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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shamima Shammi; Md Anwar Hossen; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Md Janibul Alam Soeb;

    Population growth is resulting in a daily increase in rice consumption demand. To grow paddy for this expanding population, quality seeds are necessary. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance and estimate the drying cost of the vertical vacuum dehumidifying dryer. The studied dryer consists of four main parts: drying chamber, heating and cooling chamber, compressor and blower. The paddy (BRRI dhan 80) sample sizes were 100, 125 and 150 kg as treatment per batch. In three treatments, the drying chamber temperature was varied from 21.1 to 57.0 °C. Paddy was dried from initial moisture content 21.8 to 10.6%, 21.1 to 12.0% and 20.7 to 11.9% in three treatments within the drying time of 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 h respectively. During the drying process, the relative humidity was differed from 60 to 35%. The rate of drying was found 2.08, 2.12 and 2.01 kghr−1 respectively for 100, 125 and 150 kg per batch. The capacities of the dryer were found 16.66, 19.23 and 21.43 kghr−1 for three treatments respectively. The drying efficiency was found 68.85% (for 100 kg batch), 69.85% (for 125 kg batch) and 66.20% (for 150 kg batch). The drying cost of paddy (Tk./kg) was found 0.71, 0.56 and 0.47 for three treatments respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Agricultu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Agricultu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii;

    We report a laboratory scale combined absorption and adsorption chemical process to remove contaminants from anaerobically produced biogas using cafeteria (food), vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure wastes. Iron oxide (Fe2O3), zero valent iron (Feo), and iron chloride (FeCl2) react with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to deposit colloidal sulfur. Silica gel, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and calcium oxide (CaO) reduce the water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is possible to upgrade methane (CH4) above 95% in biogas using chemical or physical absorption or adsorption process. The removal efficiency of CO2, H2S, and H2O depends on the mass of removing agent and system pH. The results showed that Ca(OH)2solutions are capable of reducing CO2below 6%. The H2S concentration was reduced to 89%, 90%, 86%, 85%, and 96% for treating with 10 g of FeCl2,Feo(with pH), Fe2O3,Feo, and activated carbon, respectively. The H2O concentration was reduced to 0.2%, 0.7%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.3% for treating raw biogas with 10 g of silica gel and Na2SO4for runs R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, respectively. Thus, given the successful contaminant elimination, the combined absorption and adsorption process is a feasible system for biogas purification.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    International Journal of Chemical Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Chemical Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Anamica Chowdhury Keya; MA Alim; Md. Anwar Hossen; +2 Authors

    Les insectes nuisibles sont un problème très courant dans les jardins de thé où ils causent une perte énorme chaque année. L'étude a été menée pour mesurer le potentiel d'un piège à lumière LED solaire en tant que technologie de lutte antiparasitaire respectueuse de l'environnement dans le jardin de thé du Bangladesh. Les résultats ont montré que le plus grand nombre d'insectes des ordres des coléoptères (3526) et des hémiptères (557) était capturé sous le piège à lumière LED solaire alors qu'il était le plus faible chez les hyménoptères (47) et les orthoptères (3). Les résultats de l'étude ont également indiqué que sur une moyenne de 9 jours, le nombre total d'insectes capturés était de 725, 244, 146, 112 et 85 à 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 et 22-11 heures, respectivement, alors qu'il était de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 et 3222 du 1er au 9e jour, respectivement. Par conséquent, le taux décroissant moyen avec le temps (horaire) a été calculé à 66,34, 40,16, 23,29 et 24,11 % par rapport à la 1ère heure (18h-19h). Le patron moyen de capture des insectes par rapport aux 1ers jours a été diminué ou vice-versa. De 18h00 à 11h00, l'intensité lumineuse initiale a été mesurée à 28 lux, ce qui a augmenté jusqu'à 245 lux à 20h00, puis a considérablement diminué. L'intensité lumineuse a une relation positive avec la capture des insectes. La plupart des insectes coléoptères et hémiptères ont été capturés sous faible intensité lumineuse en début de soirée (18h00). Par conséquent, l'étude a suggéré que le piège à lumière LED à base solaire pourrait avoir le potentiel de réduire un grand nombre de parasites du thé dans le jardin de thé. Las plagas de insectos son un problema muy común en el jardín de té, donde causan una gran pérdida cada año. El estudio se realizó para medir la potencialidad de una trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar como una tecnología de manejo de plagas ecológica en el jardín de té de Bangladesh. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor número de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera (3526) y Hemiptera (557) se capturaron bajo la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar, mientras que fue más bajo en Hymenoptera (47) y Orthoptera (3). Los resultados del estudio también indicaron que en un promedio de 9 días, el total de insectos capturados (número) fue de 725, 244, 146, 112 y 85 a las 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 y 10-11 pm, respectivamente, mientras que fue de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 y 3222 en los días 1 a 9, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la tasa media de disminución con el tiempo (por hora) se calculó en 66.34, 40.16, 23.29 y 24.11% en comparación con la 1ª hora (6-7 pm). El patrón medio capturado de los insectos en comparación con los primeros días disminuyó o viceversa. De 6:00 p. m. a 11:00 a. m., la intensidad de la luz inicial se midió a 28 lux, que se elevó hasta 245 lux a las 8:00 p. m., después de lo cual se redujo drásticamente. La intensidad de la luz tiene una relación positiva con la captura de insectos. La mayoría de los insectos coleópteros y hemípteros fueron capturados bajo baja intensidad de luz en la tarde (6.00 pm). Por lo tanto, el estudio sugirió que la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar podría tener el potencial de reducir una gran cantidad de plagas de té en el jardín de té. Insect pest is a very common problem in tea garden where they caused a huge loss in each year. The study was conducted to measure the potentiality of a solar based LED light trap as an eco-friendly pest management technology in the tea garden of Bangladesh. The results showed that the highest number of insects from Coleoptera (3526) and Hemiptera (557) orders were captured under the solar based LED light trap while it was lowest in Hymenoptera (47) and Orthoptera (3). The study results also indicated that in an average of 9 days, total captured insects (number) were 725, 244, 146, 112, and 85 at 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, and 10-11 pm, respectively while it was 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 and 3222 at 1st to 9th days, respectively. Hence, the average decreasing rate with time (hourly) was computed at 66.34, 40.16, 23.29, and 24.11% compared to the 1st hour (6-7 pm). The average captured pattern of the insects compared to the 1st days was decreased or vice-versa. From 6.00 pm to 11.00 am, the initial light intensity was measured at 28 lux which raised up to 245 lux at 8.00 pm after that it down drastically. Light intensity has a positive relation with insect capture. Most of the Coleopteran and Hemipteran insects were captured under low light intensity in the early evening (6.00 pm). Therefore, the study suggested that the solar based LED light trap might have the potential to reduce a great number of tea pests in the tea garden. الآفات الحشرية هي مشكلة شائعة جدا في حديقة الشاي حيث تسببت في خسارة كبيرة في كل عام. أُجريت الدراسة لقياس إمكانات مصيدة إضاءة LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية كتقنية صديقة للبيئة لإدارة الآفات في حديقة الشاي في بنغلاديش. وأظهرت النتائج أن أكبر عدد من الحشرات من غمديات الأجنحة (3526) ونصف الأجنحة (557) تم التقاطها تحت فخ ضوء LED الشمسي بينما كان أدنى مستوى في غشاء البكارة (47) و Orthoptera (3). كما أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه في متوسط 9 أيام، بلغ إجمالي الحشرات التي تم اصطيادها (العدد) 725 و 244 و 146 و 112 و 85 في 6-7 و 7-8 و 8-9 و 9-10 و 10-11 مساءً، على التوالي، بينما كان 656 و 1004 و 566 و 3970 و 602 و 489 و 680 و 620 و 3222 في الأيام من الأول إلى التاسع على التوالي. وبالتالي، تم حساب متوسط معدل التناقص مع الوقت (بالساعة) عند 66.34 و 40.16 و 23.29 و 24.11 ٪ مقارنة بالساعة الأولى (6-7 مساءً). انخفض متوسط النمط الذي تم التقاطه من الحشرات مقارنة بالأيام الأولى أو العكس. من الساعة 6:00 مساءً إلى الساعة 11:00 صباحًا، تم قياس شدة الضوء الأولية عند 28 لوكس والتي ارتفعت إلى 245 لوكس في الساعة 8:00 مساءً بعد ذلك انخفضت بشكل كبير. شدة الضوء لها علاقة إيجابية مع التقاط الحشرات. تم التقاط معظم حشرات غمدية الأجنحة ونصف الأجنحة تحت شدة الإضاءة المنخفضة في وقت مبكر من المساء (6.00 مساءً). لذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى أن مصيدة ضوء LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية قد يكون لها القدرة على تقليل عدد كبير من آفات الشاي في حديقة الشاي.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Smart Agricultural T...arrow_drop_down
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    Smart Agricultural Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Smart Agricultural Technology
    Article . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hx...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Smart Agricultural T...arrow_drop_down
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      Smart Agricultural Technology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Smart Agricultural Technology
      Article . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/hx...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii;

    Anaerobic co-digestion is considered to be an efficient way of disposing solid wastes which can not only reduce environmental burden, but also produce bioenergy. Co-digestion of solid wastes in the absence of bacteria inoculums with variable mixing ratios of three wastes has been experimentally tested for 35 days digestion time to determine the biogas potential. The temperature remained relatively constant at a mesophilic range of 29–36°C throughout the study. An average pH of 7.4 was recorded from all digesters. The average biogas yields obtained from the four digesters (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were 13.31, 15.67, 16.52 and 19.12 L/day, respectively. The cumulative result showed that from co-digestion of D4 43.67%, 22.02% and 15.71% more biogas was produced, respectively, than others. The maximum and average COD reduction was 57% and 31%, respectively, in co-digestion wastes. The biogas comprised average of 61% CH4, 33.5% CO2, 222 ppm H2S, and 4.7% H2O, respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Sustainable Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Sustainable Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tasnim, Anika; Al Mamun, Muhammad Rashed; Hossen, Md Anwar; Rahman, Md Towfiqur; +1 Authors

    Biogas is the best renewable energy as it can be produced from any biomass for example any plant or living organism. The purpose of this research was to produce biomethane from co-digestion of vegetable and fruit waste with rumen digesta through anaerobic digestion process. In this research, two trials of experiment were conducted. Each trial has three different sample with different mixing ratios. Raw materials used in the experiment was rumen digesta of goat and cow, potato, capsicum, cucumbers, onions, radish, cauliflower, carrot, leafy vegetables, apple, banana, and papaya. In each sample, 1200 gram of raw materials were used. Hydraulic retention time was 30 days. Data was collected by water displacement method. The experiment found that the gas production started from 2nd or 3rd days and stops in 28th or 29th day. Highest production of biogas was 35, 33, 30, 40, 50 and 35 mL/day on the 17th, 14th, 17th, 11th, 12th and 7th day at the mixing ratios of 1:1:2, 1:2:1, 1:1.5:1.5, 1:0.5:0.5, 1:2:2 and 1.5:1.5:1 (Rumen Digesta: Vegetable Waste: Fruit Waste) respectively. The study suggests making digester for the recycling of waste to produce biogas, a renewable and environment friendly energy.

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    European Journal of Energy Research
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    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Anika Tasnim; Shahidul Bashar; Md. Jasim Uddin;

    L'énergie consommée par le monde provient de combustibles fossiles qui ne sont pas renouvelables et polluent l'environnement. Par conséquent, les énergies renouvelables sont une solution possible pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles. Le recyclage de la digesta de rumen peut être considéré comme une source d'énergie renouvelable. La digestion anaérobie est l'un des meilleurs processus de gestion de la digestion du rumen qui conduira à la production de biogaz, à la réduction des émissions de GES et à la réduction de la pollution de l'environnement. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer le nombre d'abattoirs, la quantité d'animaux abattus, la disponibilité de digesta de rumen à Sylhet City Corporation et la génération de biogaz à partir de digesta de rumen. L'étude a été menée dans différents endroits de Sylhet City Corporation. L'expérience de génération de biogaz a été réalisée dans un digesteur de 3300 ml dans des conditions mésophiles. Le rapport de mélange du digesta animal et de l'eau était de 1:1. Le temps de rétention hydraulique de l'expérience était de 40 jours. Le biogaz produit a été mesuré par la méthode de déplacement de l'eau. Le résultat a montré que la co-digestion de la digestion du rumen du poulet, de la vache et de la chèvre augmentait la production de biogaz. La production maximale de biogaz à partir de la digestion du rumen du poulet, de la vache, de la chèvre et de la co-digestion de trois substrats était de 27,2, 3, 39, 7,5 ml/jour au 12e, 28e, 9e et 1er jour respectivement. La production moyenne de biogaz à partir de poulet, de vache, de chèvre et de co-digestion de digesta de rumen était de 9,865, 1,32, 6,89, 6,35 ml/jour respectivement. La production moyenne de méthane était respectivement de 58,69 %, 58,77 %, 57,39 % et 56,93 % dans le biogaz provenant de digesta de poulet, de vache, de chèvre et de rumen mélangé. L'étude suggère de fabriquer un digesteur dans chaque abattoir pour recycler le digesta de rumen et produire du biogaz qui peut récupérer la future crise énergétique et réduire la pollution environnementale. La energía que consume el mundo proviene de combustibles fósiles que no son renovables y contaminan el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, la energía renovable es una posible solución para reemplazar el combustible fósil. El reciclaje de la digesta del rumen puede considerarse una fuente de energía renovable. La digestión anaeróbica es uno de los mejores procesos para la gestión de la digesta ruminal que conducirá a la producción de biogás, la reducción de las emisiones de GEI y la reducción de la contaminación ambiental. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el número de mataderos, la cantidad de animales sacrificados, la disponibilidad de digesta ruminal en Sylhet City Corporation y la generación de biogás a partir de digesta ruminal. El estudio se realizó en diferentes ubicaciones de Sylhet City Corporation. El experimento para la generación de biogás se llevó a cabo en un digestor de 3300 ml en condiciones mesófilas. La proporción de mezcla de digesta animal y agua fue de 1:1. El tiempo de retención hidráulica del experimento fue de 40 días. El biogás producido se midió mediante el método de desplazamiento de agua. El resultado mostró que la codigestión de la digestión ruminal de pollo, vaca y cabra aumentó la producción de biogás. La generación máxima de biogás a partir de la digestión ruminal de pollo, vaca, cabra y la codigestión de tres sustratos fue de 27,2, 3, 39, 7,5 ml/día el día 12, 28, 9 y 1, respectivamente. La producción media de biogás de pollo, vaca, cabra y codigestión de la digesta ruminal fue de 9,865, 1,32, 6,89, 6,35 ml/día respectivamente. La producción media de metano fue del 58,69%, 58,77%, 57,39% y 56,93% en biogás de pollo, vaca, cabra y digestión mixta del rumen, respectivamente. El estudio sugiere hacer un digestor en cada matadero para reciclar la digestión del rumen y producir biogás que pueda recuperar la crisis energética futura y reducir la contaminación ambiental. Energy consumes by the world comes from fossil fuel which is non-renewable and pollute environment. Therefore, renewable energy is a possible solution for replacement of fossil fuel. Recycling rumen digesta can be considered as renewable energy source. Anaerobic digestion is one of the best processes for rumen digesta management which will lead to production of biogas, reduction in GHGs emissions and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to assess number of slaughterhouse, amount of slaughtered animal, availability of rumen digesta in Sylhet City Corporation and generation of biogas from rumen digesta. The study was conducted in different locations of Sylhet City Corporation The experiment for biogas generation was carried out in 3300 ml digester under mesophilic condition. The mixing ratio of animal digesta and water was 1:1. Hydraulic retention time of the experiment was 40 days. The produced biogas was measured by water displacement method. The result showed that co-digestion of rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat increased production of biogas. The maximum biogas generation from rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of three substrates were 27.2, 3, 39, 7.5 ml/day at the 12th, 28th, 9th, 1st day respectively. The average production of biogas from chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of rumen digesta were 9.865, 1.32, 6.89, 6.35 ml/day respectively. The average methane production was 58.69%, 58.77%, 57.39% and 56.93% in biogas from chicken, cow, goat and mixed rumen digesta respectively. The study suggests making digester in every slaughterhouse for recycling rumen digesta and produce biogas which can recover future energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. تأتي الطاقة التي يستهلكها العالم من الوقود الأحفوري وهو بيئة غير متجددة وملوثة. لذلك، فإن الطاقة المتجددة هي حل ممكن لاستبدال الوقود الأحفوري. يمكن اعتبار إعادة تدوير الكرش الهضمي مصدرًا للطاقة المتجددة. الهضم اللاهوائي هو واحد من أفضل العمليات لإدارة هضم الكرش مما سيؤدي إلى إنتاج الغاز الحيوي، والحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة والحد من التلوث البيئي. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم عدد المسلخ، وكمية الحيوانات المذبوحة، وتوافر الكرش المهضوم في شركة مدينة سيلهيت وتوليد الغاز الحيوي من الكرش المهضوم. تم إجراء الدراسة في مواقع مختلفة من شركة مدينة سيلهيت تم إجراء تجربة توليد الغاز الحيوي في هضم 3300 مل تحت ظروف ميسوفيليك. كانت نسبة خلط الهضم الحيواني والماء 1:1. كان وقت الاحتفاظ الهيدروليكي للتجربة 40 يومًا. تم قياس الغاز الحيوي المنتج بطريقة إزاحة الماء. وأظهرت النتيجة أن الهضم المشترك لهضم الكرش من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز زاد من إنتاج الغاز الحيوي. كان الحد الأقصى لتوليد الغاز الحيوي من كرش الدجاج والبقرة والماعز والهضم المشترك لثلاث ركائز 27.2 و 3 و 39 و 7.5 مل/يوم في اليوم الثاني عشر والثامن والعشرين والتاسع والأول على التوالي. بلغ متوسط إنتاج الغاز الحيوي من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز والهضم المشترك لهضم الكرش 9.865 و 1.32 و 6.89 و 6.35 مل/يوم على التوالي. بلغ متوسط إنتاج الميثان 58.69 ٪ و 58.77 ٪ و 57.39 ٪ و 56.93 ٪ في الغاز الحيوي من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز وهضم الكرش المختلط على التوالي. تقترح الدراسة صنع جهاز هضم في كل مسلخ لإعادة تدوير الكرش وإنتاج الغاز الحيوي الذي يمكن أن يستعيد أزمة الطاقة المستقبلية ويقلل من التلوث البيئي.

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    AIMS Energy
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    Authors: Md. Janibul Alam Soeb; Md. Shahid Iqbal; Md. Abu Naser Mojumder; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; +2 Authors

    The demand for electrical power is rapidly increasing due to the rise of industries in developing countries. Power generation stations are having troubles to strike a balance between demand and generation. In this situation, it is urged that appropriate remedial action be taken. Rising power demand can be met by designing an efficient electric power generation system which will also help lowering the generation cost. It is shown that while high rated electric power generators are connected in parallel the value of neutral current is rising and the cooling temperature is also increased. Here, the goal of this experimental work is to present a new model for designing an efficient power production system for average-load (ranging up to 8000 Amp, 440 V) industries to minimize the demand on centralized interconnected grid. A scheme is proposed with four generators (2500 kVA, 2000 kVA, 2000 kVA and 1250 KVA) in parallel and enough cooling arrangement is provided with minimal cost. The coolant temperature is maintained 61 °C to 61.5 °C and at that time diesel temperature is not more than 38.5 °C. The amount of neutral-current is also optimized (up to 8.5 Amp.) which was more than 12 Amp. At the morning and afternoon, the neutral current is almost constant, but it is bit fluctuating between 7.5 Amp to 8.2 Amp at mid-day. The final outcome shows, the suggested system is efficiently stable with the change of load and generates optimal electricity.

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    European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
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    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii; Mohammed M. Rahman; Mohammad Razaul Karim;

    It was possible to increase the biomethane content of raw biogas by removing CO2, H2S and water (H2O) by a physico-chemical method.

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Sustainable Energy & Fuels
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Royal Society of Chemistry Licence to Publish
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shuichi Torii; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun;

    Biogas, which generated from renewable sources can be used as a sustainable energy to achieve resourceful targets of biofuel for internal combustion engines. This process can be achieved in combined absorption and adsorption chemical way. This method can be employed by aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide, activated carbon, iron(II) chloride, silica gel and sodium sulfate respectively. The presence of CO2, H2S and H2O in the biogas has lowering the calorific value and detrimental corrosion effects on the metal components. Removal of these contaminants from the biogas can therefore significantly improve the gas quality. A comparison study was investigated using combined chemical methods of improving the calorific value of biogas. Experiment results revealed that the aqueous solution used effectively in reacting with CO2 in biogas (over 85-90% removal efficiency), creating CH4 enriched biogas. The removal efficiency was the highest in method 1, where efficiency results were 91.5%, 97.1% and 91.8%, for CO2, H2S, and H2O, respectively. The corresponding CH4 enrichment was 97.5%. These results indicate that the method 1 is more suitable compare to method 2. However, both methane enrichment processes might be useful for cleaning and upgrading methane quality in biogas.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Energyarrow_drop_down
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    AIMS Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    AIMS Energy
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    AIMS Energy
    Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Energyarrow_drop_down
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      AIMS Energy
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      AIMS Energy
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      Article . 2015
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9 Research products
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shamima Shammi; Md Anwar Hossen; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Md Janibul Alam Soeb;

    Population growth is resulting in a daily increase in rice consumption demand. To grow paddy for this expanding population, quality seeds are necessary. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance and estimate the drying cost of the vertical vacuum dehumidifying dryer. The studied dryer consists of four main parts: drying chamber, heating and cooling chamber, compressor and blower. The paddy (BRRI dhan 80) sample sizes were 100, 125 and 150 kg as treatment per batch. In three treatments, the drying chamber temperature was varied from 21.1 to 57.0 °C. Paddy was dried from initial moisture content 21.8 to 10.6%, 21.1 to 12.0% and 20.7 to 11.9% in three treatments within the drying time of 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 h respectively. During the drying process, the relative humidity was differed from 60 to 35%. The rate of drying was found 2.08, 2.12 and 2.01 kghr−1 respectively for 100, 125 and 150 kg per batch. The capacities of the dryer were found 16.66, 19.23 and 21.43 kghr−1 for three treatments respectively. The drying efficiency was found 68.85% (for 100 kg batch), 69.85% (for 125 kg batch) and 66.20% (for 150 kg batch). The drying cost of paddy (Tk./kg) was found 0.71, 0.56 and 0.47 for three treatments respectively.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Agricultu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Agricultu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii;

    We report a laboratory scale combined absorption and adsorption chemical process to remove contaminants from anaerobically produced biogas using cafeteria (food), vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure wastes. Iron oxide (Fe2O3), zero valent iron (Feo), and iron chloride (FeCl2) react with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to deposit colloidal sulfur. Silica gel, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and calcium oxide (CaO) reduce the water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). It is possible to upgrade methane (CH4) above 95% in biogas using chemical or physical absorption or adsorption process. The removal efficiency of CO2, H2S, and H2O depends on the mass of removing agent and system pH. The results showed that Ca(OH)2solutions are capable of reducing CO2below 6%. The H2S concentration was reduced to 89%, 90%, 86%, 85%, and 96% for treating with 10 g of FeCl2,Feo(with pH), Fe2O3,Feo, and activated carbon, respectively. The H2O concentration was reduced to 0.2%, 0.7%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.3% for treating raw biogas with 10 g of silica gel and Na2SO4for runs R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, respectively. Thus, given the successful contaminant elimination, the combined absorption and adsorption process is a feasible system for biogas purification.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Chemical Engineering
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Chemical Engineering
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Anamica Chowdhury Keya; MA Alim; Md. Anwar Hossen; +2 Authors

    Les insectes nuisibles sont un problème très courant dans les jardins de thé où ils causent une perte énorme chaque année. L'étude a été menée pour mesurer le potentiel d'un piège à lumière LED solaire en tant que technologie de lutte antiparasitaire respectueuse de l'environnement dans le jardin de thé du Bangladesh. Les résultats ont montré que le plus grand nombre d'insectes des ordres des coléoptères (3526) et des hémiptères (557) était capturé sous le piège à lumière LED solaire alors qu'il était le plus faible chez les hyménoptères (47) et les orthoptères (3). Les résultats de l'étude ont également indiqué que sur une moyenne de 9 jours, le nombre total d'insectes capturés était de 725, 244, 146, 112 et 85 à 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 et 22-11 heures, respectivement, alors qu'il était de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 et 3222 du 1er au 9e jour, respectivement. Par conséquent, le taux décroissant moyen avec le temps (horaire) a été calculé à 66,34, 40,16, 23,29 et 24,11 % par rapport à la 1ère heure (18h-19h). Le patron moyen de capture des insectes par rapport aux 1ers jours a été diminué ou vice-versa. De 18h00 à 11h00, l'intensité lumineuse initiale a été mesurée à 28 lux, ce qui a augmenté jusqu'à 245 lux à 20h00, puis a considérablement diminué. L'intensité lumineuse a une relation positive avec la capture des insectes. La plupart des insectes coléoptères et hémiptères ont été capturés sous faible intensité lumineuse en début de soirée (18h00). Par conséquent, l'étude a suggéré que le piège à lumière LED à base solaire pourrait avoir le potentiel de réduire un grand nombre de parasites du thé dans le jardin de thé. Las plagas de insectos son un problema muy común en el jardín de té, donde causan una gran pérdida cada año. El estudio se realizó para medir la potencialidad de una trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar como una tecnología de manejo de plagas ecológica en el jardín de té de Bangladesh. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor número de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera (3526) y Hemiptera (557) se capturaron bajo la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar, mientras que fue más bajo en Hymenoptera (47) y Orthoptera (3). Los resultados del estudio también indicaron que en un promedio de 9 días, el total de insectos capturados (número) fue de 725, 244, 146, 112 y 85 a las 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 y 10-11 pm, respectivamente, mientras que fue de 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 y 3222 en los días 1 a 9, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, la tasa media de disminución con el tiempo (por hora) se calculó en 66.34, 40.16, 23.29 y 24.11% en comparación con la 1ª hora (6-7 pm). El patrón medio capturado de los insectos en comparación con los primeros días disminuyó o viceversa. De 6:00 p. m. a 11:00 a. m., la intensidad de la luz inicial se midió a 28 lux, que se elevó hasta 245 lux a las 8:00 p. m., después de lo cual se redujo drásticamente. La intensidad de la luz tiene una relación positiva con la captura de insectos. La mayoría de los insectos coleópteros y hemípteros fueron capturados bajo baja intensidad de luz en la tarde (6.00 pm). Por lo tanto, el estudio sugirió que la trampa de luz LED basada en energía solar podría tener el potencial de reducir una gran cantidad de plagas de té en el jardín de té. Insect pest is a very common problem in tea garden where they caused a huge loss in each year. The study was conducted to measure the potentiality of a solar based LED light trap as an eco-friendly pest management technology in the tea garden of Bangladesh. The results showed that the highest number of insects from Coleoptera (3526) and Hemiptera (557) orders were captured under the solar based LED light trap while it was lowest in Hymenoptera (47) and Orthoptera (3). The study results also indicated that in an average of 9 days, total captured insects (number) were 725, 244, 146, 112, and 85 at 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, and 10-11 pm, respectively while it was 656, 1004, 566, 3970, 602, 489, 680, 620 and 3222 at 1st to 9th days, respectively. Hence, the average decreasing rate with time (hourly) was computed at 66.34, 40.16, 23.29, and 24.11% compared to the 1st hour (6-7 pm). The average captured pattern of the insects compared to the 1st days was decreased or vice-versa. From 6.00 pm to 11.00 am, the initial light intensity was measured at 28 lux which raised up to 245 lux at 8.00 pm after that it down drastically. Light intensity has a positive relation with insect capture. Most of the Coleopteran and Hemipteran insects were captured under low light intensity in the early evening (6.00 pm). Therefore, the study suggested that the solar based LED light trap might have the potential to reduce a great number of tea pests in the tea garden. الآفات الحشرية هي مشكلة شائعة جدا في حديقة الشاي حيث تسببت في خسارة كبيرة في كل عام. أُجريت الدراسة لقياس إمكانات مصيدة إضاءة LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية كتقنية صديقة للبيئة لإدارة الآفات في حديقة الشاي في بنغلاديش. وأظهرت النتائج أن أكبر عدد من الحشرات من غمديات الأجنحة (3526) ونصف الأجنحة (557) تم التقاطها تحت فخ ضوء LED الشمسي بينما كان أدنى مستوى في غشاء البكارة (47) و Orthoptera (3). كما أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه في متوسط 9 أيام، بلغ إجمالي الحشرات التي تم اصطيادها (العدد) 725 و 244 و 146 و 112 و 85 في 6-7 و 7-8 و 8-9 و 9-10 و 10-11 مساءً، على التوالي، بينما كان 656 و 1004 و 566 و 3970 و 602 و 489 و 680 و 620 و 3222 في الأيام من الأول إلى التاسع على التوالي. وبالتالي، تم حساب متوسط معدل التناقص مع الوقت (بالساعة) عند 66.34 و 40.16 و 23.29 و 24.11 ٪ مقارنة بالساعة الأولى (6-7 مساءً). انخفض متوسط النمط الذي تم التقاطه من الحشرات مقارنة بالأيام الأولى أو العكس. من الساعة 6:00 مساءً إلى الساعة 11:00 صباحًا، تم قياس شدة الضوء الأولية عند 28 لوكس والتي ارتفعت إلى 245 لوكس في الساعة 8:00 مساءً بعد ذلك انخفضت بشكل كبير. شدة الضوء لها علاقة إيجابية مع التقاط الحشرات. تم التقاط معظم حشرات غمدية الأجنحة ونصف الأجنحة تحت شدة الإضاءة المنخفضة في وقت مبكر من المساء (6.00 مساءً). لذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى أن مصيدة ضوء LED القائمة على الطاقة الشمسية قد يكون لها القدرة على تقليل عدد كبير من آفات الشاي في حديقة الشاي.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Smart Agricultural T...arrow_drop_down
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    Smart Agricultural Technology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Smart Agricultural Technology
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      Smart Agricultural Technology
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      Smart Agricultural Technology
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    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii;

    Anaerobic co-digestion is considered to be an efficient way of disposing solid wastes which can not only reduce environmental burden, but also produce bioenergy. Co-digestion of solid wastes in the absence of bacteria inoculums with variable mixing ratios of three wastes has been experimentally tested for 35 days digestion time to determine the biogas potential. The temperature remained relatively constant at a mesophilic range of 29–36°C throughout the study. An average pH of 7.4 was recorded from all digesters. The average biogas yields obtained from the four digesters (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were 13.31, 15.67, 16.52 and 19.12 L/day, respectively. The cumulative result showed that from co-digestion of D4 43.67%, 22.02% and 15.71% more biogas was produced, respectively, than others. The maximum and average COD reduction was 57% and 31%, respectively, in co-digestion wastes. The biogas comprised average of 61% CH4, 33.5% CO2, 222 ppm H2S, and 4.7% H2O, respectively.

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    International Journal of Sustainable Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Sustainable Energy
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    Authors: Tasnim, Anika; Al Mamun, Muhammad Rashed; Hossen, Md Anwar; Rahman, Md Towfiqur; +1 Authors

    Biogas is the best renewable energy as it can be produced from any biomass for example any plant or living organism. The purpose of this research was to produce biomethane from co-digestion of vegetable and fruit waste with rumen digesta through anaerobic digestion process. In this research, two trials of experiment were conducted. Each trial has three different sample with different mixing ratios. Raw materials used in the experiment was rumen digesta of goat and cow, potato, capsicum, cucumbers, onions, radish, cauliflower, carrot, leafy vegetables, apple, banana, and papaya. In each sample, 1200 gram of raw materials were used. Hydraulic retention time was 30 days. Data was collected by water displacement method. The experiment found that the gas production started from 2nd or 3rd days and stops in 28th or 29th day. Highest production of biogas was 35, 33, 30, 40, 50 and 35 mL/day on the 17th, 14th, 17th, 11th, 12th and 7th day at the mixing ratios of 1:1:2, 1:2:1, 1:1.5:1.5, 1:0.5:0.5, 1:2:2 and 1.5:1.5:1 (Rumen Digesta: Vegetable Waste: Fruit Waste) respectively. The study suggests making digester for the recycling of waste to produce biogas, a renewable and environment friendly energy.

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    European Journal of Energy Research
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      European Journal of Energy Research
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    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Anika Tasnim; Shahidul Bashar; Md. Jasim Uddin;

    L'énergie consommée par le monde provient de combustibles fossiles qui ne sont pas renouvelables et polluent l'environnement. Par conséquent, les énergies renouvelables sont une solution possible pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles. Le recyclage de la digesta de rumen peut être considéré comme une source d'énergie renouvelable. La digestion anaérobie est l'un des meilleurs processus de gestion de la digestion du rumen qui conduira à la production de biogaz, à la réduction des émissions de GES et à la réduction de la pollution de l'environnement. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer le nombre d'abattoirs, la quantité d'animaux abattus, la disponibilité de digesta de rumen à Sylhet City Corporation et la génération de biogaz à partir de digesta de rumen. L'étude a été menée dans différents endroits de Sylhet City Corporation. L'expérience de génération de biogaz a été réalisée dans un digesteur de 3300 ml dans des conditions mésophiles. Le rapport de mélange du digesta animal et de l'eau était de 1:1. Le temps de rétention hydraulique de l'expérience était de 40 jours. Le biogaz produit a été mesuré par la méthode de déplacement de l'eau. Le résultat a montré que la co-digestion de la digestion du rumen du poulet, de la vache et de la chèvre augmentait la production de biogaz. La production maximale de biogaz à partir de la digestion du rumen du poulet, de la vache, de la chèvre et de la co-digestion de trois substrats était de 27,2, 3, 39, 7,5 ml/jour au 12e, 28e, 9e et 1er jour respectivement. La production moyenne de biogaz à partir de poulet, de vache, de chèvre et de co-digestion de digesta de rumen était de 9,865, 1,32, 6,89, 6,35 ml/jour respectivement. La production moyenne de méthane était respectivement de 58,69 %, 58,77 %, 57,39 % et 56,93 % dans le biogaz provenant de digesta de poulet, de vache, de chèvre et de rumen mélangé. L'étude suggère de fabriquer un digesteur dans chaque abattoir pour recycler le digesta de rumen et produire du biogaz qui peut récupérer la future crise énergétique et réduire la pollution environnementale. La energía que consume el mundo proviene de combustibles fósiles que no son renovables y contaminan el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, la energía renovable es una posible solución para reemplazar el combustible fósil. El reciclaje de la digesta del rumen puede considerarse una fuente de energía renovable. La digestión anaeróbica es uno de los mejores procesos para la gestión de la digesta ruminal que conducirá a la producción de biogás, la reducción de las emisiones de GEI y la reducción de la contaminación ambiental. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el número de mataderos, la cantidad de animales sacrificados, la disponibilidad de digesta ruminal en Sylhet City Corporation y la generación de biogás a partir de digesta ruminal. El estudio se realizó en diferentes ubicaciones de Sylhet City Corporation. El experimento para la generación de biogás se llevó a cabo en un digestor de 3300 ml en condiciones mesófilas. La proporción de mezcla de digesta animal y agua fue de 1:1. El tiempo de retención hidráulica del experimento fue de 40 días. El biogás producido se midió mediante el método de desplazamiento de agua. El resultado mostró que la codigestión de la digestión ruminal de pollo, vaca y cabra aumentó la producción de biogás. La generación máxima de biogás a partir de la digestión ruminal de pollo, vaca, cabra y la codigestión de tres sustratos fue de 27,2, 3, 39, 7,5 ml/día el día 12, 28, 9 y 1, respectivamente. La producción media de biogás de pollo, vaca, cabra y codigestión de la digesta ruminal fue de 9,865, 1,32, 6,89, 6,35 ml/día respectivamente. La producción media de metano fue del 58,69%, 58,77%, 57,39% y 56,93% en biogás de pollo, vaca, cabra y digestión mixta del rumen, respectivamente. El estudio sugiere hacer un digestor en cada matadero para reciclar la digestión del rumen y producir biogás que pueda recuperar la crisis energética futura y reducir la contaminación ambiental. Energy consumes by the world comes from fossil fuel which is non-renewable and pollute environment. Therefore, renewable energy is a possible solution for replacement of fossil fuel. Recycling rumen digesta can be considered as renewable energy source. Anaerobic digestion is one of the best processes for rumen digesta management which will lead to production of biogas, reduction in GHGs emissions and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to assess number of slaughterhouse, amount of slaughtered animal, availability of rumen digesta in Sylhet City Corporation and generation of biogas from rumen digesta. The study was conducted in different locations of Sylhet City Corporation The experiment for biogas generation was carried out in 3300 ml digester under mesophilic condition. The mixing ratio of animal digesta and water was 1:1. Hydraulic retention time of the experiment was 40 days. The produced biogas was measured by water displacement method. The result showed that co-digestion of rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat increased production of biogas. The maximum biogas generation from rumen digesta of chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of three substrates were 27.2, 3, 39, 7.5 ml/day at the 12th, 28th, 9th, 1st day respectively. The average production of biogas from chicken, cow, goat and co-digestion of rumen digesta were 9.865, 1.32, 6.89, 6.35 ml/day respectively. The average methane production was 58.69%, 58.77%, 57.39% and 56.93% in biogas from chicken, cow, goat and mixed rumen digesta respectively. The study suggests making digester in every slaughterhouse for recycling rumen digesta and produce biogas which can recover future energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. تأتي الطاقة التي يستهلكها العالم من الوقود الأحفوري وهو بيئة غير متجددة وملوثة. لذلك، فإن الطاقة المتجددة هي حل ممكن لاستبدال الوقود الأحفوري. يمكن اعتبار إعادة تدوير الكرش الهضمي مصدرًا للطاقة المتجددة. الهضم اللاهوائي هو واحد من أفضل العمليات لإدارة هضم الكرش مما سيؤدي إلى إنتاج الغاز الحيوي، والحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة والحد من التلوث البيئي. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم عدد المسلخ، وكمية الحيوانات المذبوحة، وتوافر الكرش المهضوم في شركة مدينة سيلهيت وتوليد الغاز الحيوي من الكرش المهضوم. تم إجراء الدراسة في مواقع مختلفة من شركة مدينة سيلهيت تم إجراء تجربة توليد الغاز الحيوي في هضم 3300 مل تحت ظروف ميسوفيليك. كانت نسبة خلط الهضم الحيواني والماء 1:1. كان وقت الاحتفاظ الهيدروليكي للتجربة 40 يومًا. تم قياس الغاز الحيوي المنتج بطريقة إزاحة الماء. وأظهرت النتيجة أن الهضم المشترك لهضم الكرش من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز زاد من إنتاج الغاز الحيوي. كان الحد الأقصى لتوليد الغاز الحيوي من كرش الدجاج والبقرة والماعز والهضم المشترك لثلاث ركائز 27.2 و 3 و 39 و 7.5 مل/يوم في اليوم الثاني عشر والثامن والعشرين والتاسع والأول على التوالي. بلغ متوسط إنتاج الغاز الحيوي من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز والهضم المشترك لهضم الكرش 9.865 و 1.32 و 6.89 و 6.35 مل/يوم على التوالي. بلغ متوسط إنتاج الميثان 58.69 ٪ و 58.77 ٪ و 57.39 ٪ و 56.93 ٪ في الغاز الحيوي من الدجاج والبقرة والماعز وهضم الكرش المختلط على التوالي. تقترح الدراسة صنع جهاز هضم في كل مسلخ لإعادة تدوير الكرش وإنتاج الغاز الحيوي الذي يمكن أن يستعيد أزمة الطاقة المستقبلية ويقلل من التلوث البيئي.

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    Authors: Md. Janibul Alam Soeb; Md. Shahid Iqbal; Md. Abu Naser Mojumder; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; +2 Authors

    The demand for electrical power is rapidly increasing due to the rise of industries in developing countries. Power generation stations are having troubles to strike a balance between demand and generation. In this situation, it is urged that appropriate remedial action be taken. Rising power demand can be met by designing an efficient electric power generation system which will also help lowering the generation cost. It is shown that while high rated electric power generators are connected in parallel the value of neutral current is rising and the cooling temperature is also increased. Here, the goal of this experimental work is to present a new model for designing an efficient power production system for average-load (ranging up to 8000 Amp, 440 V) industries to minimize the demand on centralized interconnected grid. A scheme is proposed with four generators (2500 kVA, 2000 kVA, 2000 kVA and 1250 KVA) in parallel and enough cooling arrangement is provided with minimal cost. The coolant temperature is maintained 61 °C to 61.5 °C and at that time diesel temperature is not more than 38.5 °C. The amount of neutral-current is also optimized (up to 8.5 Amp.) which was more than 12 Amp. At the morning and afternoon, the neutral current is almost constant, but it is bit fluctuating between 7.5 Amp to 8.2 Amp at mid-day. The final outcome shows, the suggested system is efficiently stable with the change of load and generates optimal electricity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ European Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ European Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun; Shuichi Torii; Mohammed M. Rahman; Mohammad Razaul Karim;

    It was possible to increase the biomethane content of raw biogas by removing CO2, H2S and water (H2O) by a physico-chemical method.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Sustainable Energy &...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Sustainable Energy & Fuels
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Royal Society of Chemistry Licence to Publish
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Sustainable Energy &...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Sustainable Energy & Fuels
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shuichi Torii; Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun;

    Biogas, which generated from renewable sources can be used as a sustainable energy to achieve resourceful targets of biofuel for internal combustion engines. This process can be achieved in combined absorption and adsorption chemical way. This method can be employed by aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide, activated carbon, iron(II) chloride, silica gel and sodium sulfate respectively. The presence of CO2, H2S and H2O in the biogas has lowering the calorific value and detrimental corrosion effects on the metal components. Removal of these contaminants from the biogas can therefore significantly improve the gas quality. A comparison study was investigated using combined chemical methods of improving the calorific value of biogas. Experiment results revealed that the aqueous solution used effectively in reacting with CO2 in biogas (over 85-90% removal efficiency), creating CH4 enriched biogas. The removal efficiency was the highest in method 1, where efficiency results were 91.5%, 97.1% and 91.8%, for CO2, H2S, and H2O, respectively. The corresponding CH4 enrichment was 97.5%. These results indicate that the method 1 is more suitable compare to method 2. However, both methane enrichment processes might be useful for cleaning and upgrading methane quality in biogas.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Energyarrow_drop_down
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    AIMS Energy
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    AIMS Energy
    Article . 2015
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