multiple disciplines to support policymaking on emission mitigation and carbon sink enhancement. This focus issue, with a companion workshop with the same theme, offers an opportunity to meet such need. With a total of 21 published papers, the focus issue provides more solid evidence of intensifying weather extremes caused by anthropogenic emissions, evaluates the potential of exploitation of terrestrial carbon sink which is in turn under the threat of warming, and reveals the challenges and opportunities of anthropogenic emission mitigation from perspectives of GHG types, economic sectors, environmental co-benefits, and disproportional impacts across the stakeholders. A comprehensive framework to combine data and models from related disciplines is a crucial next step to form integrated information much needed for climate action.

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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Yanlin Tian; Jianlong Fang; Feng Wang; Zhihan Luo; +17 Authors

    Ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) is thought to be associated with the development of diabetes, but few studies traced the effects of PM2.5 components and pollution sources on the change in the fasting blood glucose (FBG). In the present study, we assessed the associations of PM2.5 constituents and their sources with the FBG in a general Chinese population aged over 40 years. Exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with the FBG level, and each interquartile range (IQR) increase in a lag period of 30 days (18.4 μg/m3) showed the strongest association with an elevated FBG of 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.28). Among various constituents, increases in exposed elemental carbon, organic matter, arsenic, and heavy metals such as silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc were associated with higher FBG, whereas barium and chromium were associated with lower FBG levels. The elevated FBG level was closely associated with the PM2.5 from coal combustion, industrial sources, and vehicle emissions, while the association with secondary sources was statistically insignificant. Improving air quality by tracing back to the pollution sources would help to develop well-directed policies to protect human health.

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    Environmental Science & Technology
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    Authors: Yanlin Tian; Jianlong Fang; Feng Wang; Zhihan Luo; +17 Authors

    Ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) is thought to be associated with the development of diabetes, but few studies traced the effects of PM2.5 components and pollution sources on the change in the fasting blood glucose (FBG). In the present study, we assessed the associations of PM2.5 constituents and their sources with the FBG in a general Chinese population aged over 40 years. Exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with the FBG level, and each interquartile range (IQR) increase in a lag period of 30 days (18.4 μg/m3) showed the strongest association with an elevated FBG of 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.28). Among various constituents, increases in exposed elemental carbon, organic matter, arsenic, and heavy metals such as silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc were associated with higher FBG, whereas barium and chromium were associated with lower FBG levels. The elevated FBG level was closely associated with the PM2.5 from coal combustion, industrial sources, and vehicle emissions, while the association with secondary sources was statistically insignificant. Improving air quality by tracing back to the pollution sources would help to develop well-directed policies to protect human health.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science & Technology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Environmental Science & Technology
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xu Yue; Nadine Unger;

    AbstractFire emissions generate air pollutants ozone (O3) and aerosols that influence the land carbon cycle. Surface O3 damages vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake, while aerosols influence photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. Here we combine several state-of-the-art models and multiple measurement datasets to assess the net impacts of fire-induced O3 damage and the aerosol diffuse fertilization effect on gross primary productivity (GPP) for the 2002–2011 period. With all emissions except fires, O3 decreases global GPP by 4.0 ± 1.9 Pg C yr−1 while aerosols increase GPP by 1.0 ± 0.2 Pg C yr−1 with contrasting spatial impacts. Inclusion of fire pollution causes a further GPP reduction of 0.86 ± 0.74 Pg C yr−1 during 2002–2011, resulting from a reduction of 0.91 ± 0.44 Pg C yr−1 by O3 and an increase of 0.05 ± 0.30 Pg C yr−1 by aerosols. The net negative impact of fire pollution poses an increasing threat to ecosystem productivity in a warming future world.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Communication...arrow_drop_down
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Xu Yue; Nadine Unger;

    AbstractFire emissions generate air pollutants ozone (O3) and aerosols that influence the land carbon cycle. Surface O3 damages vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake, while aerosols influence photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. Here we combine several state-of-the-art models and multiple measurement datasets to assess the net impacts of fire-induced O3 damage and the aerosol diffuse fertilization effect on gross primary productivity (GPP) for the 2002–2011 period. With all emissions except fires, O3 decreases global GPP by 4.0 ± 1.9 Pg C yr−1 while aerosols increase GPP by 1.0 ± 0.2 Pg C yr−1 with contrasting spatial impacts. Inclusion of fire pollution causes a further GPP reduction of 0.86 ± 0.74 Pg C yr−1 during 2002–2011, resulting from a reduction of 0.91 ± 0.44 Pg C yr−1 by O3 and an increase of 0.05 ± 0.30 Pg C yr−1 by aerosols. The net negative impact of fire pollution poses an increasing threat to ecosystem productivity in a warming future world.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Communication...arrow_drop_down
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2018
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      Article . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Huimin Li; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science & Technology
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Huimin Li; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Environmental Science & Technology
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Environmental Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tianyi Zhang; Yong He; Ron DePauw; Zhenong Jin; +7 Authors

    AbstractVariety adaptation to future climate for wheat is important but lacks comprehensive understanding. Here, we evaluate genetic advancement under current and future climate using a dataset of wheat breeding nurseries in North America during 1960-2018. Results show that yields declined by 3.6% per 1 °C warming for advanced winter wheat breeding lines, compared with −5.5% for the check variety, indicating a superior climate-resilience. However, advanced spring wheat breeding lines showed a 7.5% yield reduction per 1 °C warming, which is more sensitive than a 7.1% reduction for the check variety, indicating climate resilience is not improved and may even decline for spring wheat. Under future climate of SSP scenarios, yields of winter and spring wheat exhibit declining trends even with advanced breeding lines, suggesting future climate warming could outpace the yield gains from current breeding progress. Our study highlights that the adaptation progress following the current wheat breeding strategies is challenging.

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    Authors: Tianyi Zhang; Yong He; Ron DePauw; Zhenong Jin; +7 Authors

    AbstractVariety adaptation to future climate for wheat is important but lacks comprehensive understanding. Here, we evaluate genetic advancement under current and future climate using a dataset of wheat breeding nurseries in North America during 1960-2018. Results show that yields declined by 3.6% per 1 °C warming for advanced winter wheat breeding lines, compared with −5.5% for the check variety, indicating a superior climate-resilience. However, advanced spring wheat breeding lines showed a 7.5% yield reduction per 1 °C warming, which is more sensitive than a 7.1% reduction for the check variety, indicating climate resilience is not improved and may even decline for spring wheat. Under future climate of SSP scenarios, yields of winter and spring wheat exhibit declining trends even with advanced breeding lines, suggesting future climate warming could outpace the yield gains from current breeding progress. Our study highlights that the adaptation progress following the current wheat breeding strategies is challenging.

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    Authors: Xiaosheng Xia; Peiyang Ren; Xuhui Wang; Dan Liú; +16 Authors

    En tant que l'un des plus grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre au monde, la Chine s'est fixé l'objectif ambitieux d'atteindre le pic de carbone et la neutralité carbone. Par conséquent, il est crucial de quantifier l'ampleur et la tendance des sources et des puits de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique (CO2), et de suivre les progrès de la Chine vers ces objectifs. À l'aide d'ensembles de données et de modèles de pointe, cette étude a estimé de manière exhaustive les émissions anthropiques de CO2 provenant de l'énergie, des processus industriels et de l'utilisation des produits, ainsi que des déchets, des sources naturelles et des puits de CO2 pour toute la Chine au cours de la période 1980-2021. Pour reconnaître les différences entre les différentes méthodes d'estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les estimations sont comparées aux inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre (INGES) de la Chine pour 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 et 2014. Les émissions anthropiques de CO2 en Chine ont été multipliées par 7,39 entre 1980 et 2021, passant à 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1. Tout en bénéficiant de projets écologiques (par exemple, le Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), le puits de carbone terrestre en Chine a atteint 1,65 Gt de CO2 a-1 en moyenne entre 2010 et 2021, soit près de 15,81 fois celui du puits de carbone des années 1980. En moyenne, les écosystèmes terrestres de la Chine ont compensé 14,69 % ± 2,49 % des émissions anthropiques de CO2 jusqu'en 2010-2021. Deux régions administratives de niveau provincial de la Chine, Xizang et Qinghai, ont atteint la neutralité carbone selon nos estimations, mais près de la moitié des régions administratives de la Chine ont des compensations de puits de carbone terrestres de moins de 10% des émissions anthropiques de CO2. Cette étude a indiqué un niveau élevé de cohérence entre les NGHGI et divers ensembles de données utilisés pour estimer les émissions de CO2 d'origine fossile, mais a révélé des différences notables pour les puits de carbone terrestres. Les estimations futures des puits de carbone terrestres des NGHGI doivent être vérifiées de toute urgence avec des modèles basés sur les processus qui intègrent les processus complets du cycle du carbone. Como uno de los mayores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, China se ha fijado el ambicioso objetivo de alcanzar el pico de carbono y la neutralidad de carbono. Por lo tanto, es crucial cuantificar la magnitud y la tendencia de las fuentes y sumideros de dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2), y monitorear el progreso de China hacia estos objetivos. Utilizando conjuntos de datos y modelos de vanguardia, este estudio estimó exhaustivamente las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 de la energía, los procesos industriales y el uso de productos, y los desechos junto con las fuentes naturales y los sumideros de CO2 para toda China durante 1980-2021. Para reconocer las diferencias entre los diversos métodos de estimación de las emisiones de efecto invernadero, las estimaciones se comparan con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de China para 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 y 2014. Las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 en China han aumentado 7,39 veces desde 1980 a 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1 en 2021. Si bien se beneficia de proyectos ecológicos (por ejemplo, Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), el sumidero de carbono terrestre en China ha alcanzado un promedio de 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 entre 2010 y 2021, que es casi 15.81 veces mayor que el sumidero de carbono en la década de 1980. En promedio, los ecosistemas terrestres de China compensaron el 14,69% ± 2,49% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 entre 2010 y 2021. Según nuestras estimaciones, dos regiones administrativas a nivel provincial de China, Xizang y Qinghai, han logrado la neutralidad de carbono, pero casi la mitad de las regiones administrativas de China tienen compensaciones de sumideros de carbono terrestres de menos del 10% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2. Este estudio indicó un alto nivel de consistencia entre los INGH y varios conjuntos de datos utilizados para estimar las emisiones fósiles de CO2, pero encontró diferencias notables para los sumideros de carbono terrestres. Las estimaciones futuras de los sumideros de carbono terrestre de los GEI deben verificarse urgentemente con modelos basados en procesos que integren los procesos integrales del ciclo del carbono. باعتبارها واحدة من أكبر الدول المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، وضعت الصين لنفسها هدفًا طموحًا يتمثل في تحقيق ذروة الكربون وحياد الكربون. لذلك، من الأهمية بمكان تحديد حجم واتجاه مصادر ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي (CO2)، ومراقبة تقدم الصين نحو هذه الأهداف. باستخدام أحدث مجموعات البيانات والنماذج، قدرت هذه الدراسة بشكل شامل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ من الطاقة والعمليات الصناعية واستخدام المنتجات والنفايات جنبًا إلى جنب مع المصادر الطبيعية ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في جميع أنحاء الصين خلال الفترة 1980-2021. للتعرف على الاختلافات بين الطرق المختلفة لتقدير انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، تتم مقارنة التقديرات بقوائم الجرد الوطنية لغازات الدفيئة في الصين للأعوام 1994 و 2005 و 2010 و 2012 و 2014. زادت انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ في الصين بمقدار 7.39 مرة من عام 1980 إلى 12.77 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في عام 2021. مع الاستفادة من المشاريع البيئية (على سبيل المثال، مشروع نظام غابات المأوى في الشمال)، بلغ بالوعة الكربون في الصين 1.65 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المتوسط خلال الفترة 2010-2021، وهو ما يقرب من 15.81 ضعف بالوعة الكربون في الثمانينيات. في المتوسط، عوضت النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية في الصين 14.69 ٪ ± 2.49 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ خلال الفترة 2010-2021. حققت منطقتان إداريتان على مستوى المقاطعة في الصين، شيزانغ وتشينغهاي، حيادية الكربون وفقًا لتقديراتنا، ولكن ما يقرب من نصف المناطق الإدارية في الصين لديها تعويضات بالوعة الكربون الأرضية أقل من 10 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ. أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى وجود مستوى عالٍ من الاتساق بين مؤشرات الغازات الدفيئة الوطنية ومجموعات البيانات المختلفة المستخدمة لتقدير انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون الأحفوري، ولكنها وجدت اختلافات ملحوظة في بالوعات الكربون الأرضية. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى التحقق من التقديرات المستقبلية لأحواض الكربون الأرضية الخاصة بالمصارف الصحية الوطنية من خلال النماذج القائمة على العمليات التي تدمج عمليات دورة الكربون الشاملة. As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and to monitor China's progress toward these goals. Using state-of-the-art datasets and models, this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from energy, industrial processes and product use, and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO2 for all of China during 1980-2021. To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions, the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) for 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO2 a-1 in 2021. While benefiting from ecological projects (e.g., Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 averaged through 2010-2021, which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s. On average, China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69% ± 2.49% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through 2010-2021. Two provincial-level administrative regions of China, Xizang and Qinghai, have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates, but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO2 emissions, but found notable differences for land carbon sinks. Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.

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    Authors: Xiaosheng Xia; Peiyang Ren; Xuhui Wang; Dan Liú; +16 Authors

    En tant que l'un des plus grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre au monde, la Chine s'est fixé l'objectif ambitieux d'atteindre le pic de carbone et la neutralité carbone. Par conséquent, il est crucial de quantifier l'ampleur et la tendance des sources et des puits de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique (CO2), et de suivre les progrès de la Chine vers ces objectifs. À l'aide d'ensembles de données et de modèles de pointe, cette étude a estimé de manière exhaustive les émissions anthropiques de CO2 provenant de l'énergie, des processus industriels et de l'utilisation des produits, ainsi que des déchets, des sources naturelles et des puits de CO2 pour toute la Chine au cours de la période 1980-2021. Pour reconnaître les différences entre les différentes méthodes d'estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les estimations sont comparées aux inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre (INGES) de la Chine pour 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 et 2014. Les émissions anthropiques de CO2 en Chine ont été multipliées par 7,39 entre 1980 et 2021, passant à 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1. Tout en bénéficiant de projets écologiques (par exemple, le Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), le puits de carbone terrestre en Chine a atteint 1,65 Gt de CO2 a-1 en moyenne entre 2010 et 2021, soit près de 15,81 fois celui du puits de carbone des années 1980. En moyenne, les écosystèmes terrestres de la Chine ont compensé 14,69 % ± 2,49 % des émissions anthropiques de CO2 jusqu'en 2010-2021. Deux régions administratives de niveau provincial de la Chine, Xizang et Qinghai, ont atteint la neutralité carbone selon nos estimations, mais près de la moitié des régions administratives de la Chine ont des compensations de puits de carbone terrestres de moins de 10% des émissions anthropiques de CO2. Cette étude a indiqué un niveau élevé de cohérence entre les NGHGI et divers ensembles de données utilisés pour estimer les émissions de CO2 d'origine fossile, mais a révélé des différences notables pour les puits de carbone terrestres. Les estimations futures des puits de carbone terrestres des NGHGI doivent être vérifiées de toute urgence avec des modèles basés sur les processus qui intègrent les processus complets du cycle du carbone. Como uno de los mayores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, China se ha fijado el ambicioso objetivo de alcanzar el pico de carbono y la neutralidad de carbono. Por lo tanto, es crucial cuantificar la magnitud y la tendencia de las fuentes y sumideros de dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2), y monitorear el progreso de China hacia estos objetivos. Utilizando conjuntos de datos y modelos de vanguardia, este estudio estimó exhaustivamente las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 de la energía, los procesos industriales y el uso de productos, y los desechos junto con las fuentes naturales y los sumideros de CO2 para toda China durante 1980-2021. Para reconocer las diferencias entre los diversos métodos de estimación de las emisiones de efecto invernadero, las estimaciones se comparan con los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) de China para 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012 y 2014. Las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 en China han aumentado 7,39 veces desde 1980 a 12,77 Gt CO2 a-1 en 2021. Si bien se beneficia de proyectos ecológicos (por ejemplo, Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), el sumidero de carbono terrestre en China ha alcanzado un promedio de 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 entre 2010 y 2021, que es casi 15.81 veces mayor que el sumidero de carbono en la década de 1980. En promedio, los ecosistemas terrestres de China compensaron el 14,69% ± 2,49% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2 entre 2010 y 2021. Según nuestras estimaciones, dos regiones administrativas a nivel provincial de China, Xizang y Qinghai, han logrado la neutralidad de carbono, pero casi la mitad de las regiones administrativas de China tienen compensaciones de sumideros de carbono terrestres de menos del 10% de las emisiones antropogénicas de CO2. Este estudio indicó un alto nivel de consistencia entre los INGH y varios conjuntos de datos utilizados para estimar las emisiones fósiles de CO2, pero encontró diferencias notables para los sumideros de carbono terrestres. Las estimaciones futuras de los sumideros de carbono terrestre de los GEI deben verificarse urgentemente con modelos basados en procesos que integren los procesos integrales del ciclo del carbono. باعتبارها واحدة من أكبر الدول المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، وضعت الصين لنفسها هدفًا طموحًا يتمثل في تحقيق ذروة الكربون وحياد الكربون. لذلك، من الأهمية بمكان تحديد حجم واتجاه مصادر ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي (CO2)، ومراقبة تقدم الصين نحو هذه الأهداف. باستخدام أحدث مجموعات البيانات والنماذج، قدرت هذه الدراسة بشكل شامل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ من الطاقة والعمليات الصناعية واستخدام المنتجات والنفايات جنبًا إلى جنب مع المصادر الطبيعية ومصارف ثاني أكسيد الكربون في جميع أنحاء الصين خلال الفترة 1980-2021. للتعرف على الاختلافات بين الطرق المختلفة لتقدير انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، تتم مقارنة التقديرات بقوائم الجرد الوطنية لغازات الدفيئة في الصين للأعوام 1994 و 2005 و 2010 و 2012 و 2014. زادت انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ في الصين بمقدار 7.39 مرة من عام 1980 إلى 12.77 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في عام 2021. مع الاستفادة من المشاريع البيئية (على سبيل المثال، مشروع نظام غابات المأوى في الشمال)، بلغ بالوعة الكربون في الصين 1.65 جيجا طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المتوسط خلال الفترة 2010-2021، وهو ما يقرب من 15.81 ضعف بالوعة الكربون في الثمانينيات. في المتوسط، عوضت النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية في الصين 14.69 ٪ ± 2.49 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ خلال الفترة 2010-2021. حققت منطقتان إداريتان على مستوى المقاطعة في الصين، شيزانغ وتشينغهاي، حيادية الكربون وفقًا لتقديراتنا، ولكن ما يقرب من نصف المناطق الإدارية في الصين لديها تعويضات بالوعة الكربون الأرضية أقل من 10 ٪ من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون البشرية المنشأ. أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى وجود مستوى عالٍ من الاتساق بين مؤشرات الغازات الدفيئة الوطنية ومجموعات البيانات المختلفة المستخدمة لتقدير انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون الأحفوري، ولكنها وجدت اختلافات ملحوظة في بالوعات الكربون الأرضية. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى التحقق من التقديرات المستقبلية لأحواض الكربون الأرضية الخاصة بالمصارف الصحية الوطنية من خلال النماذج القائمة على العمليات التي تدمج عمليات دورة الكربون الشاملة. As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and to monitor China's progress toward these goals. Using state-of-the-art datasets and models, this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from energy, industrial processes and product use, and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO2 for all of China during 1980-2021. To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions, the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) for 1994, 2005, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO2 a-1 in 2021. While benefiting from ecological projects (e.g., Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project), the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO2 a-1 averaged through 2010-2021, which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s. On average, China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69% ± 2.49% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through 2010-2021. Two provincial-level administrative regions of China, Xizang and Qinghai, have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates, but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO2 emissions, but found notable differences for land carbon sinks. Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.

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    Authors: Lili Ren; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.

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    Geophysical Research Letters
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    Authors: Lili Ren; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.

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    Geophysical Research Letters
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    Authors: Yuan Zhao; Xu Yue; Hao Zhou; Zhen Yu; +1 Authors

    Abstract As one of the most densely populated and economically developed regions in China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has confronted with substantial land cover change (LCC) over the past several decades. This study investigates the impact of climate change and LCC on carbon dynamics in the YRD region for 1990–2019, taking advantage of a high-resolution vegetation model and two well-established LCC data in China. Simulated gross primary productivity increases from 0.52 ± 0.02 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 1990s to 0.57 ± 0.01 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2010s with the major contribution by CO2 fertilization effect. The regional carbon sink, measured as net biospheric productivity (NBP), peaks at 0.03 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2000s but remains stable or slightly decreases in the 2010s depending on the LCC datasets. Forests act as the main contributors to the enhancement of the regional carbon sink, with negative contributions from the loss of shrubland and grassland. The stable NBP during 2000–2019 suggests a potential slowdown in the efficacy of carbon sink as forests mature. While forest expansion significantly promotes NBP, the carbon released during the replacement of other vegetation types suggests that afforestation efforts need to be complemented with associated supportive measures to prevent newly forested areas from becoming net carbon sources.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Yuan Zhao; Xu Yue; Hao Zhou; Zhen Yu; +1 Authors

    Abstract As one of the most densely populated and economically developed regions in China, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has confronted with substantial land cover change (LCC) over the past several decades. This study investigates the impact of climate change and LCC on carbon dynamics in the YRD region for 1990–2019, taking advantage of a high-resolution vegetation model and two well-established LCC data in China. Simulated gross primary productivity increases from 0.52 ± 0.02 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 1990s to 0.57 ± 0.01 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2010s with the major contribution by CO2 fertilization effect. The regional carbon sink, measured as net biospheric productivity (NBP), peaks at 0.03 Pg[C] yr−1 in the 2000s but remains stable or slightly decreases in the 2010s depending on the LCC datasets. Forests act as the main contributors to the enhancement of the regional carbon sink, with negative contributions from the loss of shrubland and grassland. The stable NBP during 2000–2019 suggests a potential slowdown in the efficacy of carbon sink as forests mature. While forest expansion significantly promotes NBP, the carbon released during the replacement of other vegetation types suggests that afforestation efforts need to be complemented with associated supportive measures to prevent newly forested areas from becoming net carbon sources.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Zhen Yu; Philippe Ciais; Shilong Piao; Richard A. Houghton; +12 Authors

    AbstractCarbon budget accounting relies heavily on Food and Agriculture Organization land-use data reported by governments. Here we develop a new land-use and cover-change database for China, finding that differing historical survey methods biased China’s reported data causing large errors in Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Land ecosystem model simulations driven with the new data reveal a strong carbon sink of 8.9 ± 0.8 Pg carbon from 1980 to 2019 in China, which was not captured in Food and Agriculture Organization data-based estimations due to biased land-use and cover-change signals. The land-use and cover-change in China, characterized by a rapid forest expansion from 1980 to 2019, contributed to nearly 44% of the national terrestrial carbon sink. In contrast, climate changes (22.3%), increasing nitrogen deposition (12.9%), and rising carbon dioxide (8.1%) are less important contributors. This indicates that previous studies have greatly underestimated the impact of land-use and cover-change on the terrestrial carbon balance of China. This study underlines the importance of reliable land-use and cover-change databases in global carbon budget accounting.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Zhen Yu; Philippe Ciais; Shilong Piao; Richard A. Houghton; +12 Authors

    AbstractCarbon budget accounting relies heavily on Food and Agriculture Organization land-use data reported by governments. Here we develop a new land-use and cover-change database for China, finding that differing historical survey methods biased China’s reported data causing large errors in Food and Agriculture Organization databases. Land ecosystem model simulations driven with the new data reveal a strong carbon sink of 8.9 ± 0.8 Pg carbon from 1980 to 2019 in China, which was not captured in Food and Agriculture Organization data-based estimations due to biased land-use and cover-change signals. The land-use and cover-change in China, characterized by a rapid forest expansion from 1980 to 2019, contributed to nearly 44% of the national terrestrial carbon sink. In contrast, climate changes (22.3%), increasing nitrogen deposition (12.9%), and rising carbon dioxide (8.1%) are less important contributors. This indicates that previous studies have greatly underestimated the impact of land-use and cover-change on the terrestrial carbon balance of China. This study underlines the importance of reliable land-use and cover-change databases in global carbon budget accounting.

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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Jintai Lin; Ji Nie; Tao Wang; Xu Yue; +3 Authors

    Abstract As a major economy with large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ecosystem carbon sink, China’s commitment and pathway towards carbon neutrality is of global importance. Faced with the dual challenges of sustained economic growth and environmental protection, there is pressing need to integrate scientific knowledge from multiple disciplines to support policymaking on emission mitigation and carbon sink enhancement. This focus issue, with a companion workshop with the same theme, offers an opportunity to meet such need. With a total of 21 published papers, the focus issue provides more solid evidence of intensifying weather extremes caused by anthropogenic emissions, evaluates the potential of exploitation of terrestrial carbon sink which is in turn under the threat of warming, and reveals the challenges and opportunities of anthropogenic emission mitigation from perspectives of GHG types, economic sectors, environmental co-benefits, and disproportional impacts across the stakeholders. A comprehensive framework to combine data and models from related disciplines is a crucial next step to form integrated information much needed for climate action.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Environmental Resear...arrow_drop_down
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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Jintai Lin; Ji Nie; Tao Wang; Xu Yue; +3 Authors

    Abstract As a major economy with large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ecosystem carbon sink, China’s commitment and pathway towards carbon neutrality is of global importance. Faced with the dual challenges of sustained economic growth and environmental protection, there is pressing need to integrate scientific knowledge from multiple disciplines to support policymaking on emission mitigation and carbon sink enhancement. This focus issue, with a companion workshop with the same theme, offers an opportunity to meet such need. With a total of 21 published papers, the focus issue provides more solid evidence of intensifying weather extremes caused by anthropogenic emissions, evaluates the potential of exploitation of terrestrial carbon sink which is in turn under the threat of warming, and reveals the challenges and opportunities of anthropogenic emission mitigation from perspectives of GHG types, economic sectors, environmental co-benefits, and disproportional impacts across the stakeholders. A comprehensive framework to combine data and models from related disciplines is a crucial next step to form integrated information much needed for climate action.

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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Yanlin Tian; Jianlong Fang; Feng Wang; Zhihan Luo; +17 Authors

    Ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) is thought to be associated with the development of diabetes, but few studies traced the effects of PM2.5 components and pollution sources on the change in the fasting blood glucose (FBG). In the present study, we assessed the associations of PM2.5 constituents and their sources with the FBG in a general Chinese population aged over 40 years. Exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with the FBG level, and each interquartile range (IQR) increase in a lag period of 30 days (18.4 μg/m3) showed the strongest association with an elevated FBG of 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.28). Among various constituents, increases in exposed elemental carbon, organic matter, arsenic, and heavy metals such as silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc were associated with higher FBG, whereas barium and chromium were associated with lower FBG levels. The elevated FBG level was closely associated with the PM2.5 from coal combustion, industrial sources, and vehicle emissions, while the association with secondary sources was statistically insignificant. Improving air quality by tracing back to the pollution sources would help to develop well-directed policies to protect human health.

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    Environmental Science & Technology
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    Authors: Yanlin Tian; Jianlong Fang; Feng Wang; Zhihan Luo; +17 Authors

    Ambient PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm) is thought to be associated with the development of diabetes, but few studies traced the effects of PM2.5 components and pollution sources on the change in the fasting blood glucose (FBG). In the present study, we assessed the associations of PM2.5 constituents and their sources with the FBG in a general Chinese population aged over 40 years. Exposure to PM2.5 was positively associated with the FBG level, and each interquartile range (IQR) increase in a lag period of 30 days (18.4 μg/m3) showed the strongest association with an elevated FBG of 0.16 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.28). Among various constituents, increases in exposed elemental carbon, organic matter, arsenic, and heavy metals such as silver, cadmium, lead, and zinc were associated with higher FBG, whereas barium and chromium were associated with lower FBG levels. The elevated FBG level was closely associated with the PM2.5 from coal combustion, industrial sources, and vehicle emissions, while the association with secondary sources was statistically insignificant. Improving air quality by tracing back to the pollution sources would help to develop well-directed policies to protect human health.

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    Authors: Xu Yue; Nadine Unger;

    AbstractFire emissions generate air pollutants ozone (O3) and aerosols that influence the land carbon cycle. Surface O3 damages vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake, while aerosols influence photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. Here we combine several state-of-the-art models and multiple measurement datasets to assess the net impacts of fire-induced O3 damage and the aerosol diffuse fertilization effect on gross primary productivity (GPP) for the 2002–2011 period. With all emissions except fires, O3 decreases global GPP by 4.0 ± 1.9 Pg C yr−1 while aerosols increase GPP by 1.0 ± 0.2 Pg C yr−1 with contrasting spatial impacts. Inclusion of fire pollution causes a further GPP reduction of 0.86 ± 0.74 Pg C yr−1 during 2002–2011, resulting from a reduction of 0.91 ± 0.44 Pg C yr−1 by O3 and an increase of 0.05 ± 0.30 Pg C yr−1 by aerosols. The net negative impact of fire pollution poses an increasing threat to ecosystem productivity in a warming future world.

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    Authors: Xu Yue; Nadine Unger;

    AbstractFire emissions generate air pollutants ozone (O3) and aerosols that influence the land carbon cycle. Surface O3 damages vegetation photosynthesis through stomatal uptake, while aerosols influence photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. Here we combine several state-of-the-art models and multiple measurement datasets to assess the net impacts of fire-induced O3 damage and the aerosol diffuse fertilization effect on gross primary productivity (GPP) for the 2002–2011 period. With all emissions except fires, O3 decreases global GPP by 4.0 ± 1.9 Pg C yr−1 while aerosols increase GPP by 1.0 ± 0.2 Pg C yr−1 with contrasting spatial impacts. Inclusion of fire pollution causes a further GPP reduction of 0.86 ± 0.74 Pg C yr−1 during 2002–2011, resulting from a reduction of 0.91 ± 0.44 Pg C yr−1 by O3 and an increase of 0.05 ± 0.30 Pg C yr−1 by aerosols. The net negative impact of fire pollution poses an increasing threat to ecosystem productivity in a warming future world.

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    Authors: Huimin Li; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.

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    Authors: Huimin Li; Yang Yang; Hailong Wang; Pinya Wang; +2 Authors

    Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.

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