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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Bakr Abdelghany; Ahmed Al‐Durra; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Fei Gao;

    Dans le contexte des systèmes d'énergie renouvelable, les micro-réseaux (MG) sont une solution pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes électriques. Au cours des dernières années, il y a eu une utilisation croissante des systèmes de stockage d'énergie (SSE), tels que les systèmes de stockage d'hydrogène et de batterie, en raison de leur nature respectueuse de l'environnement en tant que dispositifs de conversion de puissance. Cependant, leur courte durée de vie représente un défi majeur pour leur commercialisation à grande échelle. Pour résoudre ce problème, la stratégie de contrôle proposée dans cet article comprend des fonctions de coût qui tiennent compte de la dégradation des dispositifs à hydrogène et des batteries. De plus, le contrôleur proposé utilise des scénarios pour refléter la nature stochastique des ressources en énergie renouvelable (SER) et de la demande de charge. L'objectif de cet article est d'intégrer une stratégie de contrôle prédictif de modèle stochastique (RCP) pour une MG économique/environnementale couplée à des ESS d'hydrogène et de batterie, qui interagit avec le réseau principal et les consommateurs externes. La participation du système au marché de l'électricité est également gérée. Des analyses numériques sont menées à l'aide de profils res et de prix au comptant de panneaux solaires et de parcs éoliens à Abou Dhabi, aux Émirats arabes unis, pour démontrer l'efficacité du contrôleur proposé en présence d'incertitudes. Sur la base des résultats, il a été prouvé que le contrôle développé gère efficacement le système intégré en répondant aux contraintes globales et aux demandes d'énergie, tout en réduisant le coût opérationnel des dispositifs à hydrogène et en prolongeant la durée de vie de la batterie. En el contexto de los sistemas de energía renovable, las microrredes (MG) son una solución para mejorar la fiabilidad de los sistemas de energía. En los últimos años, ha habido un uso creciente de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía (ESS), como los sistemas de almacenamiento de hidrógeno y baterías, debido a su naturaleza respetuosa con el medio ambiente como dispositivos convertidores de potencia. Sin embargo, su corta vida útil representa un gran desafío para su comercialización a gran escala. Para abordar este problema, la estrategia de control propuesta en este documento incluye funciones de costo que consideran la degradación tanto de los dispositivos de hidrógeno como de las baterías. Además, el controlador propuesto utiliza escenarios para reflejar la naturaleza estocástica de los recursos de energía renovable (FER) y la demanda de carga. El objetivo de este documento es integrar una estrategia de control predictivo de modelo estocástico (SMPC) para un MG económico/ambiental junto con ESS de hidrógeno y batería, que interactúa con la red principal y los consumidores externos. También se gestiona la participación del sistema en el mercado eléctrico. Los análisis numéricos se realizan utilizando perfiles RES y precios al contado de paneles solares y parques eólicos en Abu Dhabi, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, para demostrar la efectividad del controlador propuesto en presencia de incertidumbres. Con base en los resultados, se ha demostrado que el control desarrollado gestiona de manera efectiva el sistema integrado al cumplir con las restricciones generales y las demandas de energía, al tiempo que reduce el costo operativo de los dispositivos de hidrógeno y extiende la vida útil de la batería. In the context of renewable energy systems, microgrids (MG) are a solution to enhance the reliability of power systems. In the last few years, there has been a growing use of energy storage systems (ESSs), such as hydrogen and battery storage systems, because of their environmentally-friendly nature as power converter devices. However, their short lifespan represents a major challenge to their commercialization on a large scale. To address this issue, the control strategy proposed in this paper includes cost functions that consider the degradation of both hydrogen devices and batteries. Moreover, the proposed controller uses scenarios to reflect the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources (RESs) and load demand. The objective of this paper is to integrate a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy for an economical/environmental MG coupled with hydrogen and battery ESSs, which interacts with the main grid and external consumers. The system's participation in the electricity market is also managed. Numerical analyses are conducted using RESs profiles, and spot prices of solar panels and wind farms in Abu Dhabi, UAE, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in the presence of uncertainties. Based on the results, the developed control has been proven to effectively manage the integrated system by meeting overall constraints and energy demands, while also reducing the operational cost of hydrogen devices and extending battery lifetime. في سياق أنظمة الطاقة المتجددة، تعد الشبكات الدقيقة (MG) حلاً لتعزيز موثوقية أنظمة الطاقة. في السنوات القليلة الماضية، كان هناك استخدام متزايد لأنظمة تخزين الطاقة (ESSs)، مثل أنظمة تخزين الهيدروجين والبطاريات، بسبب طبيعتها الصديقة للبيئة كأجهزة تحويل الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإن عمرها القصير يمثل تحديًا كبيرًا لتسويقها على نطاق واسع. لمعالجة هذه المشكلة، تتضمن استراتيجية التحكم المقترحة في هذه الورقة وظائف التكلفة التي تأخذ في الاعتبار تدهور كل من أجهزة الهيدروجين والبطاريات. علاوة على ذلك، تستخدم وحدة التحكم المقترحة سيناريوهات لتعكس الطبيعة العشوائية لموارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) والطلب على الحمولة. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو دمج استراتيجية التحكم التنبؤي للنموذج العشوائي (SMPC) من أجل MG اقتصادي/بيئي إلى جانب ESSs للهيدروجين والبطارية، والتي تتفاعل مع الشبكة الرئيسية والمستهلكين الخارجيين. كما تتم إدارة مشاركة النظام في سوق الكهرباء. يتم إجراء التحليلات العددية باستخدام ملفات تعريف RESs، والأسعار الفورية للألواح الشمسية ومزارع الرياح في أبو ظبي، الإمارات العربية المتحدة، لإثبات فعالية وحدة التحكم المقترحة في وجود حالات عدم اليقين. بناءً على النتائج، ثبت أن التحكم المطور يدير النظام المتكامل بفعالية من خلال تلبية القيود الإجمالية ومتطلبات الطاقة، مع تقليل التكلفة التشغيلية لأجهزة الهيدروجين وإطالة عمر البطارية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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      International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q4...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ahmed Abdullah Balyith; Hebatallah Mohamed Sharaf; Mostafa F. Shaaban; Ehab F. El-Saadany; +1 Authors

    Cet article propose un nouveau schéma de protection équipé de relais directionnels de surintensité à double réglage de tension de courant temporel pour les systèmes de distribution radiale avec DG (génération distribuée) sans avoir besoin d'aide à la communication. Le schéma de protection proposé est formulé comme un problème de programmation non linéaire où l'objectif principal est de déterminer les réglages optimaux du relais vers l'avant et vers l'arrière afin de minimiser les temps de fonctionnement globaux du relais. Le schéma proposé, basé sur le relais de surintensité directionnelle à double réglage de tension de courant temporel, est appliqué au système de distribution radiale IEEE à 33 bus avec DG à base synchrone et ses performances sont comparées aux schémas de protection conventionnels qui reposent à la fois sur des relais de surintensité standard et des relais de surintensité directionnelle de tension de courant temporel (proposés dans la littérature). Les résultats montrent que, pour les systèmes de distribution radiale, le schéma proposé est capable d'atténuer les défaillances de coordination de protection dues aux courants de défaut inversés DG (une limitation dans les relais de surintensité), ne nécessite pas de communication (une limitation pour les systèmes de distribution maillés) et ne nécessite pas de relais supplémentaires (une limitation dans les relais de surintensité directionnels) et rend ainsi ces relais plus appropriés pour protéger les systèmes de distribution radiale avec DG. Este documento propone un nuevo esquema de protección equipado con relés de sobrecorriente direccional de doble ajuste de voltaje de corriente de tiempo para sistemas de distribución radial con DG (generación distribuida) sin necesidad de asistencia de comunicación. El esquema de protección propuesto se formula como un problema de programación no lineal donde el objetivo principal es determinar los ajustes óptimos de avance y retroceso del relé para minimizar los tiempos de operación generales del relé. El esquema propuesto, basado en el relé de sobrecorriente direccional de configuración dual de voltaje de corriente de tiempo, se aplica al sistema de distribución radial IEEE 33-bus con DG basado en síncrono y su rendimiento se compara con los esquemas de protección convencionales que se basan tanto en relés de sobrecorriente estándar como en relés de sobrecorriente direccional de voltaje de corriente de tiempo (propuestos en la literatura). Los resultados muestran que, para los sistemas de distribución radial, el esquema propuesto es capaz de mitigar la falla de coordinación de la protección debido a las corrientes de falla inversa DG (una limitación en los relés de sobrecorriente), no requiere comunicación (una limitación para los sistemas de distribución en malla) y no requiere relés adicionales (una limitación en los relés de sobrecorriente direccional) y, por lo tanto, hace que dichos relés sean más adecuados para proteger los sistemas de distribución radial con DG. This paper proposes a novel protection scheme equipped with time current voltage dual setting directional overcurrent relays for radial distribution systems with (distributed generation) DG without the need of communication assistance. The proposed protection scheme is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem where the main objective is to determine the optimal relay forward and reverse settings to minimize the relay overall operating times. The proposed scheme, based on the time current voltage dual settings directional overcurrent relay, is applied to the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system with synchronous-based DG and its performance is compared against the conventional protection schemes that rely on both standard overcurrent relays and time current voltage directional overcurrent relays (proposed in the literature). The results show that, for radial distribution systems, the proposed scheme is capable of mitigating protection coordination failure due to DG reverse fault currents (a limitation in overcurrent relays), does not require communication (a limitation for meshed distribution systems) and does not require additional relays (a limitation in directional overcurrent relays) and thus making such relays more suitable for protecting radial distribution systems with DG. تقترح هذه الورقة مخطط حماية جديد مجهز بجهد تيار زمني ثنائي الإعداد لمرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لأنظمة التوزيع الشعاعية مع مولدات الديزل (التوليد الموزع) دون الحاجة إلى مساعدة الاتصال. تتم صياغة مخطط الحماية المقترح كمشكلة برمجة غير خطية حيث يكون الهدف الرئيسي هو تحديد الإعدادات المثلى للترحيل للأمام والعكس لتقليل أوقات التشغيل الإجمالية للترحيل. يتم تطبيق المخطط المقترح، بناءً على مرحل التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لجهد التيار الزمني المزدوج، على نظام التوزيع الشعاعي IEEE 33 - bus مع DG القائم على التزامن وتتم مقارنة أدائه بمخططات الحماية التقليدية التي تعتمد على كل من مرحلات التيار الزائد القياسية ومرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لجهد التيار الزمني (المقترحة في الأدبيات). تظهر النتائج أنه بالنسبة لأنظمة التوزيع الشعاعي، فإن المخطط المقترح قادر على التخفيف من فشل تنسيق الحماية بسبب تيارات عطل مولدات الديزل العكسية (قيد في مرحلات التيار الزائد)، ولا يتطلب الاتصال (قيد لأنظمة التوزيع المتشابكة) ولا يتطلب مرحلات إضافية (قيد في مرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهية) وبالتالي جعل هذه المرحلات أكثر ملاءمة لحماية أنظمة التوزيع الشعاعي مع مولدات الديزل.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xj...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Asma Soleimanisardoo; Hossein Kazemi Karegar; Hatem H. Zeineldin;

    Protection is considered one of the major challenges associated with the operation of islanded microgrids with high penetration of inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG). As stated in the IEEE Std. 1547.4, due to the limited injected fault current levels by IBDG, conventional overcurrent relays might not be capable of detecting and clearing faults. Thus, this paper proposes a novel protection strategy for inverter-based islanded microgrids which relies on injecting an off-nominal frequency, through the DG interface, during fault conditions. A differential protection scheme that is based on the differences in the current frequency components, measured at both ends of a feeder section, is proposed to detect and isolate faults. This paper also presents the structure and control logic of the proposed relay for differential protection. The proposed protection scheme is implemented and tested on a distribution system equipped with IBDG, modeled to operate in an islanded mode. Simulation results are presented to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme in detecting and isolating faults for inverter-based islanded microgrids.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ahmed Sayed; Khaled Al Jaafari; Xian Zhang; Hatem Zeineldin; +3 Authors

    The transition to decarbonized energy systems presents significant operational challenges due to increased uncertainties and complex dynamics. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as a powerful tool for optimizing power system operations. However, most existing DRL approaches rely on approximated data-driven critic networks, requiring numerous risky interactions to explore the environment and often facing estimation errors. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an efficient DRL algorithm with a physics-driven critic model, namely a differentiable holomorphic embedding load flow model (D-HELM). This approach enables accurate policy gradient computation through a differentiable loss function based on system states of realized uncertainties, simplifying both the replay buffer and the learning process. By leveraging continuation power flow principles, D-HELM ensures operable, feasible solutions while accelerating gradient steps through simple matrix operations. Simulation results across various test systems demonstrate the computational superiority of the proposed approach, outperforming state-of-the-art DRL algorithms during training and model-based solvers in online operations. This work represents a potential breakthrough in real-time energy system operations, with extensions to security-constrained decision-making, voltage control, unit commitment, and multi-energy systems.

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    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
    Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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    Authors: Muhammad Bakr Abdelghany; Ahmed Al‐Durra; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Jiefeng Hu;

    Cet article présente une stratégie basée sur le contrôle hiérarchique de l'horizon glissant, également appelé contrôle prédictif de modèle (MPC), pour gérer efficacement un système de stockage d'énergie hydrogène (HESS) au sein d'un microréseau éolien-solaire insulaire. Un électrolyseur utilise l'électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables pour produire de l'hydrogène propre, qui est ensuite ré-électrifié par une pile à combustible au besoin pour répondre aux charges du micro-réseau. La principale contribution réside dans l'incorporation de plusieurs réservoirs de stockage d'hydrogène dans le HESS, le distinguant de la littérature existante, qui se concentre généralement sur un seul réservoir. L'incorporation de plusieurs réservoirs dans le HESS permet le stockage de grands volumes d'hydrogène pour une utilisation à long terme, permettant au micro-réseau de fonctionner de manière autonome sans interaction avec le réseau de distribution. Afin d'assurer des performances optimales, la sélection de l'appareil le plus approprié pour le fonctionnement à chaque pas de temps est cruciale. La stratégie de contrôle proposée prend en compte les coûts économiques et opérationnels, les aspects de dégradation et les contraintes physiques du HESS, tout en assurant simultanément le suivi des demandes de référence et en lissant en priorité les variations des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Des simulations numériques et une configuration de micro-réseau à l'échelle du laboratoire démontrent que le contrôleur gère efficacement le HESS, satisfaisant ainsi les contraintes économiques et optimisant les coûts du dispositif, même lorsque des écarts se produisent entre les scénarios prédits et en temps réel. En outre, l'inclusion de plusieurs réservoirs d'hydrogène permet au micro-réseau d'atténuer les fluctuations des sources d'énergie renouvelables et de répondre efficacement à la demande de charge. Este documento presenta una estrategia basada en el control jerárquico de horizonte rodante, también llamado control predictivo de modelo (MPC), para gestionar de manera eficiente un sistema de almacenamiento de energía de hidrógeno (HESS) dentro de una microrred eólica-solar aislada. Un electrolizador utiliza electricidad generada a partir de fuentes renovables para producir hidrógeno limpio, que luego es reelectrificado por una celda de combustible según sea necesario para satisfacer las cargas de la microrred. La principal contribución radica en la incorporación de múltiples tanques de almacenamiento de hidrógeno en el HESS, distinguiéndolo de la literatura existente, que normalmente se centra en un solo tanque. La incorporación de múltiples tanques en el HESS permite el almacenamiento de grandes volúmenes de hidrógeno para un uso a largo plazo, permitiendo que la microrred funcione de forma autónoma sin interacción con la red eléctrica. Para garantizar un rendimiento óptimo, la selección del dispositivo más adecuado para el funcionamiento en cada paso de tiempo es crucial. La estrategia de control propuesta tiene en cuenta los costes económicos y operativos, los aspectos de degradación y las limitaciones físicas del HESS, al tiempo que garantiza el seguimiento de las demandas de referencia y, con la máxima prioridad, suaviza las variaciones de las fuentes de energía renovables. Las simulaciones numéricas y una configuración de microrred a escala de laboratorio demuestran que el controlador gestiona eficazmente el HESS, satisfaciendo así las limitaciones económicas y optimizando los costes del dispositivo, incluso cuando se producen desviaciones entre los escenarios previstos y en tiempo real. Además, la inclusión de múltiples tanques de hidrógeno permite que la microrred mitigue las fluctuaciones en las fuentes de energía renovables y satisfaga efectivamente la demanda de carga. This paper presents a strategy based on the hierarchical rolling horizon control, also called model predictive control (MPC), for efficiently managing a hydrogen-energy storage system (HESS) within an islanded wind-solar microgrid. An electrolyzer uses electricity generated from renewable sources to produce clean hydrogen, which is then re-electrified by a fuel cell as needed to meet the microgrid's loads. The main contribution lies in the incorporation of multiple hydrogen storage tanks in the HESS, distinguishing it from existing literature, which typically focuses on a single tank. The incorporation of multiple tanks in the HESS enables the storage of large volumes of hydrogen for long-term use, allowing the microgrid to operate autonomously without interaction with the utility grid. In order to ensure optimal performance, the selection of the most suitable device for operation at each time-step is crucial. The proposed control strategy takes into account the economic and operational costs, degradation aspects, and physical constraints of the HESS, while simultaneously ensuring the tracking of reference demands and with the highest priority smoothing out the variations of renewable energy sources. Numerical simulations and a lab-scale microgrid setup demonstrate that the controller effectively manages the HESS thus satisfying economic constraints and optimizing device costs, even when deviations occur between the predicted and real-time scenarios. Furthermore, the inclusion of multiple hydrogen tanks allows the microgrid to both mitigate fluctuations in renewable power sources and effectively meet load demand. تقدم هذه الورقة استراتيجية تستند إلى التحكم الهرمي في الأفق المتداول، وتسمى أيضًا نموذج التحكم التنبؤي (MPC)، لإدارة نظام تخزين طاقة الهيدروجين (HESS) بكفاءة داخل شبكة مجهرية جزرية للرياح الشمسية. يستخدم المحلل الكهربائي الكهرباء المولدة من مصادر متجددة لإنتاج هيدروجين نظيف، والذي يتم إعادة كهربته بعد ذلك بواسطة خلية وقود حسب الحاجة لتلبية أحمال الشبكة الدقيقة. تكمن المساهمة الرئيسية في دمج خزانات تخزين الهيدروجين المتعددة في هيس، مما يميزها عن الأدبيات الموجودة، والتي تركز عادة على خزان واحد. يتيح دمج خزانات متعددة في HESS تخزين كميات كبيرة من الهيدروجين للاستخدام طويل الأجل، مما يسمح للشبكة الدقيقة بالعمل بشكل مستقل دون تفاعل مع شبكة المرافق. من أجل ضمان الأداء الأمثل، يعد اختيار الجهاز الأنسب للتشغيل في كل خطوة زمنية أمرًا بالغ الأهمية. تأخذ استراتيجية التحكم المقترحة في الاعتبار التكاليف الاقتصادية والتشغيلية، وجوانب التدهور، والقيود المادية لـ HESS، مع ضمان تتبع المتطلبات المرجعية في الوقت نفسه ومع إعطاء الأولوية القصوى لتهدئة الاختلافات في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة. تُظهر المحاكاة العددية وإعداد الشبكة الدقيقة على نطاق المختبر أن وحدة التحكم تدير HESS بفعالية وبالتالي تلبي القيود الاقتصادية وتحسن تكاليف الجهاز، حتى عند حدوث انحرافات بين السيناريوهات المتوقعة والسيناريوهات في الوقت الفعلي. علاوة على ذلك، فإن تضمين خزانات الهيدروجين المتعددة يسمح للشبكة الدقيقة بالتخفيف من التقلبات في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة وتلبية الطلب على الأحمال بشكل فعال.

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    Energy
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    Authors: Kannan Thirugnanam; Mohamed Shawky El Moursi; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; +1 Authors

    Grid interconnected multi-microgrids provides potential benefits to the consumers, where the microgrids (MGs) equipped with distributed generators (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and diesel generators. However, intermittency of DGs, high cost of ESSs, and depleting fossil fuels are the major challenges for the economic operation of interconnected multi-microgrids. One potential way to address these challenges is to develop an energy management strategy (EMS) for the grid interconnected multi-microgrids. This paper proposes an EMS to reduce consumer energy consumption cost (ECC) using fuzzy-based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange algorithm with dynamic pricing. In this context, the MGs consumers load power demand (LPD) and DGs output behaviors are modeled using random vector functional link network approach to predict future time slot values. Then, a fuzzy-based P2P energy exchange algorithm is developed to enable the surplus energy transfer to grid and/or MGs with dynamic pricing. Furthermore, an ESS charging/discharging energy control and diesel generator turn on strategies are developed based on the MGs deficit power. Then, the MGs consumer LPD reduction strategy is implemented based on the consumer ECC margin and energy consumption index. Finally, an EMS is proposed that includes on demand-supply strategy and consumer energy consumption cost reduction strategy based on the future time slot values. The novelty of the proposed work lies within the energy management of grid interconnected multi-microgrids and the reduction of consumers ECC through surplus energy transfer to grid and/or MGs using fuzzy-based P2P energy exchange algorithm with dynamic pricing. Historical data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EMS for grid interconnected multi-microgrids.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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    Authors: Kannan Thirugnanam; Mohamed Shawky El Moursi; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; +1 Authors
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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    Authors: Areg Karapetyan; Majid Khonji; Chi-Kin Chau; Khaled Elbassioni; +1 Authors

    Demand response management has become one of the key enabling technologies for smart grids. Motivated by the increasing demand response incentives offered by service operators, more customers are subscribing to various demand response programs. However, with growing customer participation, the problem of determining the optimal loads to be curtailed in a microgrid during contingencies within a feasible time frame becomes computationally hard. This paper proposes an efficient approximation algorithm for event-based demand response management in microgrids. In event-based management, it is important to curtail loads as fast as possible to maintain the stability of a microgrid during the islanded mode in a scalable manner. A simple greedy approach is presented that can rapidly determine a close-to-optimal load curtailment scheme to maximize the aggregate customer utility in milliseconds for a large number of customers. This paper further derives a novel theoretical guarantee of the gap between the proposed efficient algorithm and the optimal solution (that may be computationally hard to obtain). The performance of algorithm is corroborated extensively by simulations with up to thousands of customers. For the sake of practicality, the proposed event-based demand response management algorithm is applied to a feeder from the Canadian benchmark distribution system. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach efficiently optimizes microgrid operation during islanded mode while maintaining appropriate voltage levels and network constrains. To appear in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IEEE Copyright
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
      Article . 2016
      License: arXiv Non-Exclusive Distribution
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Umesh B S; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Shakti Singh; +2 Authors

    Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) energy sharing is emerging as an alternate solution to range anxiety and limited charging infrastructure challenges associated with electric vehicles (EVs). The existing off-board DC fast charging options for V2V ap- plication found in the literature are not effective due to the additional weight, size and cost of the external charger or interface. In this paper, a new V2V interface is proposed in which both EVs motor winding neutrals and negative rails of on-board drivetrains are directly connected to each other. This further helps in forming an integrated dual bidirectional DC-DC converter to control the direction of power flow. The proposed approach does not require reconfiguration of motor winding or mechanical clutch to arrest the motor from rotating and/or the reconfiguration of drivetrain inverter connections. The major hardware requirement for the proposed approach is, access to the already existing neutral connection of the EV motor phase windings. Furthermore, Finite Element Analysis is presented for 150 kW EV motor model and its performance validation with the high frequency DC current flowing in the motor windings during the V2V operation. A scaled lab prototype is developed to demonstrate the energy sharing between two Lithium-ion battery banks through proposed direct V2V power transfer concept.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tohid Soleymani Aghdam; Hossein Kazemi Karegar; Hatem H. Zeineldin;

    Coordination between protective device fault clearing times and distributed generation (DGs) stability is essential to avoid nuisance tripping of DG. In this paper, a multi-agent protection scheme based on a variable tripping time differential protection scheme (VTDPS) is proposed for micro-grid protection capable of operating in both grid-connected and islanded mode. Variable tripping time is used for coordination with laterals protective devices without the need for additional current measurement and data transmission. Each agent is composed of primary, backup, and bus protection layers, with their relevant VTDPS, that achieves main and backup protection for a microgrid. Moreover, the critical clearing time (CCT) curves of DGs and tripping time curve of VTDPS are analyzed in each feeder zone and a relevant formula is developed to check the CCT constraint for the proposed multi-agent VTDPS. The presented method is simulated on a modified CIGREE microgrid benchmark system with synchronous DGs. The obtained results prove the capability of the proposed protection scheme to prevent instability of DGs in both modes of operation.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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42 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Bakr Abdelghany; Ahmed Al‐Durra; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Fei Gao;

    Dans le contexte des systèmes d'énergie renouvelable, les micro-réseaux (MG) sont une solution pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes électriques. Au cours des dernières années, il y a eu une utilisation croissante des systèmes de stockage d'énergie (SSE), tels que les systèmes de stockage d'hydrogène et de batterie, en raison de leur nature respectueuse de l'environnement en tant que dispositifs de conversion de puissance. Cependant, leur courte durée de vie représente un défi majeur pour leur commercialisation à grande échelle. Pour résoudre ce problème, la stratégie de contrôle proposée dans cet article comprend des fonctions de coût qui tiennent compte de la dégradation des dispositifs à hydrogène et des batteries. De plus, le contrôleur proposé utilise des scénarios pour refléter la nature stochastique des ressources en énergie renouvelable (SER) et de la demande de charge. L'objectif de cet article est d'intégrer une stratégie de contrôle prédictif de modèle stochastique (RCP) pour une MG économique/environnementale couplée à des ESS d'hydrogène et de batterie, qui interagit avec le réseau principal et les consommateurs externes. La participation du système au marché de l'électricité est également gérée. Des analyses numériques sont menées à l'aide de profils res et de prix au comptant de panneaux solaires et de parcs éoliens à Abou Dhabi, aux Émirats arabes unis, pour démontrer l'efficacité du contrôleur proposé en présence d'incertitudes. Sur la base des résultats, il a été prouvé que le contrôle développé gère efficacement le système intégré en répondant aux contraintes globales et aux demandes d'énergie, tout en réduisant le coût opérationnel des dispositifs à hydrogène et en prolongeant la durée de vie de la batterie. En el contexto de los sistemas de energía renovable, las microrredes (MG) son una solución para mejorar la fiabilidad de los sistemas de energía. En los últimos años, ha habido un uso creciente de sistemas de almacenamiento de energía (ESS), como los sistemas de almacenamiento de hidrógeno y baterías, debido a su naturaleza respetuosa con el medio ambiente como dispositivos convertidores de potencia. Sin embargo, su corta vida útil representa un gran desafío para su comercialización a gran escala. Para abordar este problema, la estrategia de control propuesta en este documento incluye funciones de costo que consideran la degradación tanto de los dispositivos de hidrógeno como de las baterías. Además, el controlador propuesto utiliza escenarios para reflejar la naturaleza estocástica de los recursos de energía renovable (FER) y la demanda de carga. El objetivo de este documento es integrar una estrategia de control predictivo de modelo estocástico (SMPC) para un MG económico/ambiental junto con ESS de hidrógeno y batería, que interactúa con la red principal y los consumidores externos. También se gestiona la participación del sistema en el mercado eléctrico. Los análisis numéricos se realizan utilizando perfiles RES y precios al contado de paneles solares y parques eólicos en Abu Dhabi, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, para demostrar la efectividad del controlador propuesto en presencia de incertidumbres. Con base en los resultados, se ha demostrado que el control desarrollado gestiona de manera efectiva el sistema integrado al cumplir con las restricciones generales y las demandas de energía, al tiempo que reduce el costo operativo de los dispositivos de hidrógeno y extiende la vida útil de la batería. In the context of renewable energy systems, microgrids (MG) are a solution to enhance the reliability of power systems. In the last few years, there has been a growing use of energy storage systems (ESSs), such as hydrogen and battery storage systems, because of their environmentally-friendly nature as power converter devices. However, their short lifespan represents a major challenge to their commercialization on a large scale. To address this issue, the control strategy proposed in this paper includes cost functions that consider the degradation of both hydrogen devices and batteries. Moreover, the proposed controller uses scenarios to reflect the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources (RESs) and load demand. The objective of this paper is to integrate a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy for an economical/environmental MG coupled with hydrogen and battery ESSs, which interacts with the main grid and external consumers. The system's participation in the electricity market is also managed. Numerical analyses are conducted using RESs profiles, and spot prices of solar panels and wind farms in Abu Dhabi, UAE, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in the presence of uncertainties. Based on the results, the developed control has been proven to effectively manage the integrated system by meeting overall constraints and energy demands, while also reducing the operational cost of hydrogen devices and extending battery lifetime. في سياق أنظمة الطاقة المتجددة، تعد الشبكات الدقيقة (MG) حلاً لتعزيز موثوقية أنظمة الطاقة. في السنوات القليلة الماضية، كان هناك استخدام متزايد لأنظمة تخزين الطاقة (ESSs)، مثل أنظمة تخزين الهيدروجين والبطاريات، بسبب طبيعتها الصديقة للبيئة كأجهزة تحويل الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإن عمرها القصير يمثل تحديًا كبيرًا لتسويقها على نطاق واسع. لمعالجة هذه المشكلة، تتضمن استراتيجية التحكم المقترحة في هذه الورقة وظائف التكلفة التي تأخذ في الاعتبار تدهور كل من أجهزة الهيدروجين والبطاريات. علاوة على ذلك، تستخدم وحدة التحكم المقترحة سيناريوهات لتعكس الطبيعة العشوائية لموارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) والطلب على الحمولة. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو دمج استراتيجية التحكم التنبؤي للنموذج العشوائي (SMPC) من أجل MG اقتصادي/بيئي إلى جانب ESSs للهيدروجين والبطارية، والتي تتفاعل مع الشبكة الرئيسية والمستهلكين الخارجيين. كما تتم إدارة مشاركة النظام في سوق الكهرباء. يتم إجراء التحليلات العددية باستخدام ملفات تعريف RESs، والأسعار الفورية للألواح الشمسية ومزارع الرياح في أبو ظبي، الإمارات العربية المتحدة، لإثبات فعالية وحدة التحكم المقترحة في وجود حالات عدم اليقين. بناءً على النتائج، ثبت أن التحكم المطور يدير النظام المتكامل بفعالية من خلال تلبية القيود الإجمالية ومتطلبات الطاقة، مع تقليل التكلفة التشغيلية لأجهزة الهيدروجين وإطالة عمر البطارية.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0p...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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      International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0p...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q4...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ahmed Abdullah Balyith; Hebatallah Mohamed Sharaf; Mostafa F. Shaaban; Ehab F. El-Saadany; +1 Authors

    Cet article propose un nouveau schéma de protection équipé de relais directionnels de surintensité à double réglage de tension de courant temporel pour les systèmes de distribution radiale avec DG (génération distribuée) sans avoir besoin d'aide à la communication. Le schéma de protection proposé est formulé comme un problème de programmation non linéaire où l'objectif principal est de déterminer les réglages optimaux du relais vers l'avant et vers l'arrière afin de minimiser les temps de fonctionnement globaux du relais. Le schéma proposé, basé sur le relais de surintensité directionnelle à double réglage de tension de courant temporel, est appliqué au système de distribution radiale IEEE à 33 bus avec DG à base synchrone et ses performances sont comparées aux schémas de protection conventionnels qui reposent à la fois sur des relais de surintensité standard et des relais de surintensité directionnelle de tension de courant temporel (proposés dans la littérature). Les résultats montrent que, pour les systèmes de distribution radiale, le schéma proposé est capable d'atténuer les défaillances de coordination de protection dues aux courants de défaut inversés DG (une limitation dans les relais de surintensité), ne nécessite pas de communication (une limitation pour les systèmes de distribution maillés) et ne nécessite pas de relais supplémentaires (une limitation dans les relais de surintensité directionnels) et rend ainsi ces relais plus appropriés pour protéger les systèmes de distribution radiale avec DG. Este documento propone un nuevo esquema de protección equipado con relés de sobrecorriente direccional de doble ajuste de voltaje de corriente de tiempo para sistemas de distribución radial con DG (generación distribuida) sin necesidad de asistencia de comunicación. El esquema de protección propuesto se formula como un problema de programación no lineal donde el objetivo principal es determinar los ajustes óptimos de avance y retroceso del relé para minimizar los tiempos de operación generales del relé. El esquema propuesto, basado en el relé de sobrecorriente direccional de configuración dual de voltaje de corriente de tiempo, se aplica al sistema de distribución radial IEEE 33-bus con DG basado en síncrono y su rendimiento se compara con los esquemas de protección convencionales que se basan tanto en relés de sobrecorriente estándar como en relés de sobrecorriente direccional de voltaje de corriente de tiempo (propuestos en la literatura). Los resultados muestran que, para los sistemas de distribución radial, el esquema propuesto es capaz de mitigar la falla de coordinación de la protección debido a las corrientes de falla inversa DG (una limitación en los relés de sobrecorriente), no requiere comunicación (una limitación para los sistemas de distribución en malla) y no requiere relés adicionales (una limitación en los relés de sobrecorriente direccional) y, por lo tanto, hace que dichos relés sean más adecuados para proteger los sistemas de distribución radial con DG. This paper proposes a novel protection scheme equipped with time current voltage dual setting directional overcurrent relays for radial distribution systems with (distributed generation) DG without the need of communication assistance. The proposed protection scheme is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem where the main objective is to determine the optimal relay forward and reverse settings to minimize the relay overall operating times. The proposed scheme, based on the time current voltage dual settings directional overcurrent relay, is applied to the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system with synchronous-based DG and its performance is compared against the conventional protection schemes that rely on both standard overcurrent relays and time current voltage directional overcurrent relays (proposed in the literature). The results show that, for radial distribution systems, the proposed scheme is capable of mitigating protection coordination failure due to DG reverse fault currents (a limitation in overcurrent relays), does not require communication (a limitation for meshed distribution systems) and does not require additional relays (a limitation in directional overcurrent relays) and thus making such relays more suitable for protecting radial distribution systems with DG. تقترح هذه الورقة مخطط حماية جديد مجهز بجهد تيار زمني ثنائي الإعداد لمرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لأنظمة التوزيع الشعاعية مع مولدات الديزل (التوليد الموزع) دون الحاجة إلى مساعدة الاتصال. تتم صياغة مخطط الحماية المقترح كمشكلة برمجة غير خطية حيث يكون الهدف الرئيسي هو تحديد الإعدادات المثلى للترحيل للأمام والعكس لتقليل أوقات التشغيل الإجمالية للترحيل. يتم تطبيق المخطط المقترح، بناءً على مرحل التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لجهد التيار الزمني المزدوج، على نظام التوزيع الشعاعي IEEE 33 - bus مع DG القائم على التزامن وتتم مقارنة أدائه بمخططات الحماية التقليدية التي تعتمد على كل من مرحلات التيار الزائد القياسية ومرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهي لجهد التيار الزمني (المقترحة في الأدبيات). تظهر النتائج أنه بالنسبة لأنظمة التوزيع الشعاعي، فإن المخطط المقترح قادر على التخفيف من فشل تنسيق الحماية بسبب تيارات عطل مولدات الديزل العكسية (قيد في مرحلات التيار الزائد)، ولا يتطلب الاتصال (قيد لأنظمة التوزيع المتشابكة) ولا يتطلب مرحلات إضافية (قيد في مرحلات التيار الزائد الاتجاهية) وبالتالي جعل هذه المرحلات أكثر ملاءمة لحماية أنظمة التوزيع الشعاعي مع مولدات الديزل.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
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    Authors: Asma Soleimanisardoo; Hossein Kazemi Karegar; Hatem H. Zeineldin;

    Protection is considered one of the major challenges associated with the operation of islanded microgrids with high penetration of inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG). As stated in the IEEE Std. 1547.4, due to the limited injected fault current levels by IBDG, conventional overcurrent relays might not be capable of detecting and clearing faults. Thus, this paper proposes a novel protection strategy for inverter-based islanded microgrids which relies on injecting an off-nominal frequency, through the DG interface, during fault conditions. A differential protection scheme that is based on the differences in the current frequency components, measured at both ends of a feeder section, is proposed to detect and isolate faults. This paper also presents the structure and control logic of the proposed relay for differential protection. The proposed protection scheme is implemented and tested on a distribution system equipped with IBDG, modeled to operate in an islanded mode. Simulation results are presented to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme in detecting and isolating faults for inverter-based islanded microgrids.

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    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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    Authors: Ahmed Sayed; Khaled Al Jaafari; Xian Zhang; Hatem Zeineldin; +3 Authors

    The transition to decarbonized energy systems presents significant operational challenges due to increased uncertainties and complex dynamics. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as a powerful tool for optimizing power system operations. However, most existing DRL approaches rely on approximated data-driven critic networks, requiring numerous risky interactions to explore the environment and often facing estimation errors. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an efficient DRL algorithm with a physics-driven critic model, namely a differentiable holomorphic embedding load flow model (D-HELM). This approach enables accurate policy gradient computation through a differentiable loss function based on system states of realized uncertainties, simplifying both the replay buffer and the learning process. By leveraging continuation power flow principles, D-HELM ensures operable, feasible solutions while accelerating gradient steps through simple matrix operations. Simulation results across various test systems demonstrate the computational superiority of the proposed approach, outperforming state-of-the-art DRL algorithms during training and model-based solvers in online operations. This work represents a potential breakthrough in real-time energy system operations, with extensions to security-constrained decision-making, voltage control, unit commitment, and multi-energy systems.

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    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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      International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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    Authors: Muhammad Bakr Abdelghany; Ahmed Al‐Durra; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Jiefeng Hu;

    Cet article présente une stratégie basée sur le contrôle hiérarchique de l'horizon glissant, également appelé contrôle prédictif de modèle (MPC), pour gérer efficacement un système de stockage d'énergie hydrogène (HESS) au sein d'un microréseau éolien-solaire insulaire. Un électrolyseur utilise l'électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables pour produire de l'hydrogène propre, qui est ensuite ré-électrifié par une pile à combustible au besoin pour répondre aux charges du micro-réseau. La principale contribution réside dans l'incorporation de plusieurs réservoirs de stockage d'hydrogène dans le HESS, le distinguant de la littérature existante, qui se concentre généralement sur un seul réservoir. L'incorporation de plusieurs réservoirs dans le HESS permet le stockage de grands volumes d'hydrogène pour une utilisation à long terme, permettant au micro-réseau de fonctionner de manière autonome sans interaction avec le réseau de distribution. Afin d'assurer des performances optimales, la sélection de l'appareil le plus approprié pour le fonctionnement à chaque pas de temps est cruciale. La stratégie de contrôle proposée prend en compte les coûts économiques et opérationnels, les aspects de dégradation et les contraintes physiques du HESS, tout en assurant simultanément le suivi des demandes de référence et en lissant en priorité les variations des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Des simulations numériques et une configuration de micro-réseau à l'échelle du laboratoire démontrent que le contrôleur gère efficacement le HESS, satisfaisant ainsi les contraintes économiques et optimisant les coûts du dispositif, même lorsque des écarts se produisent entre les scénarios prédits et en temps réel. En outre, l'inclusion de plusieurs réservoirs d'hydrogène permet au micro-réseau d'atténuer les fluctuations des sources d'énergie renouvelables et de répondre efficacement à la demande de charge. Este documento presenta una estrategia basada en el control jerárquico de horizonte rodante, también llamado control predictivo de modelo (MPC), para gestionar de manera eficiente un sistema de almacenamiento de energía de hidrógeno (HESS) dentro de una microrred eólica-solar aislada. Un electrolizador utiliza electricidad generada a partir de fuentes renovables para producir hidrógeno limpio, que luego es reelectrificado por una celda de combustible según sea necesario para satisfacer las cargas de la microrred. La principal contribución radica en la incorporación de múltiples tanques de almacenamiento de hidrógeno en el HESS, distinguiéndolo de la literatura existente, que normalmente se centra en un solo tanque. La incorporación de múltiples tanques en el HESS permite el almacenamiento de grandes volúmenes de hidrógeno para un uso a largo plazo, permitiendo que la microrred funcione de forma autónoma sin interacción con la red eléctrica. Para garantizar un rendimiento óptimo, la selección del dispositivo más adecuado para el funcionamiento en cada paso de tiempo es crucial. La estrategia de control propuesta tiene en cuenta los costes económicos y operativos, los aspectos de degradación y las limitaciones físicas del HESS, al tiempo que garantiza el seguimiento de las demandas de referencia y, con la máxima prioridad, suaviza las variaciones de las fuentes de energía renovables. Las simulaciones numéricas y una configuración de microrred a escala de laboratorio demuestran que el controlador gestiona eficazmente el HESS, satisfaciendo así las limitaciones económicas y optimizando los costes del dispositivo, incluso cuando se producen desviaciones entre los escenarios previstos y en tiempo real. Además, la inclusión de múltiples tanques de hidrógeno permite que la microrred mitigue las fluctuaciones en las fuentes de energía renovables y satisfaga efectivamente la demanda de carga. This paper presents a strategy based on the hierarchical rolling horizon control, also called model predictive control (MPC), for efficiently managing a hydrogen-energy storage system (HESS) within an islanded wind-solar microgrid. An electrolyzer uses electricity generated from renewable sources to produce clean hydrogen, which is then re-electrified by a fuel cell as needed to meet the microgrid's loads. The main contribution lies in the incorporation of multiple hydrogen storage tanks in the HESS, distinguishing it from existing literature, which typically focuses on a single tank. The incorporation of multiple tanks in the HESS enables the storage of large volumes of hydrogen for long-term use, allowing the microgrid to operate autonomously without interaction with the utility grid. In order to ensure optimal performance, the selection of the most suitable device for operation at each time-step is crucial. The proposed control strategy takes into account the economic and operational costs, degradation aspects, and physical constraints of the HESS, while simultaneously ensuring the tracking of reference demands and with the highest priority smoothing out the variations of renewable energy sources. Numerical simulations and a lab-scale microgrid setup demonstrate that the controller effectively manages the HESS thus satisfying economic constraints and optimizing device costs, even when deviations occur between the predicted and real-time scenarios. Furthermore, the inclusion of multiple hydrogen tanks allows the microgrid to both mitigate fluctuations in renewable power sources and effectively meet load demand. تقدم هذه الورقة استراتيجية تستند إلى التحكم الهرمي في الأفق المتداول، وتسمى أيضًا نموذج التحكم التنبؤي (MPC)، لإدارة نظام تخزين طاقة الهيدروجين (HESS) بكفاءة داخل شبكة مجهرية جزرية للرياح الشمسية. يستخدم المحلل الكهربائي الكهرباء المولدة من مصادر متجددة لإنتاج هيدروجين نظيف، والذي يتم إعادة كهربته بعد ذلك بواسطة خلية وقود حسب الحاجة لتلبية أحمال الشبكة الدقيقة. تكمن المساهمة الرئيسية في دمج خزانات تخزين الهيدروجين المتعددة في هيس، مما يميزها عن الأدبيات الموجودة، والتي تركز عادة على خزان واحد. يتيح دمج خزانات متعددة في HESS تخزين كميات كبيرة من الهيدروجين للاستخدام طويل الأجل، مما يسمح للشبكة الدقيقة بالعمل بشكل مستقل دون تفاعل مع شبكة المرافق. من أجل ضمان الأداء الأمثل، يعد اختيار الجهاز الأنسب للتشغيل في كل خطوة زمنية أمرًا بالغ الأهمية. تأخذ استراتيجية التحكم المقترحة في الاعتبار التكاليف الاقتصادية والتشغيلية، وجوانب التدهور، والقيود المادية لـ HESS، مع ضمان تتبع المتطلبات المرجعية في الوقت نفسه ومع إعطاء الأولوية القصوى لتهدئة الاختلافات في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة. تُظهر المحاكاة العددية وإعداد الشبكة الدقيقة على نطاق المختبر أن وحدة التحكم تدير HESS بفعالية وبالتالي تلبي القيود الاقتصادية وتحسن تكاليف الجهاز، حتى عند حدوث انحرافات بين السيناريوهات المتوقعة والسيناريوهات في الوقت الفعلي. علاوة على ذلك، فإن تضمين خزانات الهيدروجين المتعددة يسمح للشبكة الدقيقة بالتخفيف من التقلبات في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة وتلبية الطلب على الأحمال بشكل فعال.

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    Energy
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    Authors: Kannan Thirugnanam; Mohamed Shawky El Moursi; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; +1 Authors

    Grid interconnected multi-microgrids provides potential benefits to the consumers, where the microgrids (MGs) equipped with distributed generators (DGs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and diesel generators. However, intermittency of DGs, high cost of ESSs, and depleting fossil fuels are the major challenges for the economic operation of interconnected multi-microgrids. One potential way to address these challenges is to develop an energy management strategy (EMS) for the grid interconnected multi-microgrids. This paper proposes an EMS to reduce consumer energy consumption cost (ECC) using fuzzy-based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange algorithm with dynamic pricing. In this context, the MGs consumers load power demand (LPD) and DGs output behaviors are modeled using random vector functional link network approach to predict future time slot values. Then, a fuzzy-based P2P energy exchange algorithm is developed to enable the surplus energy transfer to grid and/or MGs with dynamic pricing. Furthermore, an ESS charging/discharging energy control and diesel generator turn on strategies are developed based on the MGs deficit power. Then, the MGs consumer LPD reduction strategy is implemented based on the consumer ECC margin and energy consumption index. Finally, an EMS is proposed that includes on demand-supply strategy and consumer energy consumption cost reduction strategy based on the future time slot values. The novelty of the proposed work lies within the energy management of grid interconnected multi-microgrids and the reduction of consumers ECC through surplus energy transfer to grid and/or MGs using fuzzy-based P2P energy exchange algorithm with dynamic pricing. Historical data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EMS for grid interconnected multi-microgrids.

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    IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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      IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Kannan Thirugnanam; Mohamed Shawky El Moursi; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; +1 Authors
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Areg Karapetyan; Majid Khonji; Chi-Kin Chau; Khaled Elbassioni; +1 Authors

    Demand response management has become one of the key enabling technologies for smart grids. Motivated by the increasing demand response incentives offered by service operators, more customers are subscribing to various demand response programs. However, with growing customer participation, the problem of determining the optimal loads to be curtailed in a microgrid during contingencies within a feasible time frame becomes computationally hard. This paper proposes an efficient approximation algorithm for event-based demand response management in microgrids. In event-based management, it is important to curtail loads as fast as possible to maintain the stability of a microgrid during the islanded mode in a scalable manner. A simple greedy approach is presented that can rapidly determine a close-to-optimal load curtailment scheme to maximize the aggregate customer utility in milliseconds for a large number of customers. This paper further derives a novel theoretical guarantee of the gap between the proposed efficient algorithm and the optimal solution (that may be computationally hard to obtain). The performance of algorithm is corroborated extensively by simulations with up to thousands of customers. For the sake of practicality, the proposed event-based demand response management algorithm is applied to a feeder from the Canadian benchmark distribution system. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach efficiently optimizes microgrid operation during islanded mode while maintaining appropriate voltage levels and network constrains. To appear in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2016
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Umesh B S; Vinod Khadkikar; Hatem H. Zeineldin; Shakti Singh; +2 Authors

    Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) energy sharing is emerging as an alternate solution to range anxiety and limited charging infrastructure challenges associated with electric vehicles (EVs). The existing off-board DC fast charging options for V2V ap- plication found in the literature are not effective due to the additional weight, size and cost of the external charger or interface. In this paper, a new V2V interface is proposed in which both EVs motor winding neutrals and negative rails of on-board drivetrains are directly connected to each other. This further helps in forming an integrated dual bidirectional DC-DC converter to control the direction of power flow. The proposed approach does not require reconfiguration of motor winding or mechanical clutch to arrest the motor from rotating and/or the reconfiguration of drivetrain inverter connections. The major hardware requirement for the proposed approach is, access to the already existing neutral connection of the EV motor phase windings. Furthermore, Finite Element Analysis is presented for 150 kW EV motor model and its performance validation with the high frequency DC current flowing in the motor windings during the V2V operation. A scaled lab prototype is developed to demonstrate the energy sharing between two Lithium-ion battery banks through proposed direct V2V power transfer concept.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tohid Soleymani Aghdam; Hossein Kazemi Karegar; Hatem H. Zeineldin;

    Coordination between protective device fault clearing times and distributed generation (DGs) stability is essential to avoid nuisance tripping of DG. In this paper, a multi-agent protection scheme based on a variable tripping time differential protection scheme (VTDPS) is proposed for micro-grid protection capable of operating in both grid-connected and islanded mode. Variable tripping time is used for coordination with laterals protective devices without the need for additional current measurement and data transmission. Each agent is composed of primary, backup, and bus protection layers, with their relevant VTDPS, that achieves main and backup protection for a microgrid. Moreover, the critical clearing time (CCT) curves of DGs and tripping time curve of VTDPS are analyzed in each feeder zone and a relevant formula is developed to check the CCT constraint for the proposed multi-agent VTDPS. The presented method is simulated on a modified CIGREE microgrid benchmark system with synchronous DGs. The obtained results prove the capability of the proposed protection scheme to prevent instability of DGs in both modes of operation.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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