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Nowadays energy transition is a recurring topic, which describes the process of an energy system moving from fossil-based sources towards renewables. The transition can unfold at different levels, from the single initiative of a local com-munity to a complex cross-border agreement. The latter type is well represented by EUSALP, the European macro-regional strategy for the Alpine region. One of its aims is to transform its territory into a model region for energy efficiency and renewable energy. To support a well-informed decision making process, this study provides the first insight about the status quo of energy balances in EUSALP, at local as well as aggregated level. Moreover, it offers an overview on the various energy targets defined by the territorial units that constitute the EUSALP region. Data has been retrieved via a bottom-up quality-oriented process consisting of (i) a survey targeted at responsible person in local energy departments; and (ii) data control and harmonization. We found that the EUSALP region is actually a model region only in clean power production, whereas starting point as well as energy targets of territories are highly heterogeneous. We al-so identified the need of more harmonized data collection methodologies. We conclude that this bottom-up process can support and legitimate policy makers in cross-border cooperation activities under a smart macro-regional energy strategy, which pursues an increment in energy savings, renewable energy production and a broad engagement of relevant stakeholders.

Le ultime linee guida approvate dal Governo Italiano per sostenere finanziariamente il fotovoltaico (PV) e lo sviluppo della produzione di energia solare (Quarto e Quinto Conto Energia, Gennaio 2012 e succ.), al fine di evitare il consumo di suolo in aree agricole o naturali, comprendono indicazioni specifiche che rendono più vantaggiosa l’installazione d’impianti su tetti o superfici di copertura di edifici. In questo contesto diventa importante, per una adeguata attività di pianificazione e monitoraggio del PV, la mappatura estensiva delle superfici a disposizione, coincidenti con i tetti e l’accurata valutazione del loro potenziale fotovoltaico. Dal momento che tali coperture si trovano soprattutto nelle aree urbane o industriali, in cui fattori come eterogeneità tridimensionale, albedo, torbidità atmosferica ed ombreggiamenti reciproci influenzano in modo significativo l’irraggiamento solare locale, è necessario tenere conto adeguatamente di questi elementi mediante una mappatura GIS tridimensionale ed avanzati strumenti di modellazione, in modo da stimare efficacemente la radianza solare disponibile a livello dei tetti. La metodologia implementata, basata su tecniche di telerilevamento e GIS, ha permesso di valutare e mappare la radiazione solare globale su tutti i tetti presenti nel territorio del Comune di Avellino. Partendo da dati di tipo LIDAR, è stato ottenuto in primo luogo il DSM di tutta l’area di interesse (~ 42 Km2), quindi il modello tridimensionale di ogni edificio da cui sono stati derivati i parametri geometrici di tutte le coperture. Per tenere conto della trasparenza atmosferica e della percentuale di radiazione solare (diffusa/diretta) sulle superfici di interesse, sono stati utilizzati i dati e gli strumenti applicativi presenti sul sito web PVGIS, sviluppato dalla UE. L’elaborazione finale, basata sull’utilizzo di strumenti GIS anche di tipo open source, ha permesso di ottenere le mappe di radianza solare e di potenziale PV per tutti i tetti presenti nell’area di studio. The last guidelines approved by Italian government to financially support the solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy production development (Fourth and Fifth feed-in-scheme, January 2012 and later), in order to avoid soil consumption in agricultural or naturals areas, include specific indications for more advantageously funding the installations exploiting roofs or covers surfaces. In this context it becomes important, for a suitable PV planning and monitoring, the extensive mapping of the available surfaces extent, usually corresponding to covers and properly assessing their quality in term of PV potential. Since the covers are mainly located in urban or industrial areas, whose 3D heterogeneity, albedo, atmospheric turbidity and casting shadows significantly influence the local solar irradiance, it is necessary to suitably account for these distributed factors by means of GIS mapping and advanced modeling tools in order to provide realistic estimates of solar available radiance at roofs level. The implemented methodology, based on remote sensing techniques, has allowed to estimate and map the global solar radiance over all the roofs within Avellino municipality. Starting from LIDAR data, DSM of the entire area of interest (~42 Km2) has been firstly obtained; then the 3D model of each building and related cover has been derived. To account for the atmospheric transparency and the related time-dependent diffuse/direct radiation percentage on the area, data and tools from EU PVGIS web application have been also used. The final processing to obtain the solar radiance maps has been carried out using specific software modules available within commercial and open-source GIS packages.

Gli impatti del cambiamento climatico sono particolarmente evidenti nelle zone aride del pianeta, raggruppate sotto il titolo di Arid and Semiarid Land (ASALs). I cambiamenti in atto nella distribuzione delle precipitazioni durante l’anno minacciano il sostentamento delle popolazioni locali dedite all’allevamento, che fanno affidamento su scarse risorse idriche. Per poter rafforzare la capacità di adattamento delle comunità, oltre che a livello globale, nazionale e regionale, è necessario approfondire gli effetti del cambiamento climatico anche a livello locale. Questo studio ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’andamento delle precipitazioni e della temperatura nella Contea di Marsabit, nel nord del Kenya, tra il 1983 e il 2014, per mezzo di dati meteorologici in forma di griglia. L’analisi ha richiesto il supporto di strumenti GIS e l’utilizzo della cartografia tematica, sia per l’analisi dei dati che per la rappresentazione dei risultati. Questi evidenziano una distribuzione disomogenea dei trend delle variabili climatiche nell’area, a causa delle caratteristiche orografiche e della vicinanza delle masse d’acqua oceaniche. È stata inoltre analizzata la correlazione tra variazioni climatiche e altitudine, dimostrando l’influenza della topografia sull’evoluzione del clima locale. The effects of climate change are particularly severe in global Arid and Semiarid Lands (ASALs), with impacts on many environmental risks. Undergoing changes in the distribution of precipitation throughout the year especially undermine the livelihood of people relying on livestock production and scarce water resources. In addition to more developed analysis at global, national and regional levels, climate change needs to be investigated at local levels, for strengthening communities’ adaptation capacity. This study aims to assess precipitation and temperature trends in Marsabit County in northern Kenya for 1983-2014 using grid meteorological datasets. The research is conducted with extensive support of GIS tools and thematic cartography, both for data analysis and data representation. The results show an inhomogeneous distribution of climatic trends through space. The correlation between climatic trends and altitude is also analysed, showing the influence of local topography on climate evolution.

Il Piano Nazionale Integrato per l’Energia e il Clima del 2019, assegna un ruolo prioritario al gas rinnovabile al fine del raggiungimento dei target di immissione al consumo di biocarburanti previsto dalla direttiva sulla promozione dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili -RED II- in Unione Europea. In particolare si prevede nell’arco temporale 2021-2030 di applicazione del piano, nel settore trasporti, un utilizzo di biometano avanzato in forte crescita per arrivare nel 2030 a un consumo pari a 800 ktep annui (circa 1,1 miliardi di m3) rispetto ai 82 ktep di biometano avanzato immesso al consumo nel 2020 (Gestore Servizi Energetici s.p.a). Le stime di questo studio riguardano il potenziale teorico di biometano avanzato producibile in Italia da digestione anaerobica. Il potenziale determinato è teorico in quanto non tiene conto di un possibile uso alternativo dei substrati, quale ad esempio uso diretto (lasciato in campo, combustione o compostaggio), o di filiere di produzione di prodotti biobased(e.g. biopolimeri, biolubrificanti, biodiesel, altri intermediari di processi chimici, etc.) e/o di altri biocarburanti. La stima su base territoriale delle varie biomasse residuali fermentabili realizzata in questo studio, in termini quantitativi e di producibilità di biometano avanzato da upgrading del biogas, ha il grande vantaggio di contenere quel valore di allocazione geografica che permetterà una più corretta valutazione degli elementi di logistica ed integrazione delle reti energetiche con l’obiettivo di fornire agli stakeholders della filiera biogas-biometano avanzato una base dati su cui formulare studi di fattibilità di un sistema integrato di produzione. Il potenziale totale teorico calcolato con dati aggiornati al 2016 è valutato pari a circa 6,2 miliardi di m3 all’anno di biometano avanzato, ovvero un valore che ha lo stesso ordine di grandezza del gas naturale di origine fossile prodotta in Italia nel 2016 (6,0 miliardi di m3) e che è pari a circa l’8,7% dei consumi totali dello stesso anno (70,9 miliardi di m3). The Integrated National Plan for Energy and Climate (PNIEC) of 2019, assigns a priority role to renewable gas in order to achieve the targets for injection to the consumption of biofuels envisaged by the directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (REDII) in the European Union, foreseeing in the 2021-2030 period of application of the plan, in the transport sector, the use of advanced biomethane in strong growth to reach a consumption of 800 ktoe per year in 2030 (about 1,1 billion m3) compared to 82 ktoe of advanced biomethane in 2020 (Gestore Servizi Energetici s.p.a). The estimates of this study concern the theoretical potential of advanced biomethane that can be produced in Italy by anaerobic digestion. The determined potential is theoretical as it doesn’t take into account a possible alternative use of the substrates, for example direct use (left in the field, combustion or composting), or of production chains of biomaterials and/or other biofuels (e.g. biopolymers, biolubricants, biodiesel, other intermediaries of chemical processes, etc.). The estimate on a territorial basis of the various residual fermentable biomasses carried out in this study, in terms of quantities and producibility of advanced biomethane from biogas upgrading, has the great advantage of containing that value of geographical allocation that will allow a more correct evaluation of the elements of logistics and integration of energy networks with the aim of providing stakeholders in the advanced biogasbiomethane chain with a database on which to formulate feasibility studies of an integrated production system. The total theoretical potential calculated with data updated to 2016 is estimated to be approximately 6,2 billion m3 per year of advanced biomethane, i.e. a value that has the same order of magnitude as natural gas of fossil origin produced in Italy in 2016 (6,0 billion of m3) and which is equal to approximately 8,7% of total consumption in the same year (70,9 billion m3).

Questo rapporto ha come obiettivo quello di valutare la disponibilità potenziale di biomasse/sotto- prodotto, per il territorio nazionale e la loro pubblicazione sul portale WebGis ENEA “Atlante delle Biomasse”. La necessità di svolgere tale attività deriva dalle sfide che il legislatore si è posto. Infatti l’Unione Europea punta da una transizione entro il 2050 verso un’economia decarbonizzata in cui viene fortemente incentivata la bioeconomia, ovvero un’economia basata sull’utilizzo sostenibile di risorse naturali rinnovabili e la loro trasformazione in intermedi o prodotti finali cosiddetti “biobased “. Un ruolo fondamentale per affrontare tali sfide può essere svolto dall’uso delle biomasse come materia prima per produrre energia rinnovabile, prodotti chimici e biocarburanti. La dotazione di banche dati nazionali sulle biomasse è un requisito della nuova direttiva UE sulle energie rinnovabili. I database presentati nel presente report sono stati ottenuti attraverso una metodologia precedentemente vali- data in ENEA ed aggiornata di recente. Nel presente lavoro viene riportata la disponibilità nazionale per l’anno 2018 delle paglie di cereali, le potature di alberi da frutto, di ulivo, di vite, i gusci di frutta secca, il pastazzo degli agrumi, la sansa derivante dalla molitura delle olive da olio e la vinaccia derivante dalla filiera uva-vino. Tutti i dati elaborati, compresi i dati degli anni precedenti, sono stati pub- blicati sul portale WebGis “Atlante delle Biomasse”. Il portale è stato sviluppato al fine di fornire a tutti gli stakeholder uno strumento di supporto decisionale sulla disponibilità e distribuzione geografica delle biomasse. Dall’analisi svolta si evince che la biomassa maggiormente presente a scala nazio- nale è la paglia di cereali, con circa 14.330 chilo tonnellate di sostanza secca all’anno (ktss/anno) seguita dagli scarti di potature, con circa 2.264 ktss/anno. La terza biomassa prevalente è la vinaccia, con una potenziale disponibilità di circa 824 ktss/anno, segue la sansa con 424 ktss/anno, l’olio vegetale con 322 kt/anno, il pastazzo di agrumi con 302 ktss/anno e i gusci di frutta secca con 118 ktss/anno. I dati al 2018 confermano gli andamenti acquisiti nel periodo precedente. Parte del lavoro presentato nel presente report è stato svolto nell’ambito del progetto REBIOCHEM (finanziato dal Programma Operativo Nazionale "Ricerca e Competitività" 2007-2013-PONREC). This report aims to assess the potential availability of biomass/by-product, for the national territory and their publication on the WebGis ENEA portal "Atlante delle Biomasse". The need to carry out this activity derives from the challenges that the legislator has set itself. In fact, the European Union, by 2050, intends to be a prosperous, modern, competitive and decarbonised economy in which the bioeconomy is strongly encouraged. A key role in addressing these challenges can be played by the use of biomass as a raw material to produce renewable energy, chemicals and biofuels. The provision of national biomass databases is a requirement of the new EU directive on renewable energy. The da- tabases presented in this report have been obtained through a methodology previously validated in ENEA and recently updated. This work shows the national availability for the year 2018 of the cereal straws, the pruning of fruit trees, olive trees, grapevines, dried fruit shells, citrus pulp, pomace resulting from the milling of olives for oil and marc from the grape-wine chain. All the data processed, including data from previous years, have been published on the WebGis portal “Atlante delle Biomasse”. The portal was developed in order to provide all stakeholders a decision support tool on the availability and geographical distribution of biomass. The analysis carried out shows that the biomass most pre- sent on a national scale is cereal straw, with about 14330 kilo tons of dry matter per year (ktss/year) followed by pruning waste, with about 2264 ktss/year. The third prevalent biomass is marc, with a po- tential availability of about 824 ktss/year, followed by pomace with 424 ktss/year, vegetable oil with 322 kt/year, citrus pulp with 302 ktss/year and the shells of dried fruit with 118 ktss/year. The 2018 data confirm the trends acquired in the previous period. Part of the work presented in this report was carried out within the REBIOCHEM project (funded by the National Operational Program "Research and Competitiveness" 2007-2013-PONREC).

As part of the strategies to promote health in urban areas, the Italian Society of Hygiene (SItI) has updated its recommendations for healthy, safe and sustainable housing. They were issued by an ad hoc SitI working group on the basis of the best available evidence retrieved from a review of the scientific and legal literature on the topic and in line with World Health Organisation, European Union, and other international bodies statements. SItI document includes recommendations for environmental comfort, mental and social wellbeing, environmental protection as well as the safety of people who dwell houses. In addition to typical issues (such as relative humidity parameters, ventilation, and safety rules), SItI recommendations address innovative aspects such as building compatibility between different functions, building safety management and green area design. In this context, SItI recommendations emphasise the need of a strengthened interaction between architects and public health experts to ensure the complete wellbeing in houses where people spend more than 50% of their lives.

The seriousness of the environmental crisis and the current debate on ecological problems are at the basis of this survey, which intends to take a frontline position in this theoretical research in an attempt to reduce the epistemological and philosophical vacuum surrounding the foundations of the ecological idea and its possible evolutionary pathways. Compared to movimentist environmentalism that seeks concrete solutions and is often challenged by the urgency of all the issues massed together in the current circumstances, a more deeply pondered theoretical approach should fully develop a systemic-relational vision, both with respect to scientific investigations on the physical-biological origins of the tangle of life, and to ethical-political perspectives in order to design projects for the future. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the ecological issue in the light of the recent developments of sciences that study the behaviour and evolution of complex systems and that place the investigation in the web of interconnections to which the dynamics of life and evolution can be ascribed. Having ascertained how the prevailing models in modern tradition are inadequate in addressing the environmental emergency, an ecological vision of complexity restores the essential character of interdependent unity to the ecological systems. This is a major contribution not only for superseding the purely utilitarian objectives that currently prevail in economics and politics, but also for basing human development on values of social justice and collective solidarity that could redirect the course of future history along more desirable pathways. Despite the implausibility of supporting any direct applicability of the models of natural sciences to the social, political and economic ambits, an in-depth analysis of the natural lifecycles could help us open up to the prospect of a more realistic positioning and integration of the human species in the cosmos. In this regard, the horizon of complexity - understood as gathering together, connecting, placing in relation - could reawaken a systemic awareness capable of generating more sustainable and liveable social-economic balances.

Over the past two decades, film scholars have offered new theoretical frameworks that define and strengthen ecocinema studies. In this regard, sensitive environments (Parikka 2015) are the film festivals that scholars mainly refer to as sites for promoting the consumption of ecocinema (Monani 2013). This contribution attempts to highlight what have become established practices aimed at educating an audience aware of the issue of environmental sustainability (Cubitt 2005). After a historical excursus, the author proposes an analysis of the Italian case: AFIC constitutes a space of discursive elaboration that has developed guidelines and parameters. Cinergie – Il Cinema e le altre Arti, No. 22 (2022)

The biomass for energy purposes, coming from agricultural firms and forestry industry for energy, can provide various environmental and socio-economic benefits. Among all renewable energy sources, agro-forestry biomass represents both an important alternative source to fossil fuels and an opportunity for the socio-economic development of various marginal mountain areas. This survey aims at estimating the potential revenue in province of Reggio Calabria, which is showing a great interest in biomass production.

Multiple factors influence individuals' health status. Their impact is difficult to quantify as it is their interaction. Aim of the current work is to develop guidelines to support designers to promote health in the residential environment and to apply them through an evaluation system to certify the level of health performance.Politecnico di Milano, in collaboration with the Local Health Authorities of Milan and Empoli through analysis of needs performance and numerous multidisciplinary meetings, has produced a design guide (Healthy Design Guide - HeDe) and an evaluation system to certify the level of health performance. This system was tested on the Milan metropolitan area.The experiment was carried out on a sample of 30 private residences, with an overall floor area ranging between 90 and 150 square meters, new or recently renovated.The tool works but at the same time it also shows that too often design choices are made for aesthetic or economic reasons rather than a real need for health and wellness.It is becoming increasingly important to strengthen synergies and multidisciplinary collaborations to achieve shared performance indications and to make a systematic review of the regulatory tools to protect public health.