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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2020Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Karadayi, Gülcan;ÖZET Günümüzde hızla gelişen kentler ve karmaşık yapılaşma sonucu fiziksel çevre olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. İmar planlarında önerilen yeni ulaşım ağları veya genişletilen yollar en çok tarihi çevreleri ve kent dokusunu değiştirmektedir. Mevcut binaların yıkılmasına, cephelerin tahrip olmasına ve yolun, mahallenin hatta kentin karakterinin değişmesine neden olmakta ve kent kimliğini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Dolayısıyla, kent kimliğini etkileyen imar planlarının önerdiği ulaşım ağlarının çevresel etkilerinin projeler uygulanmadan hatta onaylanmadan gözler önüne serilemesi gerekmektedir Bu amaçla, imar planlarını hazırlayanların mevcut kent dokusu üzerinde önerdikleri tüm değişimlerin ve özellikle ulaşım ağının görsel anlamda ve kimliğe ilişkin görsel etkilerini, kentin kullanıcılarına gerçeğe yakın üç-boyutlu vd. anlatım teknikleriyle aktarmaları, kentin kazanım ya da kayıplarını gözler önüne sermeleri gerekir. Bu çalışmada kent plancılarının imar planlarını hazırlarken hangi kriterleri gözönüne alması gerektiği, ne gibi bir yaklaşım izleyeceği, çevresel faktörlerin (tarihi çevre, kent dokusu vb.) tasarımı ne yönde etkileyeceği ve sonuçların neler olabileceği Trabzon Tanjant Yolu özelinde irdelenmiştir. Çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı, kent kimliği, ÇED, görsel etki değerlendirmesi ve Trabzon ile ilgili tüm bilgiler yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde Trabzon Tanjant Yolu üzerinde bulunan çalışma alanlarının seçimi, çalışmada kullanılan teknikler ve bunların uygulanmasına yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, Tanjant Yolu'nun kente yaptığı/yapacağı etkiler oluşturulan görsel analiz tablolarıyla ortaya konulmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde ise, koruma, uygulama, kimlik ve görsel etki değerlendirmesi açısından bu çalışma ile varılan sonuçlar ve çalışmanın devamı olabilecek öneriler sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarihi doku, kent dokusu, kent kimliği, planlama, görsel etki değerlendirmesi VI SUMMARY Continuity of Urban Identity and Visual Impact Assessment Fast graving urban environments, and improper urbanization are effecting the hictoric architectural environments. Proposed new streets (boulevards) in urban plans are effecting negatively the historic and urban environments: for instance, demolishing of existing important buildings and facades, causing the lose of the district and urban identity. Therefore, environmental impacts of urban plans must be put forward before application of urban plan (even before approval of the plan). For this purpose, the urban planners must inform public for the proposed plan by using the visual materials in order to put forward the gaings and loses of the city as whole. In this study, while planning, what kind of criterias, what kind of approaches and how environmental factors (historic anvironment, urban pattern) effect design, etc. should planners take into consideration while planning. Some districts near 'Tanjant Yol' (a large boulevard passing through the historic Trabzon city) are chosen for case study. This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter includes the purpose of the study, the contents, urban identity, environmental impact analysis, visual impact analysis and information about Trabzon. The second chapter includes the selection of the case district, research techniques for this study. In the third chapter, there is discussion of the gains the loses of the proposed Boulevard (Tanjant Yol); and results are presented by visual analysis tables. The fourth chapter gives the results of this study from preservation, practice, identity and visual impact analysis point of view; and some proposals are included for future researchers. Key Words: Histroric Architectural Pattern, Urban Pattern, Urban Planning, Visual Impact Analysis VII 152
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2021Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Elagöz, Ayşe;SUMMARY A NEW METHOD FOR THE ORIENTATION AND DESIGN OF A BUILDING OF MINIMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Substitution of passive solar systems for the `dirty` combustion of fossil fuels for energy use in buildings to keep the environment biologically clean, can make important contributions to the health, both of individuals and of the global ecosystem, as well as contributing to the energy economy. Local outdoor chemical pollution, with all the damage it causes, can also be reduced with energy-cone ious design. A new method for design and orientation of an energy conservative building is presented for the use of architectural, urban planning, and energy engineering purposes. The precedure of the thesis is explained in five chapters. The concept of the energy conservative building is given in passive systems' methodology in Chapter 1. Also in the same chapter, the climatological effects on the building envelope and a review of current calculation procedures and computer programs with solar heating and cooling system capabilities are included. Successful passive solar architecture integrates energy conservation with passive solar heating, natural cooling and day lighting. The result can be a comfortable and economic building that uses 50%-90% less operating energy than most contemporary buildings. A world wide interest in passive solar architecture has developed since last five years because it provides an alternative to the trend toward an overdependence on lighting, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment to maintain a livable and productive indoor environment in modern building. Building practitioners in many devoloping countries are interested in passive solar methods which may be integrated into the building design using familiar and readily available materials. Passive solar architecture has emphasized heating of residences in temperate climates; however, passive strategies have now spread to nearly all building types and most climates. The process is more complex for institutional and commercial buildings than for residential, but the same concepts always apply. viiiHour-by-hour simulation provides the backbone for design analysis. For smaller or simpler buildings simplified methods are usually based on monthly analysis. For larger or more complex buildings, the trend is to take full advantage of the inceased computing power of the current generation of powerful microcomputers in order to use simulation directly for design. Convenient design tools based on simulation are becoming available. The entire area of design tools appropriate to passive solar architecture needs much additional effort. Rasearch in the software design area, with powerful microcomputers, expert systems, and computer aided design techniques, promises to aid greatly in the spread of passive solar strategies. The second chapter is a review of the methods of estimation of hourly beam, diffuse and reflected solar radiation data for vertical and horizontal surfaces; whereas in this chapter Liu-Jordan's equations have a significant emphasis and are explained in full detail. There is evidence with the increasing emphasis on the use of solar energy in buildings, that much of the past solar radiation data will be rehabiliated and additional data will be collected in the future; however, it is unlikely that the hourly data to be taken will be extended to cover surfaces other than the horizontal for the majority of the stations. Liu and Jordan conducted extensive analyses during the early I960' s on the available solar radiation data and developed several emperical correlations that can be used to estimate the available solar radiation on `average` days for each month of the year and for a larger number of locations in the United States and Canada. Using the correlations, it is possible to take the monthly average daily total radiation on a horizontal surface, divide the daily total into direct and diffuse components, convert each component into hourly values, and then compute the hourly value of either component on a surface of any orientation desired. In the third chapter shadow analysis techniques for window and building energy studies are examined in detail. These techniques are examined under two parallel groups of classification. In the first group, roughly, the methods deal either with the building as a whole or only with the windows. In the second group, however, the methods are classified according to the first or second position of the observer. ixShading and solar influences on a building can be understood from two different observer positions. At the first position the observer stands at the ground or the building element and looks toward the Sun. The entire yearly movements of the Sun and relationship to the modifying intermediate conditions are seen at one time j thus, from the single station point, the observer has a yearly picture of solar movement. The disadavantage of this technique is that every position of the subject surface must be seperately analysed with a a new drawing and accompanying calculations. For a total analysis, a continious three-dimentional site volume must necessarily be broken into discrete representative points each of which is seperately analysed. Without intermediate obstructions any point on a site is equivalent in a solar analysis, since solar rays are parellel. However when the obstruction is large or close, its influence on different station points may be quite varied, such as on an urban. Since the proximity of the obstruction determines the the degree of variation in complex situations, differences may be considerable. Therefore, the movement or location of shadows is impossible to analyze, for only by accident can one determine whether the discrete object point is at a shadow edge. The crucial issue of total overshadowing effects and shadow patterns cannot be seen, nor can the entire building be examined at one time. In the second position, as used in the new method, the observer is located at a spot between the Sun and the building. By considering both the Sun and the entire building at once, all surfaces in any orientation can be observed under solar illumination. In this position, the relationship of of one portion of the site can be understood acting on another portion of the site. It is clearly seen from the examples that in the methods dealing only with the windows, the observer is, generally, in the first position, whereas in the methods which consider the building as a whole, the observer is in the latter position. The method is explained in details and step by step with a set of examples in Chapter 4. The method is an optimisation of the total percent of the sunlit area and the thermal effect due to the beam component of total solar energy on the vertical exterior surfaces of a building of minimal energy consumption, in Olgyay's bioclimatic chart which considers temperature, solar energy, wind, precipitation, relative humidity and vapor pressure. In other words, the method is a new and comprehensive interpretation of Olgyay's well known Overheated period charts. By replacing the secondposition of the observer in hourly simulation by the original gnomonic diagrams based on the first position of the observer, the metod gets closer to the aims of Olgyays' in the interpretation of architectural principles, site selection, sol-air orientation, solar control, environment and building forms, wind effects and air-flow patterns, and finally the thermal effects of materials. The method assumes that solar radiation does not penetrate the building; therefore it deals neither with the heat transfer problems nor the thermal storage capacity of the building, for the time being. The method does, however, generate relaible kernel data base for future research work on building heat transfer problems. The method is composed of two parts, the second being based on the first. The first part of the method deals with the changes in the sums of the total annual percents of sunlit areas (sunny portion of total exterior walls/total area of exterior walls) of a building at any location, relative to the changes in the orientation. In the second part, the thermal energy of the direct component is added to the variables mentioned above; e.i., location, geometrical design and orientation of the building. Thus, each wall is taken into consideration seperately, with the changes of intensity of solar energy and the percentages of sunlit area on it, due to the changes of the orientation of the building. The method is compiled in ten steps, of which the first five build the primary part, and the last five the secondary. The steps are as follows: 1. Olgyays' bioclimatic chart is adapted to the geographical place. The Overheated and the Underheated periods for selected hours of daytime are marked for selected days. For the selected hours of the selected days 2. percentages of sunlight on the walls of the building of a given orientation are computed, with any shading algorithm of parallel projection. 3. areas of sunlight (mE) on the walls of the building of a given orientation are computed, 4. total percentage of sunlight on the building is computed and grouped under two intensities, e.i. the Overheated and the Underheated. xi5. The annual sums of the total percentages of sunlight for the Overheated and Underheated periods are devided by the number of the Overheated and Underheated daytime hours respectively. 6. Solar thermal energy due to the beam component of hourly radiation is computed for each orientation (KJ/mz.h). 7. Solar thermal energy due to the beam component of hourly radiation is computed for each wall (KJ/h). 8. Total solar thermal energy gain of the building due to the beam component of hourly radiation is computed (KJ/h). 9. Hourly total solar thermal energy gains of the building are grouped under two intensities, the Overheated and the Underheated. 10. The annual sums of total solar thermal energy gains of the building for the Overheated and Underheated groups are devided by the number of Overheated and Underheated daytime hours respectively. application of the first part of the method is done by three blocks of passive apartment houses of the same area and hight, but of different design, for istanbul and Antalya, and for 1., 11., and 21. days of the months. For the second part, however, only the second block is examined for istanbul, and only for 21. days of the months. Hence comparisons of two sets of meteorological data and all the parameters mentioned above may be seen clearly from the graphics relative to the changes in eight orientations, e.i., North, North-East, East, South- East, South, South-West, West, and North-West. A minor modification was made in Olgyay's Overheated period charts in order to eliminate what was believed to be erroneous results by the use of Liu-Jordan equations near the sunrise and sunset hours for the application of the second part of the method. Although percentages of sunlight on the vertical exterior walls are computed with a shading technique based on Conlon's JPCSHAD parallel projection algorithm and the inclusion of the thermal effect mentioned above is done by Liu-Jordan's well known equations, the method is still applicable to other scientists' formulae and shadow analysis models as well. At the last chapter, the method is evaluated and further possible reseach work are pointed out. xiiThe method may be used to generate a wide variety of building blocks. The irradiance load on external surfaces of building blocks of any rectangular design may be evaluated for any orientation, time of day and for different localities. This evidently provides the designer with useful information, guide lines and design aids expanding his ability to manipulate the parameters of form for the control of solar environment and to develop practical indicators and building regulations for planning control. The method may furter be used in a generative process to define alternative proportion of block's sides, configuration of surroundings, street widths, physical characteristics of building surfaces for appropriate solar load criteria. Thus the method may be employed directly in conjunction with other performance criteria for a sythesis of an integrated architectural solution. xiii ÖZET Yapıların, enerji korunumu için yönlendirilmesi ve biçimlendirilmesinde, dış kabuk düşey yüzlerindeki doğrudan güneş ışınımına bağlı, güneşlenme yüzdeleri ve ısıl etkilerin Olgyay konfor bölgelerinde gözlemcinin 2. durumuna göre optimizasyonunun yapıldığı bu metod, iki kademeden meydana gelmektedir: Birinci kademede herhangi bir enlem, boylam ve biçimdeki yapının, düşey dış kabuk elemanları üzerindeki yıllık ortalama toplam güneşlenme yüzdeleri (güneşli alan/toplam alan), güneş ışınımı, bağıl nem, sıcaklık ve hava hareketlerine bağlı Olgyay konfor bölgelerindeki iki şiddet grubu, En Az Sıcak Dönem (EASD) ve En Sıcak Dönem (ESD) altında toplanmakta ve bu değerlerin yönlendirilişe göre değişimi incelenmektedir. Başka bir deyişle, yer, biçim ve yön değişkenlerinin birbirleri üzerindeki etkileri güneşlenme yüzdelerindeki farklılıklar ile belirlenmektedir. ikinci kademede yukarıdaki değişkenlere doğrudan güneş ışınımının düşey yüzeylerdeki ısıl etkileri de eklenmekte ve yapının bütünü ile ilgili, yer, biçim ve yön değişkenlerinin etkileşimine, beher duvarın konumuna ve üzerindeki saatlik güneşlenme yüzdelerine bağlı enerji kazançlarındaki farklılıkların ortalamaları da katılmaktadır. ikinci kademenin uygulamasında Liu- Jordan denklemleri, dünya sathında denenmiş ve kusurları ortaya çıkmış olduğu için, tercih edilmiş; ancak metod diğer araştırıcıların bağıntılarına da açık bırakılmıştır. Yeni metodun gelişimini hazırlayan konular başlıca üç bölüm içinde incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde enerji korunumlu yapının tanımı pasif sistem metodolojisi içinde verilmekte; aynı bölümde, yapının dış kabuğunu etkileyen iklim elemanları kısaca ve bilgisayarlı ısıl enerji analiz metodları tarihsel gelişim içinde, ikinci bölümde metodun 2. kademesi için önem taşıyan güneş enerjisi verilerinin elde ediliş yolları incelikleri ile açıklanmaktadır, üçüncü bölümde ise yapılarda uygulanan gölge analizi metodları gözlemcinin durumuna göre tanıtılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde metod ve inceliklerinin anlaşılabilmesi için bir dizi uygulama sunulmakta, ayrıca birinci kademenin uygulanmasında yararlanılan JPCSHAD gölge algoritması tanıtılmakta ; sonuç bölümünde ise metod değerlendirilmekte ve ileriye dönük araştırmalar için önerilerde bulunulmaktadır. vii 145
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2020Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Takgil, Fadime;SUMMARY Some parameters that affect the melting and the solidification time of phase change material (PCM) used to store low temperature energy has been observed experimentally. These parameters, are flow rate of water used as heat transfer fluid (m=2.51 kg/min, 3.75 kg/min, 4.95 kg/min), wing numbers inside the PCM (2 or 4) and swirling generators having different angles (0 = 0, 22.5°, 41°, 50°) placed in front of the storing unit. For this purpose PCM has been stored constantly between the coaxial pipes and water, adjusted to 45 °C for the melting process and to 5 °C for the solidification process, has been circulated by a pump through the inner pipe at the experiment setup. During the experiments, when the flow rate is increased to 49 % and 97 % with respect to the starting flow rate (m=2.51 kg/min), a rate of 5 % and 15 % decrease at the melting time is obtained respectively. When two or four wings are added to the system at a constant flow rate (m=3.75 kg/min), there have been a rate of 30 % and 32 % decrease at the melting time of PCM with respect to the wingless system, respectively. Among the systems with generators ( at a constant flow rate), maximum decrease at the melting time is obtained in the case of 0 = 50 and it has been 7 %. In addition, double and triple combinations of the mentioned parameters are experimented. Solidification process could be completed through out the experiments at a constant time (approximately 300 minute), and in the case of system having only two wings, four wings and both four wings and 0 = 50. As a result, it has been observed that the effect of the wings placed inside the PCM to the melting and solidification time, is much more than the effects obtained by the flow rate and the swirling generators. ÖZET Düşük sıcaklıktaki enerjinin faz değişim maddesi (PCM) kullanılarak depolanmasında erime ve katılaşma süresine etki eden bazı parametreler deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Bu parametreler ısı transfer akışkanı olan suyun debisi (m=2.51 kg/dak, 3.75 kg/dak, 4.95 kg/dak), PCM içerisindeki kanat sayısı (2 ve 4) ve farklı açılardaki (0 = 0°, 22.5°, 41°, 50°) depolama ünitesi girişine yerleştirilen dönme jeneratörleridir. Bu amaçla kurulan deney düzeneğinde eşmerkezli borular arasına PCM sabit bir şekilde depolanmış ve sıcaklığı erime işlemi için 45 °C'ye, katılaşma işlemi için 5 °C'ye ayarlanan su, içteki borudan pompa vasıtasıyla sirküle ettirilmiştir. Deneyler sırasında, akışkan debisi başlangıç debisine göre (2,5 1 kg/dak) % 49, % 97 oranında arttırılınca, erime zamanında buna göre sırasıyla % 5, %15 oranında azalma elde edilmiştir. Sabit bir debide (m=3.75 kg/dak) sisteme iki ve dört kanat takıldığı zaman PCM'nin erime zamanında boş sisteme göre sırasıyla %30 ve %32 azalma olmuştur. Jeneratörlü sistemler içerisinde(sabit bir debide), erime zamanındaki maximum azalma, 0 = 50° durumunda sağlanmıştır ve %7 olmuştur. Ayrıca, söz konusu parametrelerin ikili ve üçlü kombinasyonları denenmiştir. Deneyler boyunca katılaşma prosesi ise standart alınan sürede (yaklaşık 300 dakika), sadece iki,dört ve hem dört kanatlı hem 0 = 50° durumunda tamamlanabilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, PCM içerisine yerleştirilen kanatların erime ve katılaşma zamanına etkisinin, akışkan debisi ve dönme jeneratörünün oluşturduğu etkiden çok fazla olduğu görülmüştür. 99
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Altinay, Bülent;ABSTRACT RESEARCH ON DETERMINING GREENHOUSE HEAT BALANCE AND STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR THE CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF VAN PROVINCE ALTINAY, Bülent Msc, Farm Machinery Department Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Tamer UCAR February 2001, 38 pages Greenhouses provide controlled environment suitable for plants during their growing period. Additional heat sources are required during cold days and nights in order to keep the greenhouse air temperature ideal for plants. Climate data obtained from official weather stations indicate that Van province and its surroundings are among the places receiving the most concentrated and prolonged sunlight and solar radiation in Turkey. Therefore, it was estimated that greenhouse production could be accomplished economically in this region. In this study, heat requirements in greenhouses planned in Van were computed and greenhouse models suitable for this region were determined and suggested. For this purpose, different commonly used greenhouse cover materials were choosen and computations were done for two different internal air temperature of 15PC and 20°C. Computer codes for mathematical analysis of heat requirements were prepared using MATLAB software. Results of this research indicated that heat requirements of the greenhouses covered with double layer polyethylen (PE) sheets were the least among all materials considered. Climate and solar energy potential in this region were found to be suitable for greenhouse production. Coal and fuel-oil were determined to be economical for plant production in greenhouses when used in heating systems. Keywords: Greenhouses, controlled environment, plant production, heat and energy balance, solar power, climate control. in ÖZET VAN İLİ İKLİM KOŞULLARINA UYGUN SERA MODELLERİ VE ISI BİLANÇOSUNUN ÇIKARILMASI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA ALTINAY, Bülent Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarım Makinaiarı Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tamer UÇAR Şubat 2001, 38 sayfa Seralar bitkilerin yetişme periyodunda istedikleri şartları optimum düzeyde sağlayan kontrollü yetiştirme ortamlarıdır. Soğuk gün ve gecelerde bitkilerin istediği sıcaklık değerlerine ulaşılabilmesi için seraların mutlaka ısıtılması gerekmektedir. Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü'nden elde edilen verilere göre Van İli ve çevresi, güneş ışınımının yoğunluğu ve günlük ortalama güneşlenme süresi bakımından ülkemizde ilk sıraları alan yörelerimizdendir. Bu yüzden adı geçen yörede sera tarımının ekonomik olarak yapılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Van ilinde kurulabilecek seralarda ısı gereksinimleri hesaplanmış ve yöreye uygun sera modelleri hakkında önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu amaçla yaygın olarak kullanılan dört farklı sera örtü malzemesi seçilmiş ve sera içi sıcaklığı 15°C ve 20°C alınmıştır. Isı gereksinimi saptanması için gerekli matematiksel analizler MATLAB adlı yazılımda programlanarak çözülmüştür. Hesaplamalar sonucunda çift kat Polietilen (PE) plastik örtü malzemesi kullanılması halinde seralarda ısı ihtiyacı en az bulunmuştur. Ayrıca yörenin iklim şartlarının sera tarımına uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Seralarda ısıtma amacıyla ithal kömürün ve kalorifer yakıtının (fuel-oil) tercih edilmesi durumunda ekonomik olarak yetiştiriciliğin yapılabileceği ortaya konulmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Seralar, ısı ve enerji dengesi, kontrol sistemleri, iklim kontrolü, bitkisel üretim, güneş enerjisi. 37
YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH... arrow_drop_down YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceMaster thesis . 2021License: CC BYData sources: YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open Scienceadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2020Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Üçer, Ahmet;ABSTRACT We made gravity, Magnetic, geoelectric Sounding and Self Potentional measurements, to get find geotermal activity 2 at the studying area, that the nearly 100 km in studing area was tried to explain the structure of tectonic and the capa city of geo thermal energy. Self we made geoelectric Vertical soundings and po tentional measurements for more detail knowledge wich got from anomalie at the area wifch gravity and magnetic methods. We established ZY fault with gravity and geoelectric methods and Xy fault with gravity and magnetic methods. The geoelectric Vertical soundings were'nt made near the 7y fault `because of the rou^esR. These methods show that the basement deep become thick from South-East to North-West through the area. At the area, the drilling was suggested where impor tant area of geothei-mal energy with gravity, magnetic ani geothermal methods. ÖZET Çalışma sahasında jeotermal amaçlı olarak yaklaşık p 100 km lik alanda Gravite, Manyetik, Jeoelektrik sondaj ve Doğal potansiyel alan ölçümleri yapılarak Çalışma alanı- - nm tektonik yapısı ve jeotermal enerji kapasitesi tespit edilmeye çalışıldı. Grayite ve manyetik metotlarda anomali yakaladığımız yerlerde daha detaylı bilgi edinmek amacıyla jeoelektrik düşey sondaj ve potansiyel alan ölçümleri yapıldı. Gravite ve jeoelektrik yöntemle ZY fayı, gravite ve manyetik metodla Xy fayı tespit edildi. XJJ Fayın geçtiği yerlerde arazının çok engebeli olmasın dan ötürü jeoelektrik düşey sondaj çalışması yapılmadı. Bu yöntemlerde görüldüğü gibi temel derinliği çalış ma sahasının güneydoğusundan kuze3/batıs.ma dopru derinleş mektedir. Bu sahada gravite, manyetik ve jeoelektrik metodla jeotermal yönünden önemli görülen j^erlere sondaj önerilmiştir, 46
YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH... arrow_drop_down YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceMaster thesis . 2020License: CC BYData sources: YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open Scienceadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Tiris, Ahmet Kemal;ÖZET Günümüzde, linyit kömürlerinde, özellikle üretim ve depolama aşamasında rastlanan kayıpları oldukça yüksek rakamlara çıkaran en önemli problemlerden biri de şüphesiz linyit kömürlerinin kendiliğinden yanması veya diğer tabiri ile oksitlenmesidir. Bu çalışma, düşük sıcaklıkta, linyitlerde oksitlenmenin nedenlerini araştırarak gerekli tedbirleri almak yanma olayını önceden engelleyecek sağlıklı çözümler üretmek üzerinedir. Bu çalışmada, Soma havzasından 3 çeşit linyit numunesi (Eynez, Deniş- yıkanmış, Deniş-tuvenan) kullanılmıştır. Numuneler çeşitli numune azaltma yöntemleri ile 1 kg' a indirilmiş, sonra da taboratuvar çaplı kinci ve değirmenler yardımı ile tane iriliği -60 mikrona getirilerek deneye hazırlanmıştır. Bu numuneler, TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analysis) cihazında 400 °C'ye kadar dakikada 2, 3 ve 5 °C 'lik sıcaklık artışlarında, oksijen konsantrasyonu düşük ve yüksek olarak ayarlanmış ortamlarda işleme tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen değerler, grafik olarak bilgisayardan alınmış ve numunelerin kütle değişimleri, grafikler yardımı ile analiz edilmiştir. ABSTRACT In these days, one of the most important problems that raise the losses in lignite coal during production and storage to high levels, is that it self-burns or in other words gets oxidized. This study is concerned with researching the causes of oxidization at low temperatures, take the necessary measure and produce healty solutions in order to prevent burning in advance. In this study, three kinds of lignite samples from Soma (Eynez, Denis-washed P$MDeniş-run ofrnine) have been used. Samples have been reduced down to 1 kg. by means of vjripus sample reduction methods and later prepared for experiments having crushed ajid ground to a particle size of -60 micron with the help of crushers and mills at laboratory scale. These samples have been treated in either low 02 concentration or high concentration medium with temperature rises of 2,3 and 5 oC /min. up to 400 oC in TGA. The values have been derived from the computer in the form of graphs and the moss changes of the samples have been analysed graphically. 71
YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH... arrow_drop_down YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceMaster thesis . 2021License: CC BYData sources: YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open Scienceadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2020 TurkeyPublisher:Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Authors: Tüzel, Yüksel;handle: 11454/87324
ABSTRAKT Bu çalışma, sera domates yetiştiriciliğinde, güneş enerjisinden maksimum düzeyde yararlanabilmek, seralardan geceleri meydana gelen ısı kayıplarını azaltmak, bitki çevresindeki ve kök bölgesindeki sıcaklığı arttırmak amacıyla 1987-1989 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Cam ve camjel ile kontrol edilen (gündüz açılıp gece kapanan)PE ısı perdesi tek ürün yetiştiriciliğinde denenmiş ve her ikisinde de (a) kontrol, (b) siyah PE malç,(c) şeffaf PE malç,(d). siyah PE malç -J- alçak plastik tünel, (e) şeffaf PE malç 4 alçak plastik tünel ve (f) alçak plastik tünel olmak üzere B uygulama yer almıştır. Farklı plastik malç ve malç 4 alçak plastik tünel uygulamaları ilkbahar ve sonbahar yetiştirme dönemlerinde de 2 ayrı deneme halinde yürütülmüştür. Sera içi ve tünel altı sıcaklık ve nem değerleri, 10 cm. derinlikteki toprak sıcaklıkları her yetiştirme döneminde ve herbir uygulama için saptanmış ve bunların vegetatif ve generatif gelişme, verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. ABSTRACT Thia study aiming ta get the maximum benefit from solar energy, to decrease the heat loss within the glasshouse at night and to increase the temperatures of both the root region and the surrounding of the plant in glasshouse tomato production was carried out between 1987 and 1589. In long season crop production, glass and glass polyethylene (PE) thermal screen that could be controlled manually and could be opened during the day and closed at night were compared. In both cases 6 different applications were tested (a) control, (b)tolack PE mulch, (c) transparent PE mulch, (d) black PE mulch 4 low plastik tunnel, (e) transparent PE mulch 4 1°^ plastic tunnel and (f) low plastic tunnel. These mentioned ; plastic mulches and mulch 4 lQw plastic tunnel combinations were compared in two separate trials as spring and autumn crop production. The temperatures and relative humidities within the glasshouse and tunnels and the soil temperatures at a depth of 10 cm. were recor ded for every growing period and for every variant. Their effects on vegetative and generative growth, yield and fruit quality were also determined. 117
YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH... arrow_drop_down YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceDoctoral thesis . 2020License: CC BYData sources: YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceEge University Institutional RepositoryDoctoral thesis . 2023Data sources: Ege University Institutional Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH... arrow_drop_down YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceDoctoral thesis . 2020License: CC BYData sources: YÖK Açık Bilim - CoHE Open ScienceEge University Institutional RepositoryDoctoral thesis . 2023Data sources: Ege University Institutional Repositoryadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2021Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Akselli, Başak;THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE FUSION TEMPERATURES OF COALS SUMMARY In coal processing, coal ash may cause serious problems such as clinker trouble in fluidized bed gasifiers, sintering in stoker combustors, agglomeration in fluidized bed combustors, fouling of heating surface in combustors, vaporization of harmful elements from the ash. Therefore, prediction of ash behavior is of vital importance, particularly for combustion systems In fluidized bed combustion systems, agglomeration (sintering) of ash (coal) and bed material particles can cause severe problems. As a result of agglomeration, deposition can form on heat transfer surfaces and bed walls. Accumulation of sticky ashes on surfaces can cause substantial decrease in heat transfer coefficient, disturb air distribution and consequently fluidization in the bed. In the most serious cases, sintering of particles can lead to heavy agglomerate mass which finally disturb fluidization and combustion completely. In these cases the system has to be dismantled in order to remove agglomerates and restore the normal operation. The measurement of so called characteristic ash temperatures, namely initial deformation temperature (IT), softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT) and fusion temperature (FT) is considered to be one of the best methods to estimate the behavior of coal ash in coal combustors in practice. The agglomeration is a process which describes formation of agglomerates from particles under heating. The earlier works suggest that, in fluidized bed combustors, agglomeration can occur as a result of partial melting and stickiness of bed particles due to the operating of fluidized bed at temperatures higher than the melting point of coal. But later research indicate that agglomeration can occur at temperatures much lower than the ash fusion temperature. The temperature at which agglomeration starts is called first sintering temperature. The properties and behavior of ashes are remarkably different among coals and since coal ash is extremely complex mixture of minerals it is not possible to predict the fusion behavior of such mixture from its chemical composition with a reasonable accuracy. Many correlations have been developed to estimate the softening and fusion behavior of ashes from their chemical composition, in general, all of them suggest that the softening and fusion temperatutes increase as the amounts of asidic oxides (SİO2, AI2O3) in the ash increase. Therefore, it is essential to study the individual coal deposit in order to see how they exactly behave in practical combustion. The objectives of this work is to determine the characteristic ash temperatures of some major Turkish lignites, to investigate the relationship between their temperatures and inorganic compositions and relationship between ash fusiontemperatures and inorganic compositions and relationship between ash fusion temperature and agglomeration temperature of some selected coals. The effect of addition of some metal oxides which are the major component of ashes of coals on the characteristic temperatures is also investigated. Ten coal samples studied were taken from the major lignite deposits in various districts of Turkey. One sample out of ten is oil shale. The samples are ; 1 ) Beypazarı - Ankara 2 ) Çan - Çanakkale 3 ) Elmalı ( Soma ) - Manisa 4 ) Eynez - Manisa 5 ) Deniş ( Soma ) - Manisa 6 ) Göynük - Bolu 7 ) Göynük Oil shale - Bolu 8 ) Kısrakdere - Manisa 9 ) Tunçbilek - Kütahya 10) Yatağan - Muğla The following analyses were carried out in order to characterize coal samples and ashes : Proximate analysis, elemental analysis, measurement of characteristic temperatures and chemical analysis of ashes. Coal samples were crushed and sieved to - 200 mesh and ashes were prepared using the TS 330 procedures. Ash compositions were determined according to ASTM procedure D 2795 - 86. Ash fusion measurements were made by using a LECO AF - 500 type ash fusion furnace with digital read - out, sensivity of 5K and a maximum temperature of 1844 K according to the ASTM procedure D 1857 - 68. Ash cones were prepared and put into the furnace and were heated to the fusion temperature with a heating rate of 8 K/ min. under oxidizing gas atmosphere. The results are presented as the an average values of repeated measurements. The results of chemical analysis of ashes and ash fusion measurements are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. As seen from Table 2, initial deformation temperatures and fusion temperatures of lignites change between 1377 - 1573 K and 1482 - 1844 K, respectively. The fusion temperature of Eynez lignite was out of the temperature range of ash fusion furnace and it could not be measured exactly. Comparison of Table 1 and Table 2 indicated that, in general, coals with higher Si02 and lower Fe203 contents such as Eynez, Elmalı, Kısrakdere, Tunçbilek and Yatağan lignites have higher initial deformation and fusion temperatures while coals with higher Na20 percentages have lower fusion temperatures. However, no regular relationship is seen between chemical composition and critical temperatures of ashes. For example, in spite of their high Na20 percentages, Eynez, Kısrakdere and Tunçbilek lignites have fusion temperatures higher than that those with lower Na20 percentages. In Figure 1, the initial deformation temperatures are given as a function of total percentage of (Na20 + K20 + CaO + MgO). These oxides are called basic oxides which are considered, chemically, to be the most active components and have the leading role in agglomeration (sintering) behavior of ash. It is clear from figure that no regular relationship between composition and deformation temperature can bedescibed for original coal ashes. The initial deformation temperature differs widely even for ashes having nearly the same total basic oxide percentage. A set of experiments was carried out by using of Na2C03, K2CO3, CaO and MgO as additives to ashes in order to investigate the relationship between the X U.m&<*J..lIX-/.CA,I1^-TVJX^VS^IT : Initial deformation temperature, ST : Softening temperature, HT temperature, FT :Fusion temperature. Hemispherical composition and fusion charteristics for the individual ashes. In these experiments, CaO and Na20 contents of all ashes were increased by adding of CaO and Na2C03. K2C03 and MgO were added only to Beypazarı lignite ash. The characteristic temperatures of Beypazarı Elmah, Eynez, Tunçbilek and Yatağan lignites and Göynük oil shale decreased regularly with increasing CaO content while no considerable changes was observed for other lignites. A maximum decrease of 130 K was determined in fusion temperature with an increase of 9% in CaO for Eynez and Yatağan lignites. The Na20 content of ashes was increasd by using Na2CÛ3. Increasing of the amount of Na20 lowered the characteristic temperatures of Beypazarı, Çan, Eynez, Kısrakdere, Tunçbilek and Yatağan lignite ashes. Temperature profiles of Elmah XIlignite ash had a minimun around 8% Na20 below which temperatures decreased while above which increased slightly with increase in Na20 contest. Increasing of Na20 content by 10%, caused a 120 K and 180 K reduction in fusion temperatures of Beypazarı and Eynez lignite, respectively, which were the highest reductions determined. Other ashes were not affected significantly by the Na20. 10 15 20 25 30 %{CaO+ MgO+ Na20+ K20} 35 40 Figure 1. Change of fusion temperature of oginal coal ashes with (Na20 + K20 + CaO + MgO) % Another topic studied in this work is the relationship between the agglomeration and characteristic temperatures of lignites. For this purpose, a set of experiments was performed in which the agglomeration temperatures (Tag) of Beypazarı, Çan, Eynez, Kisrakdere, Göynük and Yatağan lignites were determined in a 10 cm id fluidized bed combustor. Results of agglomeration measurements are compiled in Table 3. The difference between agglomeration temperature and characteristic temperatures are also included in the Table. The differences described as AT, = IT - Tag, AT2 = ST - TAG, AT3= HT - TAG, AT4 = FT - TAG Agglomeration tempertures listed in Table 3 are lowest temperatures where first agglomerates formed. Data in the table indicate that agglomeration of lignite can occur at temperatures several hundred degrees below fusion temperature for a lignite in a fluidized bed coal combustor. Values of ATi, AT2, AT3 > AT4 show that the agglomeration behavior of lignites with different ash compositions vary widely and can not be explained on the basis of ash fusion temperature. XIITable 3. Agglomeration Temperature of Some Lignites. X1U ÖZET Kömür yakma sistemlerinde karşılaşılan sinterlesme ve aglomerasyon olayları, yanmanın sürekliliği açısından problem yaratmakta ve sistemin verimim olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Aglomerasyon, kül taneciklerinin birbirine yapışıp, katı bir kütle haline gelmesi olayıdır ve özellikle akışkan yataklı yakma sistemlerinde karşılaşılan önemli bir. problemdir. Temel olarak kömürün anorganik yapı özelliklerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu nedenle JmL ergime sıcakhldarı ve aglomerasyon özellikleri arasında bir etkileşim olduğu sarınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 9 linyit ile bir bitümlü şistin küllerinin anorganik yapılan ile özgül sıcaklıkları olarak bilinen, başlangıç deformasyon (İT), yumuşama (ST), yan küreselleşme (HT) ve akma {FT) sıcaklıkları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, hem orjinal, hem de belirli oranlarda, Na2C03, K2C03, CaO ve MgO katılarak bileşimleri değiştirilmiş olan `katkılı küller` göz önüne alınmıştır. Küllerin anorganik yapılan, standart yöntemler kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Özgül sıcaklıkları LECO AF 500 model bir cihaz kullanılarak, ASTM D 1857 ' ye göre oksitleyici atmosferde ölçülmüştür. Aglomerasyon sıcaklıkları ise 10 cm çapında bir akışkan yatakta ölçülmüştür. Orjinal küllerin İT değerleri 1377-1576 K, ST değerleri 1414-1801 K, HT değerleri 1460-1814 K, FT değerleri 1482- 1844 K arasında değişmektedir. Özgül sıcaklıkları en yüksek olan kömü Eynez linyiti, en düşük olan ise Göynük bitümlü şisti olmuştur. Orjinal küllerin anorganik yapılan ile özgül sıcaklıklan arasında sistematik herhangibir ilişki görülmemiştir. Genel olarak, Na20 içerikleri yüksek olan kömürlerin çoğunlukla daha düşük sıcaklıklarda, buna karşın SİO2 oranlan yüksek ve Fe203 oranlan düşük kömürler ise daha yüksek sıcaklıklarda ergimiştir. Ancak bu durum incelene bütün kömürler için, geçerli değildir. Aynı tür küllerin yapısal değişimlerini özgül sıcaklıklara etkisini görmek amacıyla, bazı küllere değişik oranlarda Na2C03, K2CO3, CaO ve MgO katılarak hazırlanan katkılı küllerle yapılan ölçümlerin sonuçlan, sıcaklıklan en fazla etkileyen katkının Na2C030İduğunu göstermiştir. Toplam Na20 içeriğine bağlı olarak, özgül sıcaklıklarda genelde bir düşme eğilimi gözlenmiştir. Na20 katkısı bazı kömürlerin ergime sıcaklıklarını 120 K kada^düşürmüştür. Kömürlerin aglomerasyon sıcaklıkları, deformasyon sıcaklıklarına (IT) allında kalmaktadır. Aglomerasyon sıcaklıkları İT değerlerinden 175-346 K, ergime sıcaklıklarından ise, yaklaşık olarak 346-551 K daha düşük olmuştur. Akışkan yataklarda yanan kömür taneciklerinin sıcaklığının ölçülen ortalama yatak sıcaklığından yaklaşık olarak, 100-150 K daha yüksek olduğu göz önüne alındığında, aglomerasyonun deformasyon sıcaklığında veya ona çok yalan sıcaklık seviyelerinde başladığı anlaşılmaktadır. 79
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2020 TurkeyPublisher:Güneş Enerjisi Enstitüsü Authors: Eren, Çiğdem;handle: 11454/86606
ÖZET Bu çalışmada yeni bir güneşli hava ısıtıcısı geliştirilmiş ve verim deneyleri ile performansı incelenmiştir. Tarımsal ürünlerin hijyenik bir ortamda, güneş enerjisinden etkin bir şekilde yararlanarak kurutulması amacıyla geliştirilen model bir kurutucuda çeşitli sebze ve meyveler kurutulmuştur. Çeşitli hava debilerinde gerçekleştirilen deneylerden elde edilen sonuçlar, aynı ürünlerin açık havada da kurutulması ile elde edilen sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. ABSTRACT In this study, a new solar air heater is developed and bjft using the efficiency measurement and calculation results its performance is analyzed. In order to make the agricultural products dry in the hygenic conditions, and also to use the solar radiation effectively, a model drying bin is. constructed and applied to the solar air heater and to check the realisation the aim, some of vegetables and fruits are dried. The experimental results are compared with the simulta neous drying processes in the atmospheric conditions of the same kind of agricultural products. ÖZET Bu çalışmada yeni bir güneşli hava ısıtıcısı geliştirilmiş ve verim deneyleri ile performansı incelenmiştir. Tarımsal ürünlerin hijyenik bir ortamda, güneş enerjisinden etkin bir şekilde yararlanarak kurutulması amacıyla geliştirilen model bir kurutucuda çeşitli sebze ve meyveler kurutulmuştur. Çeşitli hava debilerinde gerçekleştirilen deneylerden elde edilen sonuçlar, aynı ürünlerin açık havada da kurutulması ile elde edilen sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. ABSTRACT In this study, a new solar air heater is developed and bjft using the efficiency measurement and calculation results its performance is analyzed. In order to make the agricultural products dry in the hygenic conditions, and also to use the solar radiation effectively, a model drying bin is. constructed and applied to the solar air heater and to check the realisation the aim, some of vegetables and fruits are dried. The experimental results are compared with the simulta neous drying processes in the atmospheric conditions of the same kind of agricultural products Bu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Master thesis 2020Publisher:Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Authors: Subaşi, Şöhret;ÖZET Bu çalışmada, genel olarak ekserji konusuna yönelik temel ve genel bilgiler yanında enerji ve ekserji verim analiziyle ilgili birtakım örnekler üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ekserji kavramı çeşitli yönleriyle açıklanmıştır. Bu bölümde enerji ve ekserji mukayesesine ve örneklere de yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, çeşitli ülkelerdeki endüstriyel alanda gerçekleştirilmiş olan enerji ve ekserji verim değerlendirmeleri anlatılmıştır. Son olarak dördüncü bölümde de, gemi endüstrisine yönelik bir kuruluş olan Pendik Tersanesinde yapılan uygulamaya yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Pendik Tersanesinin 1991 yılındaki enerji kullanım değerlerine göre enerji ve ekserji verim analizi yapılmıştır. Temel alınan amaç ise; ekserji konulu çalışmaların gemi endüstrisinde gelişip yaygınlaşmasına katkıda bulunmaktır. SUMMARY THE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY AND EXERGY EFFICIENCY IN SHIP INDUSTRY In this work, besides the basic and fundamental information about exergy, some examples about energy and exergy efficiency analysis are emphasised. In second chapter, exergy concept is explained in everywiev. In this chapter, energy and exergy evaluation and also some example have taken apart. In third chapter, in several countries, energy and exergy efficiency comparisons are introduced in the means of industry. Finally in fourth chapter, a study on ship industry participated in Pendik shipyard. In this study according to the 1991 Pendik shipyard used energy values, the energy and exergy analysis is done. The basic purpose of these studies is to help the developing and spreading of exergy research in ship industry. 84
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