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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Aguirre Fernández, Miguel;

    El crecimiento de la energía fotovoltaica es esencial para asegurar un futuro sostenible y frenar el cambio climático causado por el uso de energías contaminantes. Para que ese crecimiento ocurra es necesario reducir el peso de los módulos fotovoltaicos, aumentando así las posibilidades de instalación de los mismos en situaciones en las que, con el peso actual de los módulos, no sería posible. Para afrontar esta problemática se estudia la posibilidad de incluir nuevos materiales en la laminación de módulos fotovoltaicos, dando lugar a laminados más ligeros que los convencionales y aplicables en la industria. Se diseñan, fabrican y ensayan prototipos con composites preimpregnados de distintos gramajes, un vidrio más fino al convencional, paneles ‘honeycomb’, ETFE y fibra de vidrio. Para la realización de estos prototipos, además, se lleva a cabo una caracterización de los materiales usados. Como resultado se logra fabricar satisfactoriamente mini módulos más ligeros, tanto bifaciales como monofaciales, capaces de superar la prueba de granizo. Entre los laminados bifaciales el mejor resultado, tanto en peso como precio final, es emplear exclusivamente composites preimpregnados. Además, se comprueba la eficacia de un laminado con vidrio de 1 mm de espesor como ‘frontsheet’ y reforzar el ‘backsheet’ de Tedlar transparente con composite, y de la configuración vidrio-vidrio. Como solución ligera monofacial, se ha logrado combinando el vidrio de 1 mm como ‘frontsheet’ con ‘honeycomb’ o bien Tedlar reforzado con fibra de vidrio como ‘backsheet’. Con estos resultados se ha demostrado la posibilidad de laminar módulos más ligeros que los convencionales utilizando los métodos habituales de producción con laminadora. Se espera poder replicar estos resultados a nivel industrial y con ello aumentar las posibilidades de instalación de energía fotovoltaica. The growth of photovoltaic energy is essential to ensure a sustainable future and curb climate change caused by polluting energies usage. For this growth to happen it is necessary to reduce the weight of the photovoltaic modules, thus increasing the possibilities of installing them in situations in which nowadays it would not be possible due to the current weight of the modules. To deal with this problem, we probe the possibility of including new materials in the lamination of photovoltaic modules, aiming to laminates that are lighter than conventional ones and replicable in the industry. Prototypes are designed, manufactures and tested with prepreg composites of different weights, thin glass, honeycomb panels, ETFE and fiberglass. It is also carried out the material characterization to ensure the liability of making the prototypes. As a result, it has been successfully proven the possibility of manufacturing lighter mini modules, both bifacial and monofacial, capable of passing the hail test using this novel materials. Among the bifacial laminates, the best result, both in weight and final price, is using exclusively prepreg composites. In addition, the effectiveness of a laminate with 1-mm-thick glass as a frontsheet and composite reinforcements for the Tedlar backsheet, and glass-glass configuration, is verified. A monofacial lightweight solution has been achieved by combining 1 mm glass as the frontsheet with honeycomb or fiberglass-reinforced Tedlar as the backsheet. These results have demonstrated the possibility of laminating modules that are lighter than conventional ones using the usual production methods with a membrane laminator. It is expected to be able to replicate these results at an industrial level and thereby increase the possibilities of installing photovoltaic energy. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería Mecánica por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Ingeniaritza Mekanikoko Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rocha, I. (Israel);

    Let G be a graph on n vertices and let λ1 ⩾ λ2 ⩾ ‣ ⩾ λn be the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. For random graphs we investigate the sum of eigenvalues $${s_k} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {{\lambda _i}},$$ for 1 ⩾ k ⩾ n, and show that a typical graph has Sk ⩾ (e(G) + k2)/(0.99n)1/2, where e(G) is the number of edges of G. We also show bounds for the sum of eigenvalues within a given range in terms of the number of edges. The approach for the proofs was first used in Rocha (2020) to bound the partial sum of eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repository of the Cz...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.21136/am.20...
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repository of the Cz...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.21136/am.20...
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sözer, Salih;

    ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM VEGETAL MATERIALS Salih SÖZER Master of Sciences Thesis, Department of Farm Machinery Adviser. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman YALDIZ June 2000, 61 Pages This experiment was conducted in a through flow laboratory unit with 15, 20 and 25 days retention times, fermentation process continuing under 37-40 C°. Labotarory units which have net 15 litres fermentation volume were mixed automaticaly for 3 minutes in every 27 minutes at 30 revolution per minute. This experiment was conducted to produce biogas from animal manure added vegetal materials. Cattle manure as the addition material and olive residues as the base materials which is quite abundant in Turkey were used. The objective of this experiment was to determine and compare biogas production from cattle manure only (SG), 20% cattle manure + 80%added olive residue (SGZP), 10%cattle manure + 90% added olive residue, 10% cattle manure +90% added olive residue and waste oil (SGZPY). Result of this researches is shown in table 1. Results of this study showed that value of pH of the fermentation mixture is by the olive residues. This resulted in a decrease in the biogas production in comparison with the cattle manure only. As the olive residues increased, biogas production decreased. Biogas production more decreased by waste oil. mTable 1. Results of Research RT- Retention Time ( My - Volumetric Methane Production pHe - Influents pH Mokm -Ultimate Methane Yield pHç- Effluents pH YO- Influent Total Volatile Solids There was no significant differences in terms of the percentages of methane in different applications. But, the percentage decreased to 40% with the added waste oil and lost it flammability. The pH values effluents were higher than those of the influents except that of waste oil added mass. However as the percentage of olive residue increased, this differences in the pH values decreased. As the amount of oil added was higher than the required one, the acidity of the biogas material increased than leading to the cessation of biogas production. There fore a proper native should be defined. KEY WORDS: Biogas, Anaerobic Fermentation, Cofermentation COMMITTEE: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman YALDIZ (Adviser) Prof. Dr. Ruhi B AŞTU? Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet KÜRKLÜ IV ÖZET BİTKİSEL MATERYALLERDEN BİYOGAZ ÜRETİMİ KONUSUNDA ARAŞTIRMALAR Salih SÖZER Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı Danışman Doç. Dr. Osman YALDIZ Haziran 2000, 61 Sayfa Bu deneme 15, 20 ve 25 günlük bekleme sürelerinde, 37-40 °C fermantasyon sıcaklığında, sürekli akışlı laboratuvar tipi biyogaz üreteçlerinde yapılmıştır. Net 15 litre fermantasyon hacmine sahip olan üreteçler 27 dakikada bir 3 dakika otomatik olarak, 30 devir/dakika hızla karıştırılmıştır. Gübre olarak sığır gübresi, bitkisel materyal olarak da ülkemizde büyük miktarda bulunan zeytin posası kullanılmıştır. Saf sığır gübresi (SG), %80 zeytin posası, % 20 oranında gübre karışımı (SGZP), %90 zeytin posası, % 10 oranında sığır gübresi karışımı ve % 90 zeytin posası, % 10 oranında sığır gübresi ve atık yağ karışımlarından (SGZPY) elde edilebilecek biyogaz miktarları saptanmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmada elde edilen bulgular çizelge l'de görülmektedir. Araştırma sonucuna göre zeytin posası fermantasyon materyalinin pH değerini düşürmektedir. Zeytin posası oram arttıkça gaz üretimi düşmektedir. Bu nedenle sığır gübresine göre zeytin posasından daha az biyogaz üretilmektedir. Atık yağ ilavesi ile biyogaz üretimi daha da azalmıştır.Çizelge 1. Araştırma Bulguları Oluşan biyogazın metan yüzdeleri arasında önemli bir fark saptanamamıştır. Ancak atık yağ ilavesinde metan oram %40 düzeyine inmiş ve gaz yamalığını kaybetmiştir. Materyalin giriş ve çıkış pH'ları incelendiğinde çıkan materyalin pH'sının girenden yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Zeytin posası oram yükseldikçe giriş ve çıkış pH'ları arasındaki fark azalmaktadır. Sadece atık yağ ilavesinde giren materyalin pH değeri çıkan materyalin pH değerinden daha düşüktür. Uygun miktarda yağ ilave edilmediği için ortam asitleşmiş ve gaz üretimi belli bir süre sonunda durmuştur. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Biyogaz, Anaerobik Fermantasyon, Kofermentasyon JÜRİ: Doç. Dr. Osman YALDIZ (Danışman) Prof. Dr. Ruhi BAŞTUĞ Doç. Dr. Ahmet KÜRKLÜ n 65

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Seferinoğlu, Meryem;

    ÖZET Bu çalışmada, piridinin farklı yapıdaki kömürlere difuzyon davranışları incelenmiştir. Bu amaç için, işlem görmüş (HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş) ve işlem görmemiş (ham) (kuru külsüz) %53.00 karbon içeren Elbistan ve (kuru külsüz) %57.12 karbon içeren TKÎ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada incelenen bütün Elbistan ve TKÎ Çayırhan (ham, HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş) linyit örneklerinin FT-IR spektrumları alınarak, kömür örneklerindeki yapısal değişiklikler incelenmiştir. Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin elementel analiz sonuçlarından hesaplanan aromatiklik değerlerinin sırasıyla /a = 0.40 ve /a = 0.59 olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu da, Elbistan linyitinin kömürleşme derecesinin TKİ Çayırhan linyitine göre daha az olduğunu göstermektedir. Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin adsorpsiyon eğrilerinin oluşturulması amacıyla, piridin buharı ortamına konulan kömür örneklerindeki ağırlık artışının zamana bağlı olarak değişimi izlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonunda, denge durumunda, ham Elbistan linyitine difüzlenen piridin miktarının (H/Moo=0.85) TKÎ Çayırhan linyitine göre (M^Moo=l.25), daha küçük olduğu ve ham Elbistan linyitinin daha kısa sürede dengeye geldiği bulunmuştur. Her bir Elbistan ve TKÎ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için elde edilen H/M. değerleri zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak tm değerlerine karşı grafiğe alınarak, bu kömür örnekleri için beş farklı sıcaklıklardaki piridin difuzyon (adsorpsiyon) eğrileri oluşturulmuştur. Burada, bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin Fickian difuzyon mekanizmasına benzer eğilim gösterdiği ve yaklaşık (20-27°C) aralığındaki difüzyon sıcaklıklarında benzer eğilim gösterdikleri bulunmuştur.Bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için hesaplanan difüzyon katsayılarının difüzyon sıcaklığındaki artışa bağlı olarak arttığı gözlenmiştir. Ham Elbistan linyitinin ortalama 20.9°C deki difüzyon katsayısı 6.024x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu ve ortalama difüzyon sıcaklığı 26.3°C ye olduğunda ise 8.309x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, ham TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneği içinde 21.1°C de 10.04x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu ve 26.9°C de ise 1 1.86xl0`15 m2/s olduğu bulunmuştur. Ham Elbistan linyitinin 25°C deki piridin difüzyon katsayısının 7.75x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu, HC1 üe etkileştirilmiş linyit örneğinde 7.22xl0'15 m2/s olduğu ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş linyit örneğinde ise difüzyon katsayısının 2.71xl0'15 m2/s değerine düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, kömürlerde demineralizasyon işlemlerinin piridin difüzyon katsayısının azalmasına neden olduğu ve piridin ile ham kömür yapısında bulunan mineraller arasında bir etkileşim olduğu söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ham Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin diğer linyit örneklerine göre çok küçük piridin difüzyon katsayısına sahip olduğu, buna karşılık HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyon katsayılarında belirgin bir artışın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Burada, ham kömür yapısındaki minerallerin demineralizasyon işlemleriyle uzaklaştırılması, piridin ekstraksiyon işlemi sırasında kömür-piridin etkileşiminin arttığı ve kömürün makromoleküler yapısındaki hidrojen bağlarıla bağlanmış moleküllerin piridin ile kömür yapısından uzaklaştırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada incelenen linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyon davranışlarının açıklanması amacıyla, her bir kömür örneği için difüzyon üsteli olan n değerleri bulunmuştur. Bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için bulunan n değerlerinin 0.43 ve 0.85 aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Bu da, incelenen linyit örneklerine piridin difüzyonunun non-Fickian difüzyon mekanizması ile gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bütün linyit örnekleri için bulunan n değerlerinin gevşeme kontrollü (Durum U) difüzyon değerinden çok Fickian difüzyon kontrollü tasınım mekanizmasına yaklaştığı gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyondavranışlarında Fickian difüzyon mekanizmasının, durum II difüzyon mekanizmasına göre daha baskın olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen difüzyon üsteli değerlerinin, genel olarak difüzyon sıcaklığındaki artışa bağlı olarak arttığı, ancak bu artışın Fickian difüzyon mekanizması ile durum II difüzyon mekanizması arasında kaldığı ve bu kömür örneklerinde piridin difüzyon mekanizmasını değiştirmediği bulunmuştur. Ancak, incelenen linyit örneklerinde piridin taşınım mekaniznasının Fickian türü difüzyon mekanizmasından, durum II türü difüzyon mekanizmasına doğru bir kayma olduğu gözlenmiştir. Kömürlerin çözücü içinde şişme analizlerinden, HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin içinde şişme derecelerinin ham linyit örneklerine göre daha büyük olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre demineralizasyon işlemlerinin Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinde çapraz bağ yoğunluğunun azalmasına neden olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ham Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin içinde şişme derecelerinin (QEibistan=l 3, Qtk1 çayırhan =1.6) piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ham linyit örneklerine göre (QEibistan=12, Qtkî çayırhan =1.3) daha büyük olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş linyit örneklerinin şişme derecesinde belirgin bir artışın olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, ham TKİ Çayırhan linyitinin piridin içinde şişme derecesinin, Elbistan linyitine göre daha büyük bulunmuştur. Bu da Elbistan linyitinin, TKİ Çayırhan linyitine göre daha fazla çapraz bağ yoğunluğuna sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler; Kömür, Difüzyon, Çözücü difüzyonu, Difüzyon mekanizması. ABSTRACT The present study investigated diffusion behavior of pyridine in different types of coals. For this purpose, Elbistan, 53.00 %C (daf) and TKİ Çayırhan, 57.12 %C (daf) lignites which were treated with HC1 and HF and extracted with pyridine and then treated with HC1 and HF were used. The values of aromaticities of Elbistan and TKI Çayırhan lignite samples were fa= 0.40 and /,= 0.59, respectively. This showed that, the rank of Elbistan lignite sample was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite sample. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples. In order to investigate the diffusion of pyridine vapor in lignite samples, the mass of pyridine uptake per mass of coal sample, Mt/M» was calculated as a function of time. The results showed that, the value of the equlibrium mass of pyridine uptake per mass of Elbistan lignite (Mt/M» = 0,85) was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite (Mt/Moo = 1,25) and the equlibrium sorption time of Elbistan lignite sample was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite. The graph of M/M» against time for each of Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignites obtained at different five temperatures. The studies in the present work on pyridine vapor diffusion in coals have generally indicated that diffusion was similar to Fickian diffusion mechanism at the temperature range of 20-27°C The diffusion coefficients calculated for Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples showed that the diffusion coefficients increased with temperature (from 20°C to 27°C). The diffusion coefficient of raw Elbistan lignite was measured to be 6.024 xlO`15 m2/s, at 20.9°C and was measured as 8.803xl0`15 m2/s at 26.3°C. The diffusion coefficient of raw TKİ Çayırhan lignite sample was measured as 10.04 x 10-15 m2/s at 21.1°C and 11.86 xlO'15 m2/s at 26.9°C. The diffusion coefficients of pyridin into raw Elbistan lignite, treated with HC1 and HF were 7.75 xlO`15, 7.22 xlO`15, 2.71 xlO'15 m2/s at 25°C respectively.VIII Consequently demineralization process of coal and interaction between pyridine and minerals in raw coals decreased the pyridine diffusion coefficient. However the raw Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples have diffusion coefficients smaller than the other coal samples. The pyridine diffusion coefficients was observed to increase in the coal samples which were treated with HC1 and HF but not extracted with pyridine. It seemed that minerals removed by demineralization process caused to increase the coal-pyridine interaction during pyridine e/traction process, due to breaking of non-covalent hydrogen bonding interaction in the coal. The values of the exponent n, for all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples were found to be in the range of 0.43-0.85. This shows that, pyridine diffusion mechanism in all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples obeyed predominantly non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. However the values of the exponent n, for all of lignite samples were closer to the values for Fickian diffusion control transport mechanism. Consequently, diffusion behavior of pyridine into all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples was of Fickian diffusion. Generally, the values of the exponent increased with increase of temperature but this raise was found to fall in between the Fickian diffusion mechanism and Case II diffusion mechanism. The extent of swelling of lignite samples treated with HC1 and HF in pyridine were found to be higher than raw lignite samples. According to this result, demineralizatoin process caused to decrease the croslink density of Elbistan and TKI Çayırhan lignite samples. The swelling extend of raw Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples (Qelbistan =1.3, Qtki cayırhan =1.6) in pyridin were found to be higher than the pyridine extracted raw lignite samples (Qelbistan =1.2, Qtki cayırhan =1.3). The extend of swelling in lignite samples extracted with pyridine and then treated with HC1 and HF were observed to be significantly higher. However, the extend of swelling of raw TKİ Çayırhan lignite in pyridin were found to be higher than Elbistan lignite. This showed that, croslink density of Elbistan lignite was higher than TKİ Çayırhan lignite. Key Words; Coal, Diffusion, Diffusion of solvent, Diffusion mechanism. 164

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    Authors: Özergin, Ş.Kutlu;

    IV ABSTRACT The research presented in this thesis has been directed towards the establishment of a practical immobilization process in which yeast cells could be entrapped within biomass support particles. Production of ethanol was therefore chosen as a model system for the application of passive cell immobilisation (using porous support particles) which is the basis of the technique described here. The immobilized Sstcctermyces c&revisiae cells were operated batenwise in an inclined packed-bed reactor system with the recirculation of nutrient medium. Ethanol production rates, as well as residual glucose concentrations, were monitored at different feedstock recirculation rates. An examination of the growth pattern showed that the exponential phase of nonflocculating yeast cell growth is completed in 11 hours after inoculation while the flocculating cells enter the stationary phase after 12 hours. For the fermentation experiments, the product yields were found to remain constant irrespective of the cell density and recirculation rate. The rate of ethanol production by suspended cells is lower than that of self aggregating cells which in turn is lower than the rate of ethanol production by immobilized cells. 02ET Biyoteknoloji alanındaki son gelişmeler, tutuklanmış hücre sistemlerinin yoğun araştırmalara konu olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu teşde yapılan araştırma maya hücrelerinin biyokütle destek parçacıkları içinde tutulması şeklinde uygulanan pasif tutuklanma tekniğinin yerleştirilmesine yöneliktir. Bu amaçla, yumaklaşan bir Sscchsrmyces cerevisise türü kullanılarak glikozdan etanol üretimi model sistem olarak ele alınmış ve tutuklamanın etanol üretimine ve verimliliğine etkisi ölçülmüştür. Bu deneyler, eğimli, dolgulu yatak reaktörde, geri döngülü kesikli çalışma düşeninde besi ortamının hızı değiştirilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan büyüme eğrisi çalışmaları yumaklaşmayan maya hücrelerinin, logaritmik büyüme fazını ekimden 11 saat sonra tamamladıklarını buna karşılık yumaklaşan hücrelerin sabit fasa 12 saat sonra girdiklerini göstermiştir. Fermentasyon denemelerinde, ürün veriminin hücre yoğunluğuna ve devir hızına bağlı olmaksızın sabit kaldığı bulunmuştur. Etanol üretim hızının ise. serbest hücreler, kendinden yumaklaşan hücreler ve tutuklanmış hücreler sırasıyla arttığı gözlenmiştir. 166

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    Authors: Solat, Amirhossein; B. Gharehpetian, Gevork; Salay Naderi, Mehdi; Anvari-Moghaddam, Amjad;

    Nowadays, the use of renewable generations, energy storage systems (ESSs) and microgrids (MGs) has been developed due to better controllability of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as their cost-effective and emission-aware operation. The development of MGs as well as the use of hierarchical control has led to data transmission in the communication platform. As a result, the expansion of communication infrastructure has made MGs as cyber-physical systems (CPSs) vulnerable to cyber-attacks (CAs). Accordingly, prevention, detection and isolation of CAs during proper control of MGs is essential. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the control strategies of microgrids against CAs and its defense mechanisms has been done. The general structure of the paper is as follows: firstly, MGs operational conditions, i.e., the secure or insecure mode of the physical and cyber layers are investigated and the appropriate control to return to a safer mode are presented. Then, the common MGs communication system is described which is generally used for multi-agent systems (MASs). Also, classification of CAs in MGs has been reviewed. Afterwards, a comprehensive survey of available researches in the field of prevention, detection and isolation of CA and MG control against CA are summarized. Finally, future trends in this context are clarified.

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    Article . 2024
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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Applied Energy
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    Authors: Solar, M.Halidun;

    Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî- ÖZET: insanlar yüzyıllardır nehir, göl, deniz gibi su kaynaklarının yakınlarında yaşamayı ve böylece su problemlerini çözümlemeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Günümüz için bu çözüm yeterli değildir. Çünkü dünya nüfusunun hızla artması doğal su kaynaklarını hızla tüketmiş ve yetersiz hale getirmiştir. Ayrıca, nüfus artışı, kontrolsüz sanayileşme ve getirdiği çevre kirliliği ile zaten az olan su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi ve kullanılmaz hale gelmesinde su sıkıntısını artırmıştır. Bilim adamları miktar olarak daha çok olan tuzlu deniz suyundan içilebilir özellikte tatlı su elde etme yollarını aramaktadırlar. Tükenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanan damıtma sistemleri kurularak tuzlu su damıtılarak içilebilir su elde edilmiştir. Fakat kullanılan enerji kaynaklarıda yeryüzünde kıt olduğundan yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına girilmiş ve tükenmez olarak bilinen güineş enerjisi kullanan damıtma sistemleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu tezde, güneş enerjili damıtma sistemleri incelenmiştir. Günümüzde, diğer damıtma sistemlerinin yanında büyük kapasiteler için, verimi düşük olan güneş enerjili damıtma sistemlerinde, verimi artırabilmek için sisteme ekler konmuştur. Bu tezde Antalya şartlarında basit tipte bir güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Bu sistemin veriminin atmosferik ve konstliriktif şartlarla değişimi incelenmiştir. Basit tipteki güneş enerjili damıtma sisteminin verimi güneş ışınımının şiddetinin artması ile artmaktadır. Antalya'da sistemin maksimum verimi Temmuz ayında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca ortamdaki rüzgar hızı ve sıcaklık verimi etkiliyen faktörlerdir. Sistemin önemli elemanı olan saydam örtünün eğim açısı, güneş ışınlarının geliş açısına göre değiştirilerek verim artırılabilir. Güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi, Türkiye gibi suyun eldesi çok ucuz olan Ülkelerde, kullanılacak suyun tamamının karşılanması için oldukça pahalı bir yatırımdır. Bu Ülkelerde, bu sistemler, ek su kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Su sıkıntısı çeken nüfusu fazla olmayan özellikle adalarda ya da diğer yerleşim yerlerinde verimli olacağı açıktır. 94

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    Authors: Boz, Ahmet Osman;

    ÖZET Hidrolik sistem pompaları.tahrik biriminden aldığı mekanik enerjiyi hidrolik enerjiye dönüştüren hidrostatik ünitelerdir. Hidrolik pompalar sabit deplasmanlı ve değişken deplasmanlı olarak ikiye ayrılırlar.Sabit deplasmanlı pompalar daimi olarak sabit debi ile sistemi beslerler, değişken deplasmanlı pompalar ise sisteme o anda gerekli olan debiyi basarlar. Bu tezin konusu değişken deplasmanlı pompa tekniği, değişken deplasmanlı pompaların sabit deplasmanlılara göre avantajları, değişik regülasyon tipleri ve bu tip pompaların değişik endüstri kollarındaki uygulamaları oluşturmaktadır. SUMMARY Hydraulic system pumps are the hydrostatic units which are inverted mechanic energy to hydraulic energy. Hydraulic pumps can be classified into two groups; fixed displacement and variable displacement pumps. Fixed pumps always boost the systems with constant flow and variable pumps boost the system with the sufficent flow which the system need at that time. The subject of the thesis is; variable pumps technology, variable pumps advantages different kinds of regulation types and application areas of variable pumps in the different branches of industrie. 56

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Galende-Sánchez, Ester; Sorman, Alevgul H.;

    In recent decades, co-production has become a cornerstone both in science and policy-making, motivating further collaboration between different actors. To scrutinize such participatory processes within the climate and energy fields, we conducted a critical systematic review of 183 records, which includes scientific publications, but also other initiatives coming from the public administration or the non-profit sector. First, we unpack six aspects of co-production: (1) the different levels of participation; (2) the emerging topics and issues; (3) the scale and location at which initiatives are conducted; (4) the actors who take part in the processes; (5) the different methods and tools for participation and (6) the outcomes and transformational potential of the initiatives. Our results show that real co-production is still far from being mainstream, with consultation still accounting for a majority of initiatives. Themes remain focused on the mitigation sphere, a tendency related to a majority of the records happening in developed countries. However, we also observe new categories of actors challenging traditional decision-making, as well as emerging methods and tools opening the space for more social innovation and participation. Following, in our critical analysis, we argue that there is a crucial need for a better interconnection between science and policy (especially at national and international scales) and that a reflection on transformation is fundamental when planning any participatory initiative. We finally claim that, despite not being a silver bullet, meaningful citizen participation constitutes a viable alternative to tackle today's complex problems. © 2020 The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846. We would like to acknowledge Mikel Gonz?lez, Dirk van de Ven and Jorge Moreno from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and the PARIS REINFORCE consortium. The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.er...
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    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Research & Social Science
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.er...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yılmaz, Fatih; Selbaş, Reşat; Balta, M. Tolga;

    In this study, the organic Rankine cycle Isparta bowl conditions of the R-410a refrigerant gas, solar thermal analyzes were conducted separately, and the first and second law analysis of the system investigated. According to the terms of Isparta solar power system is designed. According to system of turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler were investigated Consequently, the exergy and energy calculations based on the turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler thermal efficiency of the system were examined and found to rise with the increase in the temperature of the boiler. The cycle heat efficiency %10 and exergy efficiency % 70 as calculated. Bu çalışmada güneş çanaklı organik Rankine çevriminin (ORC) enerji ve ekserji analizleri incelenmiş, çevrimde akışkan olarak R-410a kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar Isparta güneş enerjisi verilerine göre yapılmıştır. Sistemin türbin giriş basıncı ve kazan sıcaklığına göre verimleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçta türbin giriş basıncının ve kazan sıcaklığının artmasının sistemin ısıl verimini ve ekserji verimini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Çevrimin ısıl verimi % 10, ekserjetik verimi ise % 70 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yılmaz, Fatih ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Balta, M. Tolga ( Aksaray, Yazar )

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Aksaray University I...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Aguirre Fernández, Miguel;

    El crecimiento de la energía fotovoltaica es esencial para asegurar un futuro sostenible y frenar el cambio climático causado por el uso de energías contaminantes. Para que ese crecimiento ocurra es necesario reducir el peso de los módulos fotovoltaicos, aumentando así las posibilidades de instalación de los mismos en situaciones en las que, con el peso actual de los módulos, no sería posible. Para afrontar esta problemática se estudia la posibilidad de incluir nuevos materiales en la laminación de módulos fotovoltaicos, dando lugar a laminados más ligeros que los convencionales y aplicables en la industria. Se diseñan, fabrican y ensayan prototipos con composites preimpregnados de distintos gramajes, un vidrio más fino al convencional, paneles ‘honeycomb’, ETFE y fibra de vidrio. Para la realización de estos prototipos, además, se lleva a cabo una caracterización de los materiales usados. Como resultado se logra fabricar satisfactoriamente mini módulos más ligeros, tanto bifaciales como monofaciales, capaces de superar la prueba de granizo. Entre los laminados bifaciales el mejor resultado, tanto en peso como precio final, es emplear exclusivamente composites preimpregnados. Además, se comprueba la eficacia de un laminado con vidrio de 1 mm de espesor como ‘frontsheet’ y reforzar el ‘backsheet’ de Tedlar transparente con composite, y de la configuración vidrio-vidrio. Como solución ligera monofacial, se ha logrado combinando el vidrio de 1 mm como ‘frontsheet’ con ‘honeycomb’ o bien Tedlar reforzado con fibra de vidrio como ‘backsheet’. Con estos resultados se ha demostrado la posibilidad de laminar módulos más ligeros que los convencionales utilizando los métodos habituales de producción con laminadora. Se espera poder replicar estos resultados a nivel industrial y con ello aumentar las posibilidades de instalación de energía fotovoltaica. The growth of photovoltaic energy is essential to ensure a sustainable future and curb climate change caused by polluting energies usage. For this growth to happen it is necessary to reduce the weight of the photovoltaic modules, thus increasing the possibilities of installing them in situations in which nowadays it would not be possible due to the current weight of the modules. To deal with this problem, we probe the possibility of including new materials in the lamination of photovoltaic modules, aiming to laminates that are lighter than conventional ones and replicable in the industry. Prototypes are designed, manufactures and tested with prepreg composites of different weights, thin glass, honeycomb panels, ETFE and fiberglass. It is also carried out the material characterization to ensure the liability of making the prototypes. As a result, it has been successfully proven the possibility of manufacturing lighter mini modules, both bifacial and monofacial, capable of passing the hail test using this novel materials. Among the bifacial laminates, the best result, both in weight and final price, is using exclusively prepreg composites. In addition, the effectiveness of a laminate with 1-mm-thick glass as a frontsheet and composite reinforcements for the Tedlar backsheet, and glass-glass configuration, is verified. A monofacial lightweight solution has been achieved by combining 1 mm glass as the frontsheet with honeycomb or fiberglass-reinforced Tedlar as the backsheet. These results have demonstrated the possibility of laminating modules that are lighter than conventional ones using the usual production methods with a membrane laminator. It is expected to be able to replicate these results at an industrial level and thereby increase the possibilities of installing photovoltaic energy. Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería Mecánica por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Ingeniaritza Mekanikoko Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rocha, I. (Israel);

    Let G be a graph on n vertices and let λ1 ⩾ λ2 ⩾ ‣ ⩾ λn be the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. For random graphs we investigate the sum of eigenvalues $${s_k} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {{\lambda _i}},$$ for 1 ⩾ k ⩾ n, and show that a typical graph has Sk ⩾ (e(G) + k2)/(0.99n)1/2, where e(G) is the number of edges of G. We also show bounds for the sum of eigenvalues within a given range in terms of the number of edges. The approach for the proofs was first used in Rocha (2020) to bound the partial sum of eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix.

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    https://doi.org/10.21136/am.20...
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repository of the Cz...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.21136/am.20...
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sözer, Salih;

    ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM VEGETAL MATERIALS Salih SÖZER Master of Sciences Thesis, Department of Farm Machinery Adviser. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman YALDIZ June 2000, 61 Pages This experiment was conducted in a through flow laboratory unit with 15, 20 and 25 days retention times, fermentation process continuing under 37-40 C°. Labotarory units which have net 15 litres fermentation volume were mixed automaticaly for 3 minutes in every 27 minutes at 30 revolution per minute. This experiment was conducted to produce biogas from animal manure added vegetal materials. Cattle manure as the addition material and olive residues as the base materials which is quite abundant in Turkey were used. The objective of this experiment was to determine and compare biogas production from cattle manure only (SG), 20% cattle manure + 80%added olive residue (SGZP), 10%cattle manure + 90% added olive residue, 10% cattle manure +90% added olive residue and waste oil (SGZPY). Result of this researches is shown in table 1. Results of this study showed that value of pH of the fermentation mixture is by the olive residues. This resulted in a decrease in the biogas production in comparison with the cattle manure only. As the olive residues increased, biogas production decreased. Biogas production more decreased by waste oil. mTable 1. Results of Research RT- Retention Time ( My - Volumetric Methane Production pHe - Influents pH Mokm -Ultimate Methane Yield pHç- Effluents pH YO- Influent Total Volatile Solids There was no significant differences in terms of the percentages of methane in different applications. But, the percentage decreased to 40% with the added waste oil and lost it flammability. The pH values effluents were higher than those of the influents except that of waste oil added mass. However as the percentage of olive residue increased, this differences in the pH values decreased. As the amount of oil added was higher than the required one, the acidity of the biogas material increased than leading to the cessation of biogas production. There fore a proper native should be defined. KEY WORDS: Biogas, Anaerobic Fermentation, Cofermentation COMMITTEE: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Osman YALDIZ (Adviser) Prof. Dr. Ruhi B AŞTU? Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet KÜRKLÜ IV ÖZET BİTKİSEL MATERYALLERDEN BİYOGAZ ÜRETİMİ KONUSUNDA ARAŞTIRMALAR Salih SÖZER Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı Danışman Doç. Dr. Osman YALDIZ Haziran 2000, 61 Sayfa Bu deneme 15, 20 ve 25 günlük bekleme sürelerinde, 37-40 °C fermantasyon sıcaklığında, sürekli akışlı laboratuvar tipi biyogaz üreteçlerinde yapılmıştır. Net 15 litre fermantasyon hacmine sahip olan üreteçler 27 dakikada bir 3 dakika otomatik olarak, 30 devir/dakika hızla karıştırılmıştır. Gübre olarak sığır gübresi, bitkisel materyal olarak da ülkemizde büyük miktarda bulunan zeytin posası kullanılmıştır. Saf sığır gübresi (SG), %80 zeytin posası, % 20 oranında gübre karışımı (SGZP), %90 zeytin posası, % 10 oranında sığır gübresi karışımı ve % 90 zeytin posası, % 10 oranında sığır gübresi ve atık yağ karışımlarından (SGZPY) elde edilebilecek biyogaz miktarları saptanmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmada elde edilen bulgular çizelge l'de görülmektedir. Araştırma sonucuna göre zeytin posası fermantasyon materyalinin pH değerini düşürmektedir. Zeytin posası oram arttıkça gaz üretimi düşmektedir. Bu nedenle sığır gübresine göre zeytin posasından daha az biyogaz üretilmektedir. Atık yağ ilavesi ile biyogaz üretimi daha da azalmıştır.Çizelge 1. Araştırma Bulguları Oluşan biyogazın metan yüzdeleri arasında önemli bir fark saptanamamıştır. Ancak atık yağ ilavesinde metan oram %40 düzeyine inmiş ve gaz yamalığını kaybetmiştir. Materyalin giriş ve çıkış pH'ları incelendiğinde çıkan materyalin pH'sının girenden yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Zeytin posası oram yükseldikçe giriş ve çıkış pH'ları arasındaki fark azalmaktadır. Sadece atık yağ ilavesinde giren materyalin pH değeri çıkan materyalin pH değerinden daha düşüktür. Uygun miktarda yağ ilave edilmediği için ortam asitleşmiş ve gaz üretimi belli bir süre sonunda durmuştur. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Biyogaz, Anaerobik Fermantasyon, Kofermentasyon JÜRİ: Doç. Dr. Osman YALDIZ (Danışman) Prof. Dr. Ruhi BAŞTUĞ Doç. Dr. Ahmet KÜRKLÜ n 65

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Seferinoğlu, Meryem;

    ÖZET Bu çalışmada, piridinin farklı yapıdaki kömürlere difuzyon davranışları incelenmiştir. Bu amaç için, işlem görmüş (HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş) ve işlem görmemiş (ham) (kuru külsüz) %53.00 karbon içeren Elbistan ve (kuru külsüz) %57.12 karbon içeren TKÎ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada incelenen bütün Elbistan ve TKÎ Çayırhan (ham, HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş) linyit örneklerinin FT-IR spektrumları alınarak, kömür örneklerindeki yapısal değişiklikler incelenmiştir. Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin elementel analiz sonuçlarından hesaplanan aromatiklik değerlerinin sırasıyla /a = 0.40 ve /a = 0.59 olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu da, Elbistan linyitinin kömürleşme derecesinin TKİ Çayırhan linyitine göre daha az olduğunu göstermektedir. Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin adsorpsiyon eğrilerinin oluşturulması amacıyla, piridin buharı ortamına konulan kömür örneklerindeki ağırlık artışının zamana bağlı olarak değişimi izlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonunda, denge durumunda, ham Elbistan linyitine difüzlenen piridin miktarının (H/Moo=0.85) TKÎ Çayırhan linyitine göre (M^Moo=l.25), daha küçük olduğu ve ham Elbistan linyitinin daha kısa sürede dengeye geldiği bulunmuştur. Her bir Elbistan ve TKÎ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için elde edilen H/M. değerleri zamanın bir fonksiyonu olarak tm değerlerine karşı grafiğe alınarak, bu kömür örnekleri için beş farklı sıcaklıklardaki piridin difuzyon (adsorpsiyon) eğrileri oluşturulmuştur. Burada, bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin Fickian difuzyon mekanizmasına benzer eğilim gösterdiği ve yaklaşık (20-27°C) aralığındaki difüzyon sıcaklıklarında benzer eğilim gösterdikleri bulunmuştur.Bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için hesaplanan difüzyon katsayılarının difüzyon sıcaklığındaki artışa bağlı olarak arttığı gözlenmiştir. Ham Elbistan linyitinin ortalama 20.9°C deki difüzyon katsayısı 6.024x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu ve ortalama difüzyon sıcaklığı 26.3°C ye olduğunda ise 8.309x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, ham TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneği içinde 21.1°C de 10.04x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu ve 26.9°C de ise 1 1.86xl0`15 m2/s olduğu bulunmuştur. Ham Elbistan linyitinin 25°C deki piridin difüzyon katsayısının 7.75x1 0`15 m2/s olduğu, HC1 üe etkileştirilmiş linyit örneğinde 7.22xl0'15 m2/s olduğu ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş linyit örneğinde ise difüzyon katsayısının 2.71xl0'15 m2/s değerine düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, kömürlerde demineralizasyon işlemlerinin piridin difüzyon katsayısının azalmasına neden olduğu ve piridin ile ham kömür yapısında bulunan mineraller arasında bir etkileşim olduğu söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte, piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ham Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin diğer linyit örneklerine göre çok küçük piridin difüzyon katsayısına sahip olduğu, buna karşılık HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra ve HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyon katsayılarında belirgin bir artışın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Burada, ham kömür yapısındaki minerallerin demineralizasyon işlemleriyle uzaklaştırılması, piridin ekstraksiyon işlemi sırasında kömür-piridin etkileşiminin arttığı ve kömürün makromoleküler yapısındaki hidrojen bağlarıla bağlanmış moleküllerin piridin ile kömür yapısından uzaklaştırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada incelenen linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyon davranışlarının açıklanması amacıyla, her bir kömür örneği için difüzyon üsteli olan n değerleri bulunmuştur. Bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örnekleri için bulunan n değerlerinin 0.43 ve 0.85 aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Bu da, incelenen linyit örneklerine piridin difüzyonunun non-Fickian difüzyon mekanizması ile gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bütün linyit örnekleri için bulunan n değerlerinin gevşeme kontrollü (Durum U) difüzyon değerinden çok Fickian difüzyon kontrollü tasınım mekanizmasına yaklaştığı gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, bütün Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinde piridin difüzyondavranışlarında Fickian difüzyon mekanizmasının, durum II difüzyon mekanizmasına göre daha baskın olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen difüzyon üsteli değerlerinin, genel olarak difüzyon sıcaklığındaki artışa bağlı olarak arttığı, ancak bu artışın Fickian difüzyon mekanizması ile durum II difüzyon mekanizması arasında kaldığı ve bu kömür örneklerinde piridin difüzyon mekanizmasını değiştirmediği bulunmuştur. Ancak, incelenen linyit örneklerinde piridin taşınım mekaniznasının Fickian türü difüzyon mekanizmasından, durum II türü difüzyon mekanizmasına doğru bir kayma olduğu gözlenmiştir. Kömürlerin çözücü içinde şişme analizlerinden, HC1 ile etkileştirilmiş, HC1 ve HF ile demineralize edilmiş Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin içinde şişme derecelerinin ham linyit örneklerine göre daha büyük olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre demineralizasyon işlemlerinin Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinde çapraz bağ yoğunluğunun azalmasına neden olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ham Elbistan ve TKİ Çayırhan linyit örneklerinin piridin içinde şişme derecelerinin (QEibistan=l 3, Qtk1 çayırhan =1.6) piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş ham linyit örneklerine göre (QEibistan=12, Qtkî çayırhan =1.3) daha büyük olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, HC1 ile etkileştirildikten sonra piridin ile ekstrakte edilmiş linyit örneklerinin şişme derecesinde belirgin bir artışın olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, ham TKİ Çayırhan linyitinin piridin içinde şişme derecesinin, Elbistan linyitine göre daha büyük bulunmuştur. Bu da Elbistan linyitinin, TKİ Çayırhan linyitine göre daha fazla çapraz bağ yoğunluğuna sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler; Kömür, Difüzyon, Çözücü difüzyonu, Difüzyon mekanizması. ABSTRACT The present study investigated diffusion behavior of pyridine in different types of coals. For this purpose, Elbistan, 53.00 %C (daf) and TKİ Çayırhan, 57.12 %C (daf) lignites which were treated with HC1 and HF and extracted with pyridine and then treated with HC1 and HF were used. The values of aromaticities of Elbistan and TKI Çayırhan lignite samples were fa= 0.40 and /,= 0.59, respectively. This showed that, the rank of Elbistan lignite sample was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite sample. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples. In order to investigate the diffusion of pyridine vapor in lignite samples, the mass of pyridine uptake per mass of coal sample, Mt/M» was calculated as a function of time. The results showed that, the value of the equlibrium mass of pyridine uptake per mass of Elbistan lignite (Mt/M» = 0,85) was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite (Mt/Moo = 1,25) and the equlibrium sorption time of Elbistan lignite sample was lower than TKİ Çayırhan lignite. The graph of M/M» against time for each of Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignites obtained at different five temperatures. The studies in the present work on pyridine vapor diffusion in coals have generally indicated that diffusion was similar to Fickian diffusion mechanism at the temperature range of 20-27°C The diffusion coefficients calculated for Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples showed that the diffusion coefficients increased with temperature (from 20°C to 27°C). The diffusion coefficient of raw Elbistan lignite was measured to be 6.024 xlO`15 m2/s, at 20.9°C and was measured as 8.803xl0`15 m2/s at 26.3°C. The diffusion coefficient of raw TKİ Çayırhan lignite sample was measured as 10.04 x 10-15 m2/s at 21.1°C and 11.86 xlO'15 m2/s at 26.9°C. The diffusion coefficients of pyridin into raw Elbistan lignite, treated with HC1 and HF were 7.75 xlO`15, 7.22 xlO`15, 2.71 xlO'15 m2/s at 25°C respectively.VIII Consequently demineralization process of coal and interaction between pyridine and minerals in raw coals decreased the pyridine diffusion coefficient. However the raw Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples have diffusion coefficients smaller than the other coal samples. The pyridine diffusion coefficients was observed to increase in the coal samples which were treated with HC1 and HF but not extracted with pyridine. It seemed that minerals removed by demineralization process caused to increase the coal-pyridine interaction during pyridine e/traction process, due to breaking of non-covalent hydrogen bonding interaction in the coal. The values of the exponent n, for all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples were found to be in the range of 0.43-0.85. This shows that, pyridine diffusion mechanism in all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples obeyed predominantly non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. However the values of the exponent n, for all of lignite samples were closer to the values for Fickian diffusion control transport mechanism. Consequently, diffusion behavior of pyridine into all Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples was of Fickian diffusion. Generally, the values of the exponent increased with increase of temperature but this raise was found to fall in between the Fickian diffusion mechanism and Case II diffusion mechanism. The extent of swelling of lignite samples treated with HC1 and HF in pyridine were found to be higher than raw lignite samples. According to this result, demineralizatoin process caused to decrease the croslink density of Elbistan and TKI Çayırhan lignite samples. The swelling extend of raw Elbistan and TKİ Çayırhan lignite samples (Qelbistan =1.3, Qtki cayırhan =1.6) in pyridin were found to be higher than the pyridine extracted raw lignite samples (Qelbistan =1.2, Qtki cayırhan =1.3). The extend of swelling in lignite samples extracted with pyridine and then treated with HC1 and HF were observed to be significantly higher. However, the extend of swelling of raw TKİ Çayırhan lignite in pyridin were found to be higher than Elbistan lignite. This showed that, croslink density of Elbistan lignite was higher than TKİ Çayırhan lignite. Key Words; Coal, Diffusion, Diffusion of solvent, Diffusion mechanism. 164

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    Authors: Özergin, Ş.Kutlu;

    IV ABSTRACT The research presented in this thesis has been directed towards the establishment of a practical immobilization process in which yeast cells could be entrapped within biomass support particles. Production of ethanol was therefore chosen as a model system for the application of passive cell immobilisation (using porous support particles) which is the basis of the technique described here. The immobilized Sstcctermyces c&revisiae cells were operated batenwise in an inclined packed-bed reactor system with the recirculation of nutrient medium. Ethanol production rates, as well as residual glucose concentrations, were monitored at different feedstock recirculation rates. An examination of the growth pattern showed that the exponential phase of nonflocculating yeast cell growth is completed in 11 hours after inoculation while the flocculating cells enter the stationary phase after 12 hours. For the fermentation experiments, the product yields were found to remain constant irrespective of the cell density and recirculation rate. The rate of ethanol production by suspended cells is lower than that of self aggregating cells which in turn is lower than the rate of ethanol production by immobilized cells. 02ET Biyoteknoloji alanındaki son gelişmeler, tutuklanmış hücre sistemlerinin yoğun araştırmalara konu olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu teşde yapılan araştırma maya hücrelerinin biyokütle destek parçacıkları içinde tutulması şeklinde uygulanan pasif tutuklanma tekniğinin yerleştirilmesine yöneliktir. Bu amaçla, yumaklaşan bir Sscchsrmyces cerevisise türü kullanılarak glikozdan etanol üretimi model sistem olarak ele alınmış ve tutuklamanın etanol üretimine ve verimliliğine etkisi ölçülmüştür. Bu deneyler, eğimli, dolgulu yatak reaktörde, geri döngülü kesikli çalışma düşeninde besi ortamının hızı değiştirilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan büyüme eğrisi çalışmaları yumaklaşmayan maya hücrelerinin, logaritmik büyüme fazını ekimden 11 saat sonra tamamladıklarını buna karşılık yumaklaşan hücrelerin sabit fasa 12 saat sonra girdiklerini göstermiştir. Fermentasyon denemelerinde, ürün veriminin hücre yoğunluğuna ve devir hızına bağlı olmaksızın sabit kaldığı bulunmuştur. Etanol üretim hızının ise. serbest hücreler, kendinden yumaklaşan hücreler ve tutuklanmış hücreler sırasıyla arttığı gözlenmiştir. 166

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    Authors: Solat, Amirhossein; B. Gharehpetian, Gevork; Salay Naderi, Mehdi; Anvari-Moghaddam, Amjad;

    Nowadays, the use of renewable generations, energy storage systems (ESSs) and microgrids (MGs) has been developed due to better controllability of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as their cost-effective and emission-aware operation. The development of MGs as well as the use of hierarchical control has led to data transmission in the communication platform. As a result, the expansion of communication infrastructure has made MGs as cyber-physical systems (CPSs) vulnerable to cyber-attacks (CAs). Accordingly, prevention, detection and isolation of CAs during proper control of MGs is essential. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the control strategies of microgrids against CAs and its defense mechanisms has been done. The general structure of the paper is as follows: firstly, MGs operational conditions, i.e., the secure or insecure mode of the physical and cyber layers are investigated and the appropriate control to return to a safer mode are presented. Then, the common MGs communication system is described which is generally used for multi-agent systems (MASs). Also, classification of CAs in MGs has been reviewed. Afterwards, a comprehensive survey of available researches in the field of prevention, detection and isolation of CA and MG control against CA are summarized. Finally, future trends in this context are clarified.

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    Applied Energy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Applied Energy
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    Authors: Solar, M.Halidun;

    Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî-dT Q- = C_^ A. (7) o o,. o dt C and C are specific heat capacity of water and glass cover. Q, is heat flux by evaporation and condensation, it can be defined by the expression (8), Q, = 16.22xl0`9 Q. b ts _?S a T= -Tn S s o (8) Heat loss thorough the base and perimeter of base is Q. This quantity is estimated by the expression; k Q = - - A (T T ) (9) z T Z S Ç z k is thermal conductivity of the base. L is characteristic length of the base. Q. ` and Q are heat flux from the transparent cover to the surroundings. This rate of heat dissipation depends both on radiation to the sky and on convection by air ciculation. Radiation to the sky depends on the effective sky temperature, which is generally taken as 11°C less than the ambient temperature. The convective portion is taken as a function of the wind speed. Qtö + qiö ? eö * (tö - (V11)4) aö + htö(Tö `V aö (10) and, h._ = 5.7 + 3.8V (11) to V is the şind speed, e is emissivity of glass cover. - xı -Using these expressions for different heat trasfer modes, theoretical amount of productivity can be also calculated. In other words, an iterative procedure may be applied to Eq(2) with giving the input energy and other circumferential conditions such as the ambient temperature, so as to obtain the performance of the solar still analytically. There are two unknown values in the first two equations. In order to solve them, it is required to know water temperature and glass temperature respectively. But these equations are non-linear. So this cannot be solved easly. These temperature have been obtained by the computer program (Appendix A). There are a lot of factors that effect the performance of the basin type solar still: - Solar energy is the unique energy come from out sides of the system. So, higher solar radiation results in high performance (Chapter-5). - Increasing the velocity of wind up to a definite value, results in high efficiency by increasing the heat tranfer from the cover to the ambient. But higher velocities then this definite value lower performance of systems (Chapter-5). - Higher depth of the water in the basin causes increase the amount of water in the basin and the thermal capasity of system. So the most the solar radiation is used for increasing the water temperature. In other words, higher depth of water, lower efficiency. - Higher transparency, lower absorb! t ion of the solar energy, higher efficiency. - When we examine the heat balance equations of system, it may be seen that increasing the basin temperature, decreasing the cover temperature consequently increasing temperature difference between the basin and the cover increases the performance of the system. -xlî- ÖZET: insanlar yüzyıllardır nehir, göl, deniz gibi su kaynaklarının yakınlarında yaşamayı ve böylece su problemlerini çözümlemeyi tercih etmişlerdir. Günümüz için bu çözüm yeterli değildir. Çünkü dünya nüfusunun hızla artması doğal su kaynaklarını hızla tüketmiş ve yetersiz hale getirmiştir. Ayrıca, nüfus artışı, kontrolsüz sanayileşme ve getirdiği çevre kirliliği ile zaten az olan su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi ve kullanılmaz hale gelmesinde su sıkıntısını artırmıştır. Bilim adamları miktar olarak daha çok olan tuzlu deniz suyundan içilebilir özellikte tatlı su elde etme yollarını aramaktadırlar. Tükenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanan damıtma sistemleri kurularak tuzlu su damıtılarak içilebilir su elde edilmiştir. Fakat kullanılan enerji kaynaklarıda yeryüzünde kıt olduğundan yeni enerji kaynakları arayışına girilmiş ve tükenmez olarak bilinen güineş enerjisi kullanan damıtma sistemleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu tezde, güneş enerjili damıtma sistemleri incelenmiştir. Günümüzde, diğer damıtma sistemlerinin yanında büyük kapasiteler için, verimi düşük olan güneş enerjili damıtma sistemlerinde, verimi artırabilmek için sisteme ekler konmuştur. Bu tezde Antalya şartlarında basit tipte bir güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Bu sistemin veriminin atmosferik ve konstliriktif şartlarla değişimi incelenmiştir. Basit tipteki güneş enerjili damıtma sisteminin verimi güneş ışınımının şiddetinin artması ile artmaktadır. Antalya'da sistemin maksimum verimi Temmuz ayında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca ortamdaki rüzgar hızı ve sıcaklık verimi etkiliyen faktörlerdir. Sistemin önemli elemanı olan saydam örtünün eğim açısı, güneş ışınlarının geliş açısına göre değiştirilerek verim artırılabilir. Güneş enerjili damıtma sistemi, Türkiye gibi suyun eldesi çok ucuz olan Ülkelerde, kullanılacak suyun tamamının karşılanması için oldukça pahalı bir yatırımdır. Bu Ülkelerde, bu sistemler, ek su kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Su sıkıntısı çeken nüfusu fazla olmayan özellikle adalarda ya da diğer yerleşim yerlerinde verimli olacağı açıktır. 94

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    Authors: Boz, Ahmet Osman;

    ÖZET Hidrolik sistem pompaları.tahrik biriminden aldığı mekanik enerjiyi hidrolik enerjiye dönüştüren hidrostatik ünitelerdir. Hidrolik pompalar sabit deplasmanlı ve değişken deplasmanlı olarak ikiye ayrılırlar.Sabit deplasmanlı pompalar daimi olarak sabit debi ile sistemi beslerler, değişken deplasmanlı pompalar ise sisteme o anda gerekli olan debiyi basarlar. Bu tezin konusu değişken deplasmanlı pompa tekniği, değişken deplasmanlı pompaların sabit deplasmanlılara göre avantajları, değişik regülasyon tipleri ve bu tip pompaların değişik endüstri kollarındaki uygulamaları oluşturmaktadır. SUMMARY Hydraulic system pumps are the hydrostatic units which are inverted mechanic energy to hydraulic energy. Hydraulic pumps can be classified into two groups; fixed displacement and variable displacement pumps. Fixed pumps always boost the systems with constant flow and variable pumps boost the system with the sufficent flow which the system need at that time. The subject of the thesis is; variable pumps technology, variable pumps advantages different kinds of regulation types and application areas of variable pumps in the different branches of industrie. 56

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    Authors: Galende-Sánchez, Ester; Sorman, Alevgul H.;

    In recent decades, co-production has become a cornerstone both in science and policy-making, motivating further collaboration between different actors. To scrutinize such participatory processes within the climate and energy fields, we conducted a critical systematic review of 183 records, which includes scientific publications, but also other initiatives coming from the public administration or the non-profit sector. First, we unpack six aspects of co-production: (1) the different levels of participation; (2) the emerging topics and issues; (3) the scale and location at which initiatives are conducted; (4) the actors who take part in the processes; (5) the different methods and tools for participation and (6) the outcomes and transformational potential of the initiatives. Our results show that real co-production is still far from being mainstream, with consultation still accounting for a majority of initiatives. Themes remain focused on the mitigation sphere, a tendency related to a majority of the records happening in developed countries. However, we also observe new categories of actors challenging traditional decision-making, as well as emerging methods and tools opening the space for more social innovation and participation. Following, in our critical analysis, we argue that there is a crucial need for a better interconnection between science and policy (especially at national and international scales) and that a reflection on transformation is fundamental when planning any participatory initiative. We finally claim that, despite not being a silver bullet, meaningful citizen participation constitutes a viable alternative to tackle today's complex problems. © 2020 The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846. We would like to acknowledge Mikel Gonz?lez, Dirk van de Ven and Jorge Moreno from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and the PARIS REINFORCE consortium. The PARIS REINFORCE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820846.

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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      Energy Research & Social Science
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Yılmaz, Fatih; Selbaş, Reşat; Balta, M. Tolga;

    In this study, the organic Rankine cycle Isparta bowl conditions of the R-410a refrigerant gas, solar thermal analyzes were conducted separately, and the first and second law analysis of the system investigated. According to the terms of Isparta solar power system is designed. According to system of turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler were investigated Consequently, the exergy and energy calculations based on the turbine inlet pressure and temperature of the boiler thermal efficiency of the system were examined and found to rise with the increase in the temperature of the boiler. The cycle heat efficiency %10 and exergy efficiency % 70 as calculated. Bu çalışmada güneş çanaklı organik Rankine çevriminin (ORC) enerji ve ekserji analizleri incelenmiş, çevrimde akışkan olarak R-410a kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar Isparta güneş enerjisi verilerine göre yapılmıştır. Sistemin türbin giriş basıncı ve kazan sıcaklığına göre verimleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçta türbin giriş basıncının ve kazan sıcaklığının artmasının sistemin ısıl verimini ve ekserji verimini artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Çevrimin ısıl verimi % 10, ekserjetik verimi ise % 70 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yılmaz, Fatih ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Balta, M. Tolga ( Aksaray, Yazar )

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