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Plant protection products are a significant component of conventional arable farming in Germany. They have helped increase land productivity and reduce yield losses, thereby providing a significant contribution to food security. However, plant protection products have negative impacts on biodi-versity. Moreover, their degradation products can be found in ground and surface waters, and they are associated with negative effects on human health. Against this background, the aim of policy is to reduce the use of plant protection products and the associated risks. By contrast, the questions of whether and how farms can adapt their production systems and the resulting costs remain largely unanswered. Similarly, although the advantages and disadvantages of different policy implementation strategies for reducing plant protection products are discussed at both the European and national levels, the scientific publications are aimed primarily at intro-ducing a tax model. A concrete comparison of different policy measures and an assessment of the adaptation reactions as well as the associated consequences, taking agricultural expertise into ac-count, usually is not carried out. Against this background, based on a typical farm in the soil-climate region “Südhannover” and us-ing a focus group approach with farmers and advisors, the present dissertation investigated which farm adaptation measures can reduce the risks to humans and the environment associated with the use of plant protection products by 25 % or 50 % and what adaptation costs result from such measures. The risks posed by pesticides were determined with the help of the Pesticide Load Indi-cator (PLI). In order to be able to quantify the yield effects as a result of reduced pesticide use, regional and national trial evaluations were consulted. In addition, the expected yield effects were differentiated between a best and worst case and a “normal year”. In order to reduce the PLI by 25 %, farmers first will substitute less toxic active substances for those with a higher PLI. Similarly, weeds are increasingly regulated mechanically and non-selective herb-icides are replaced by mechanical tillage before summer crops. If no crop-specific PLI reduction is required and alternative crops are available, farmers will substitute crops with a low net margin per PLI unit used (e.g. rape with grain maize). If the PLI is halved, reduced fungicide and insecticide use across crops or later sowing dates in cereals also are suitable for reducing the risks from plant protection products. With a crop-specific PLI reduction of 25 %, changes in the net margin range from + 25 €/ha for sugar beet to – 60 €/ha for stubble wheat can be expected. If the PLI has to be reduced by 50 % for each individual crop, the range of adjustment costs among the crops increases further. While the PLI can be halved for oilseed rape with costs of about 50 €/ha, the net margin for stubble wheat or winter wheat after silage maize decreases by about 150 €/ha. At farm level, the results show that the more adaptation flexibility farmers are granted, the lower the adaptation costs. With a 25 % reduction of the PLI and taking into account the active ingredient substitution, manageable adaptation costs of between about 10 €/ha and 20 €/ha can be expected, depending on the adaptation flexibility granted. The change in grain units (GU) produced varies between + 4 % and – 5 %. On the other hand, the adjustment costs increase disproportionately strongly with a PLI reduction of 50 %, so that an operational net margin reduction of between about 80 €/ha and a maximum of 125 €/ha can be expected. With a PLI reduction of 50 %, the change in GU produced is between 0 and a maximum of -7 %. As farmers are in competition with their colleagues on the land and tenancy markets, they usually cannot afford to voluntarily switch to production systems that cause lower yields or cost increases and thus put them at a competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis neighbouring farms. Policymakers there-fore must change the framework conditions for all farms in such a way that the adaptation of pro-duction systems is either mandatory or economically viable. A wide range of policy measures are available for this purpose. Following on from the results of the adaptation costs, it therefore was examined how policymakers can use the "PLI" starting point to achieve their reduction target. In order to expose the selected policy measures and impact assessments to the critical judgement of the focus group, four concrete policy measures were developed that can achieve PLI reduction while addressing different secondary objectives. The measures examined include an individual farm PLI ceiling, a licensing system with tradable use rights, a state subsidy for low PLI hectare values and an increase in crop protection product prices depending on PLI. It was assumed that the policy measures would be introduced throughout the European Union. The effects that can be ex-pected on production, farm incomes and the administrative and control costs for farmers and the state were worked out in an impact assessment. The following results emerged: In the case of a PLI ceiling for individual farms and at the same time for individual crops, every farm must, in principle, reduce its PLI use if it does not yet meet the targets in the initial situation. This leads to an area-wide risk reduction without shifting the production of individual crops to third countries. However, the adjustment flexibility for farmers is comparatively low compared with other policy options. The control is carried out with the help of an online database. In contrast, an increase in plant protection prices depending on the PLI has the advantage of not having to control all farms, but only "bottlenecks" such as traders and manufacturers of plant pro-tection products. A disadvantage is the high negative income effect for the farms (> 220 €/ha) if the PLI is halved. In addition, readjustments of the levy level are to be expected in order to ap-proach the reduction target. If the PLI use rights are distributed in a licensing system depending on acreage, it can be expected that crops with a high net margin per PLI unit used will be cultivated preferentially. On the other hand, crops with a low net margin per PLI unit used will increasingly be pushed out of cultivation. Farm managers can decide on the basis of the market price for the tradable PLI use rights whether to use them themselves on the farm or sell them on the market. As a result, it is to be expected that PLI units will be saved, especially on marginal arable sites where this saving causes only low costs. The PLI units freed up there move primarily to regions where an above-average net margin per PLI unit can be produced. These are classically favourable locations for arable farming. The comparatively high administrative costs required for tradability must be viewed critically. For the state, this additional effort goes hand in hand with the advantage that the reduction target can be targeted precisely. If the state decides to promote low PLI hectare values with a premium, a negative income effect at farm level can be prevented, as the farm only participates if its costs are lower than the premium payment. The acceptance of the policy measure by farmers is high. A major challenge, however, is the controllability, as there are high incentives to undermine the system. DOI:10.3220/REP1678173967000

Comparing 133 presumable rape victims who underwent blood sampling after the event with 2446 alcoholized female traffic offenders it was found that both groups had a delinquency maximum between midnight and 2 a. m. and a delinquency minimum between 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. Most of the rape victims, however, were approximately 5 years younger than the traffic offenders, most of whom were about 25 years old. The time intervals between blood sampling and the event were longer in the case of the rape victims (4 to 20 hours) whereas most traffic offenders underwent blood sampling 1 to 2 hours after the event. At comparable maxima of the distribution curves of blood alcohol concentration (between 1.5% and 2%) that of the rape victims showed a shift to higher values. This is also illustrated by the mean values of blood alcohol concentration at the time of the event: the blood alcohol concentration of the rape victims was 2.24% and thus 0.45% higher than that of the traffic offenders, who averaged only 1.97%. The reason for this is probably to be seen in the different modes of back computation. By assigning 38 offenders to 35 victims it was possible to set up and compare 35 pairs. Comparing the blood alcohol concentrations of all 35 pairs it was found that the blood of the victims contained on average 0.4% more ethanol than the blood of the offenders (1.41% vs. 1.01%).

Der Klimawandel und die damit einhergehenden negativen Auswirkungen stellen eine zentrale Herausforderung f��r St��dte, wie beispielsweise Wien dar. Der urbane Raum wird in Zukunft durch seine dichte Bebauung und den hohen Versiegelungsgrad ��berdurchschnittlich stark von den Folgen der Klimaerw��rmung betroffen sein. Um dem Klimawandel entgegenzuwirken oder ihn gar aufzuhalten, wurden auf internationaler, europ��ischer, nationaler und lokaler Ebene bereits zahlreiche rechtliche Regelungen umgesetzt, um einerseits die CO2-Emissionen zu reduzieren beziehungsweise einzuschr��nken und andererseits der Anpassung an den Klimawandel Folge zu leisten. Die Rechtsmaterie reicht hierbei von v��lkerrechtlichen Vertr��gen, Verordnungen ��ber Gesetze bis hin zu einfachen Normen. Ein Hauptverursacher der CO2-Emissionen in Wien stellt, neben den Sektoren ���Verkehr��� und ���Energie���, der Geb��udesektor dar. Neben der CO2-Reduktion kann im Bereich der Geb��ude ebenfalls ma��geblich zur Klimawandelanpassung beigetragen werden. In der Bundeshauptstadt Wien werden bereits Ma��nahmen auf der Geb��udeebene umgesetzt, um sowohl den Klimaschutz als auch die Klimawandelanpassung voranzutreiben. Die Ma��nahmen gliedern sich hierbei in Begr��nung, thermisch-energetische Sanierung, energieeffiziente Geb��ude und Geb��udek��hlung. Alle Ma��nahmen f��hren zu einer Verbesserung des Innenraumklimas und einer CO2- Reduktion, wobei das Ausma�� der Minderung je nach umgesetzter Ma��nahme variiert. Weiters ist durch Ma��nahmen, wie beispielsweise die Fassadenbegr��nung, auch eine Abk��hlung des Mikroklimas in der unmittelbaren Umgebung m��glich. Climate change and the associated negative impacts represent a central challenge for cities such as Vienna. In the future, urban areas will be affected to an above-average extent by the consequences of global warming due to their building desnity and high degree of land sealing. In order to counteract, or even stop climate change, numerous legal regulations have already been implemented at international, european, national and regional level in order to reduce or restrict CO2-emissions on the one hand and to adapt to climate change on the other. The legal material ranges from international treaties, ordinances and laws to simple norms. Besides the sectors "transport" and "energy", the building sector is one of the main sources of CO2-emissions in Vienna. In addition to CO2 reduction, buildings can significantly contribute to climate change adaptation. In the federal capital Vienna, measures are already being implemented in the building sector to promote both climate protection and climate change adaptation. The measures are divided into greening, thermalenergetic renovation, energy-efficient buildings and passive cooling of buildings. All measures lead to an improvement of the indoor climate and a reduction of CO2, whereby the extent of the reduction varies depending on the implemented measure. In addition, measures such as the greening of facades also make it possible to cool the microclimate in the immediate vicinity.

The author, presiding judge of the fourth criminal panel of the German Federal Court, declares himself for a reduction of the threshold value concerning the absolute driving unfitness from the current 1.3 blood alcohol standard to 1.1. With his contribution, which for the same reason appears in different special periodicals, he tries to call a broad public's attention to the impending change in jurisdiction so that relevant drivers can prepare for it in time.

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Besonderheiten Genossenschaften zu beispielhaften Akteuren der Nachhaltigkeit und nachhaltigen Arbeit machen. Dazu wird ein Begriff der Nachhaltigkeit eingeführt, in dem die drei Dimensionen des Ökonomischen, Sozialen und Ökologischen wechselseitig aufeinander bezogen sind und auf die Tätigkeit der Arbeit angewandt werden. Anschließend werden die vorwiegend in lokalen Kontexten tätigen Genossenschaften als Unternehmens- und Rechtsform vorgestellt. Wichtige Leitideen wie Kooperation, Partizipation und Autonomie werden erläutert und als spezifisch genossenschaftliche Merkmale das Identitätsprinzip sowie der Förderzweck identifiziert. Entlang der drei Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen verdeutlichen die im Folgenden diskutierten theoretischen Argumente und empirisches Datenmaterial, wie diese beiden Prinzipien zu nachhaltiger Arbeit führen. Dabei werden auch Parallelen gezogen zu den Kriterien einer erfolgreichen Bewirtschaftung von Gemeingütern (Commons) und schließlich auf die Notwendigkeit von repräsentativen Studien zu Genossenschaften verwiesen, um Wissen darüber zu erlangen, wie deren Nachhaltigkeitspotenziale auch in anderen Unternehmensformen und über lokale Zusammenhänge hinaus genutzt werden können. This paper investigates the values and principles of cooperatives and relates them to the triple bottom line of sustainability: economic, social and ecological. Sustainable work is conceptualized in a similar way understanding the three dimensions as interdependent aspects of using resources responsibly. Furthermore, the mainly locally operating cooperatives are discussed as a legal form of a company. Their guiding principles such as solidarity, democratic participation and autonomy are introduced and two distinguishing features recognized: the identity principle and the purpose of self-help. Following the three dimensions of sustainability, the article discusses theoretical arguments and presents empirical data showing how these two principles lead to a realization of sustainable work. The paper also draws parallels between cooperatives' principles and managing the 'commons'. It concludes calling for representative surveys on cooperatives in order to learn more about how to apply cooperatives' principles in other companies and beyond local realities. AIS-Studien

The author shows, what effect as a circumstantial evidence the ascertained or the possible blood alcohol concentration has in the jurisdiction of the Federal Court as far as the responsibility is to be judged on. He thinks, that the dispute, which seemed to be at hand between the decisions of the 1. and 4. penal senate, is not to be noticed. According to his opinion the blood alcohol concentration has an outstanding importance for the jurisdiction on the responsibility.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Fortbildung von Mathematiklehrkräften im Projekt der Deutschen Telekom Stiftung „Mathematik Anders Machen“ und untersucht Effekte, welche sich in Zusammenhang mit Erwartungen und Bewertungen der Teilnehmenden und Referenten bezüglich der jeweiligen Veranstaltung, der Lernziele der Veranstaltungen sowie des Transfers des Gelernten in die Praxis ergeben. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die 561 teilnehmenden Lehrkräfte vor allem das Einbringen von praktischen Beispielen, die Weitergabe von Arbeitsmaterial sowie die professionelle Vorbereitung von den Referenten erwarten. Die wichtigsten Aspekte einer Fortbildungsveranstaltung sind für die Teilnehmenden die Klarheit der Ziele, die Strukturierung und Gliederung des Stoffes sowie die Auswahl von Texten und Material. Der Transfer des Gelernten in die Unterrichtspraxis kann erklärt werden durch die Vorbereitung des Transfers der Inhalte der Fortbildung in die Unterrichtspraxis bereits innerhalb der Fortbildungsveranstaltung sowie durch das Ausmaß der Vorbereitung der Teilnehmenden auf die Fortbildung. Das Erreichen der Lernziele wird erklärt durch die Vorbereitung des Transfers der Inhalte der Fortbildung in die Unterrichtspraxis bereits in der Fortbildungsveranstaltung, die inhaltliche Schwerpunktsetzung der Veranstaltung, das fachliche Vorwissen der Teilnehmenden, die Vorinformation der Referenten über die Teilnehmenden, die didaktischen Fähigkeiten der Teilnehmenden, die fachdidaktische und pädagogische Qualifikation der Referenten sowie die Mitarbeit der Teilnehmenden in der Veranstaltung. (DIPF/Orig.) The study focuses on mathematics teachers’ professional development activities in a project of the Telekom Stiftung “Mathematik Anders Machen” examining effects regarding expectations to and assessments of the professional development, educational objectives and transfer of learning content by lecturers and participants. Results show that participants expect practical examples, teaching aids and professional preparation of lecturers. Clearness of objectives, structuring of contents, and choice of materials are the most important aspects for participants. Transfer of learning content is caused by preparation of transfer during the presentation and preparation of participants. Achievement of learning goals is caused by preparation of transfer during the presentation, main focus in respect of contents, previous knowledge of participants, advance information of lecturers with regard to participants, didactical competence of participants, didactical and pedagogical competence of lecturers, and engagement of participants. (DIPF/Orig.)

A 48-year-old man died from extensive burns suffered especially on the upper part of the body during a dispute with his ex-wife, who had poured spirit or a spirit-water mixture over him. For initially unknown reasons, the man's clothing caught fire. Whereas the public prosecutor assumed that the woman had intentionally poured a larger amount of spirit over her ex-husband before setting fire to him, the defendant first claimed to have poured the rest of a water-spirit mixture left over from cleaning the windows over the man and that his clothing caught fire on lighting a cigarette. To clarify the course of events, fire tests with spirit in various dilutions were conducted, which showed that even with undiluted spirit a direct contact with the flame of at least 1 second is necessary to start a fire. There is no deflagration, if spirit is used as a fire accelerant. In the trial, the defendant made a confession and admitted to have poured a mixture of 75% spirit and 25% water over her ex-husband and set fire to his right sleeve with the intention to kill him.

Bulletin zur schweizerischen Sicherheitspolitik ISBN:978-3-905696-88-2 ISSN:1024-0608

Referring to the field of traffic legislation the author examines the different possibilities to improve the safety on the road, within the corresponding range of summary offence and criminal law; (1) As far as the rules of conduct are concerned he demands a uniform threshold value of at least 0.8% for blood alcohol within the limits of the German penal code Sections 315 c I, 316. He rejects the plan to introduce a criminal offence of considerable speeding if imminent danger is provoked. (2) On the level of sanctions the traditional measures of traffic legislation are to be supplied sensibly by supplementary training courses concerning alcohol abuse. The legal instruments of (temporary) suspension of a person's driving license on the part of criminal jurisdiction or public authorities ought to be utilized on a larger scale. The (Flensburg) repeated perpetration point system is to be improved with regard to special preventive measures. (3) To increase the risk of being caught the control of the traffic by the police is to be intensified--especially through a larger application of technical means. (4) The extension of the instruments of traffic legislation to immediate measures by the police--preliminary or "mini" suspension of a person's driving license by resort to preventive rights by the police?--meets with constitutional or legal scruples.