• Energy Research

SummaryMost countries show a relative decoupling of economic growth from domestic resource use, implying increased resource efficiency. However, international trade facilitates the exchange of products between regions with disparate resource productivity. Hence, for an understanding of resource efficiency from a consumption perspective that takes into account the impacts in the upstream supply chains, there is a need to assess the environmental pressures embodied in trade. We use EXIOBASE3, a new multiregional input‐output database, to examine the rate of increase in resource efficiency, and investigate the ways in which international trade contributes to the displacement of pressures on the environment from the consumption of a population. We look at the environmental pressures of energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, material use, water use, and land use. Material use stands out as the only indicator growing in both absolute and relative terms to population and gross domestic product (GDP), while land use is the only indicator showing absolute decoupling from both references. Energy, GHG, and water use show relative decoupling. As a percentage of total global environmental pressure, we calculate the net impact displaced through trade rising from 23% to 32% for material use (1995–2011), 23% to 26% for water use, 20% to 29% for energy use, 20% to 26% for land use, and 19% to 24% for GHG emissions. The results show a substantial disparity between trade‐related impacts for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non‐OECD countries. At the product group level, we observe the most rapid growth in environmental footprints in clothing and footwear. The analysis points to implications for future policies aiming to achieve environmental targets, while fully considering potential displacement effects through international trade.

EXIOBASE 3: For best in class environmental-economic accounting data. Get insight into global supply-chains and the environmental impacts of consumption. EXIOBASE 3 provides a time series of environmentally extended multi-regional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables ranging from 1995 to 2020 (plus now-casted tables for 2021 and 2022) for 44 countries (27 EU member plus 17 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE is maintained by the EXIOBASE consortium, with XIO Sustainability Analytics now working on providing annual updates to the core economic, energy and emission tables. We welcome any collaborative efforts to further improve the database. Updates are now being produced annually, and more updated data may be available in beta-mode, get in contact if interested. At time of publication of v3.9.4, a version 3.10 with updates to 2022 and nowcasts to 2024 is in beta. A special issue of Journal of Industrial Ecology (Volume 22, Issue 3) describes the build process and some use cases of EXIOBASE 3. This includes the article by Stadler et al. (2018) describing the compilation of EXIOBASE 3. To stay updated on database improvements, relevant EXIOBASE studies, and ongoing work, join the EXIOBASE group on LinkedIn. Licenses Please ensure that you have understood the license conditions before use. Note that these conditions are significantly different to the license conditions of earlier versions, such as v3.8. Non-commercial, academic useEXIOBASE v3.9 is released under a customized derivative of the CC-BY-SA-NC license, incorporating additional definitions as outlined in the license file. Commercial useCommercial licenses, which allow for use for any case not covered in the non-commercial license are under development. For license enquiries or help in use of EXIOBASE data for spend-based emission factors, or other applications, please send an email. The funding to be accumulated through licenses and support will be used to fund further updates of the database. Now-casting The core EXIOBASE 3.9 model is based on supply and use tables up to 2020. However, the time-series is expanded (i.e., now-casted) until 2022 using global trade data and macroeconomic data (IMF), as well as environmental data when available. Caution should be made when using now-casted data, especially due to the impact of the COVID pandemic not being adequately captured in the now-casting. It is recommended to use 2020 data from v3.9.4 as the latest available year for most analysis. Processing the database For a general introduction to environmentally extended input-output modelling, we refer to: UN Handbook on Supply and Use Tables and Input Output-Tables with Extensions and Applications Input-Output Analysis by Miller & Blair The database is too large to handle in a standard spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel), and we recommend using programming languages such as Python, R, or Matlab. The open-source python package PyMRIO can be used to download and parse the database directly from Zenodo and do input-output analysis. If you are interested in learning more about EXIOBASE or input-output modelling in general (including practical use of PyMRIO, how to develop custom models), please reach out. Earlier versions and documentations Some previous versions (3.7, 3.8) are also available on Zenodo. The even earlier public releases of the data (EXIOBASE v3.3 and v3.4) are available on request. We recommend, however, using the latest version due to significant updates of the economic data as well as major differences in water and land use accounts. The first documentation of EXIOBASE 3 was done via deliverables of the DESIRE project - these can now be accessed here. The country disaggregated version, EXIOBASE 3rx, is available on Zenodo. It is no longer continued, but including more regions in the EXIOBASE classification is ongoing work. Reach out to exiobase-support@googlegroups.com, if interested in collaboration on integrating specific countries. Future Updates and Announcements Updates are now being produced annually, and a beta version of 3.10 is already under development, extending most data to 2022. To stay updated, join the EXIOBASE group on LinkedIn and/or reach out to exiobase-support@googlegroups.com.  Repository content and structure The table below provides an overview of main elements of EXIOBASE and the groups of satellite accounts available. Name Short description Reference Latest data year IO economic core Economic MRIO tables Wood et al. (in progress) & Stadler et al. (2018) 2020 Air emissions (Non-combustion) Non-combustion emissions accounts based on the PRIMAP database. Stadler et al. (2018) 2022 Air emissions (combustion) Combustion emissions accounts based on the energy use accounts. Rasul et al. (2024) & Stadler et al. (2018) 2020 Energy Energy use accounts based on IEA World Energy Balances. Rasul et al. (2024) 2020 Land (data update coming) Land use accounts based on FAOSTAT. Wood et al. (in progress) & Stadler et al. (2018) 2021 Nutrients P and N releases Stadler et al. (2018) 2011 Water Water consumption and withdrawals Stadler et al. (2018) 2011 Material (data update coming) Used domestic extraction Stadler et al. (2018) 2022 Employment People and hours worked Stadler et al. (2018) 2022 Factor inputs Value Added Stadler et al. (2018) 2020 Updating the extensions is ongoing work, but we welcome any collaborative efforts. Naming IOT_YYYY_ixi.zip – MRIO archive for year YYYY in industry by industry format. IOT_YYYY_pxp.zip – MRIO archive for year YYYY in product by product format. hashes.csv – MD5 and SHA256 hash codes for all zip file. Content of each zip archive This section explains the nomenclature used in each IOT*.zip archive. Note: the archive can be read directly by PyMRIO without unpacking. The economic core is stored in the root of the archive, containing: A.txt – Matrix/inter-industry coefficients (direct requirements matrix). Y.txt – Final demand. x.txt – Gross/total output. unit.txt – Units of the flow data. The economic and environmental extension data is provided in a set of subfolders: air_emissions employment energy factor_inputs materials land nutrients water Each of these contains: F.txt – Extensions for intermediate sectors. F_Y.txt – Extensions for final demand. unit.txt – Units for each extension. The variable naming follows common IO practice and is further outlined here. In previous version (EXIOBASE 3.8), numerous intermediate matrices/multipliers/stressors were included. These are no longer included to reduce storage space and make the database easier to handle. All of these intermediate accounts can be calculated using the open-source Python package PyMRIO. Changelog This release is numbered v3.9.4. The update from v3.8 to v3.9 includes an update of the underlying SUT data to 2020, inclusion of energy data in the balancing procedure (see Rasul et al. 2024), and updated satellite accounts (energy, emissions, land, employment, material). v3.9.4 includes a number of improvements to the energy products in the SUT and the non-combustion emissions compared to earlier versions of 3.9. Please note that Unused Extraction Data is no longer included in the material data and that the license file has been updated. The structure of the satellite accounts has been changed, as described below in the Repository Content section. Note - some processing errors occurred in the final presentation of the land and material accounts. An update will come shortly.

SummaryEnvironmentally extended multiregional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.

A energia eólica no Brasil passou por um período de lento crescimento, porém, os projetos contratados nos últimos três anos deverão quintuplicar a capacidade instalada. É a tecnologia limpa que mais tem crescido na última década, trazendo benefícios ambientais e sociais para diversos países. Nosso trabalho buscou quantificar a geração de empregos diretos e indiretos pela energia eólica no país. Até 2020, serão gerados 195 mil empregos, e 70% desses são diretos, a maioria na construção civil, com grande potencial para a criação de empregos em localidades rurais. Assim, a energia eólica deverá contribuir decisivamente para o desenvolvimento sustentável do país.

The extent to what bad labor conditions across the globe are associated with international trade is unknown. Here, we quantify the bad labor conditions associated with consumption in seven world regions, the “bad labor” footprint. In particular, we analyze how much occupational health damage, vulnerable employment, gender inequality, share of unskilled workers, child labor, and forced labor is associated with the production of internationally traded goods. Our results show that (i) as expected, there is a net flow of bad labor conditions from developing to developed regions; (ii) the production of exported goods in lower income regions contributes to more than half of the bad labor footprints caused by the wealthy lifestyles of affluent regions; (iii) exports from Asia constitute the largest global trade flow measured in the amount bad labor, while exports from Africa carry the largest burden of bad labor conditions per unit value traded and per unit of total labor required; and (IV) the trade of food products stands out in both volume and intensity of bad labor conditions.

EXIOBASE 3 provides a time series of environmentally extended multi-regional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables ranging from 1995 to a recent year for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUT) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. The tables are provided in current, basic prices (Million EUR). EXIOBASE 3 is the culmination of work in the FP7 DESIRE project and builds upon earlier work on EXIOBASE 2 in the FP7 CREEA project and EXIOBASE 1 of the FP6 EXIOPOL project. These databases are available at the official EXIOBASE website. A special issue of Journal of Industrial Ecology (Volume 22, Issue 3) describes the build process and some use cases of EXIOBASE 3. This includes the article by Stadler et. al 2018 describing the compilation of EXIOBASE 3. Further informations (data quality, updates, ...) can be found in the blog post describing a previous release at the Environmental Footprints webpage. Various concordance tables for the database are available here. For more (background) information see the Readme file. Previous EXIOBASE 3 Versions Some previous versions (3.7, 3.8) are also available on Zenodo. The even earlier public releases of the data (EXIOBASE v3.3 and v3.4) are available upon request. We recommend, however, to use the latest version due to major differences in water and land use accounts. End year The original EXIOBASE 3 data series ends 2011. In addition, we also have estimates based on a range of auxiliary data, but mainly trade and macro-economic data which go up to 2022 when including IMF expectations. A lot of care must be taken in use of this data. It is only partially suitable for analysing trends over time! The basic description of the process employed is in the relevant deliverable. As of v3.8 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4277368), the end years of real data points used are: 2015 energy, 2019 all GHG (non fuel, non-CO2 are nowcasted from 2018), 2013 material, 2011 most others, land, water. More details are available in the readme file. The EXIOBASE country disaggregated dataset EXIOBASE3rx provides land updates to 2015. Some work is going on to update the extensions, but other collaborative efforts are more than welcome. Bulk Download To allow the download of specific years we uploaded the data as zip archives per year and mrio type (industry by industry: ixi, and product by product: pxp). If you need all data, we recommend the excellent zenodo_get python utility for the download. After installing the tool, you can download the latest version with: zenodo_get 10.5281/zenodo.3583070 Previous versions are available by replacing the latest DOI with previous record numbers. Alternatively, you can contact Richard Wood or Konstantin Stadler for access to the Box data repository. IOT download and Pymrio integration If your are only interested in the IO tables, Pymrio (version >= 0.4.5) includes an automatic EXIOBASE 3 download function which works with the EXIOBASE upload on zenodo. The EXIOBASE 3 files can then be parsed and analysed directly. Nomenclature Archives: IOT_YYYY_ixi.zip - MRIO archive for Year YYYY in industry by industry format IOT_YYYY_ixi.zip - MRIO archive for Year YYYY in product by product format MRSUT_YYYY.zip - Multi-regional Supply-Use table for year YYYY SUT.zip - Domestic Supply Use for each country and year Content of IOT*.zip: (the archive can be read directly by pymrio without unpacking). The economic core is stored in the root of the archive, containing among others: Z.txt - flow/transactions matrix A.txt - matrix/inter-industry coefficients, (direct requirements matrix) Y.txt - final demand x.txt - gross/total output unit.txt - Units of the flow data The satellite accounts and characterized impacts are stored in the subfolder "satellite" and "impacts", both containing: F.txt - Factors of productions/stressors/impacts F_Y.txt - Stressors/impacts of the final demand, S.txt - Direct stressor/impact coefficients S_Y.txt - Stressor/impact coefficients of the final demand M.txt - MRIO extension multipliers (total requirement factors of consumption) D_cba.txt - Consumption based accounts per sector D_pba.txt - Production based accounts per sector D_cba_reg.txt - Consumption based accounts per region D_pba_reg.txt - Production based accounts per region D_imp_reg.txt - Import accounts per region D_exp_reg.txt - Export accounts per region unit.txt - Absolute units of the stressor and impacts The unit of the coefficient data M and S are given be the unit of the satellite account per unit of the economic core (e.g. kg CO2eq/Million Euro) Announcements We use the EXIOBASE google group for announcing new versions of the database. v3.8.1 is a minor update to v3.8 due to the existing of a few bugs (negative values) in the v3.8 release. As a result, the balancing has been redone in v3.8.1 with a different constraint set on maximum/minimum allowable values. In the process, the objective function was switched from a QP to Cross Entropy objective. In addition, IOT tables now include flow (F, Z) and coefficient matrices (A, S) as well as consumption based accounts (footprints, D_cba) and multipliers (M). IOT tables now also include characterized impacts (in the extension "impacts"). More information can be found in the included README file. {"references": ["Stadler et al. 2018 (10.1111/jiec.12715)"]}