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Abstract Beginning in the 2000s, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan region became home to the world's largest and longest experiment in urban shale gas production, with 25,182 drilling permits issued from 2000 to 2016 in the Barnett Shale. Urban hydrocarbon governance centered on establishing statutory setback distances between drilling sites and nearest houses or other protected uses. Here we analyze qualitative interview data obtained with a rigorous sampling frame to examine processes and outcomes of municipal-level hydrocarbon governance. We find that early municipal responses (2001–2002) revealed lack of technical expertise to respond to unconventional drilling and production. Controversial wells, which residents considered too close to houses, focused governance debates in several municipalities. Municipal policymakers reported that protecting public health and safety were top priorities in determining setbacks. After 2003, policymakers copied ordinance language from neighboring municipalities and established task forces and working groups to reduce political tensions. The role of the hydrocarbon industry included frequent claims seeking to exploit the longstanding separation of mineral and property estates, which encouraged municipalities to reduce setbacks and lower potential exposure to regulatory takings lawsuits. Over time, municipal regulatory power in hydrocarbon governance decreased while industry power increased, offering several implications for corporate responsibility and social license debates.

This paper contributes an inclusive review of scientific studies in the field of sustainable human building ecosystems (SHBEs). Reducing energy consumption by making buildings more energy efficient has been touted as an easily attainable approach to promoting carbon-neutral energy societies. Yet, despite significant progress in research and technology development, for new buildings, as energy codes are getting more stringent, more and more technologies, e.g., LED lighting, VRF systems, smart plugs, occupancy-based controls, are used. Nevertheless, the adoption of energy efficient measures in buildings is still limited in the larger context of the developing countries and middle income/low-income population. The objective of Sustainable Human Building Ecosystem Research Coordination Network (SHBE-RCN) is to expand synergistic investigative podium in order to subdue barriers in engineering, architectural design, social and economic perspectives that hinder wider application, adoption and subsequent performance of sustainable building solutions by recognizing the essential role of human behaviors within building-scale ecosystems. Expected long-term outcomes of SHBE-RCN are collaborative ideas for transformative technologies, designs and methods of adoption for future design, construction and operation of sustainable buildings.

Abstract The inherently high storage efficiency, instantaneous dispatch capability, and multifunction uses of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are attributes that gives it the potential for widespread application in the electric utility industry. Opportunities appear to exist where SMES at a given location could provide multiple benefits either simultaneously or sequentially as system conditions dictate. These benefits, including diurnal storage and system stability and dynamics cotnrol enhancement, increase the application potential of SMES to a larger number of opportunities than might be justified by the value of its diurnal storage capability alone. However, the benefits an individual utility may realized from SMES applications are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the utility system, the location of the SMES unti, and the timing of its installation in the system. Such benefits are typically not evaluated adequately in generic studies. This paper summarizes results of case studies performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) with funding provided by the Bonnevillle Power Administration (BPA) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The derivation of SMES benefits and costs are described and benefit/cost (B/C) ratios are compared in system-specific scenarios of intereste to BPA. Results of using the DYNASTORE production cost model show the sensitivity of B/C ratios to SMES capacity and power and to the forecast system load. Intermediate-size SMES applications, which primarily provide system stability and dynamic control enhancement are reveiwed. The potential for SMES to levelize the output of a wind energy complex is also assessed. Most of the cases show SMES to provide a positive net benefit with the additional, sometimes surprising indication, that B/C ratios and net present worth of intermediate-size units can exceed those of larger systems.

Differences in synchrotron radiation beamline shielding design between the facilities of 3 GeV class and 8 GeV class are discussed with regard to SLAC SSRL and SPring-8 beamlines. Requirements of beamline shielding as well as the accelerator shielding depend on the stored electron energy, and here some factors in beamline shielding depending on the stored energy in particular, are clarified, namely the effect of build up, the effect of double scattering of photons at branch beamlines, and the spread of gas bremsstrahlung.

Abstract Urban renewal has become a key issue all through China's Transitional Period. The social, economic, political factors, and their correlations have been seriously considered. However, the effects of outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort and fluid ventilation effects as well as the residence living conditions in old city districts under urban reconstruction should, to some extent, be paid closer attention to. As an example, take an old city district in Wuhan where a comprehensive mathematical model describing the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics has been presented. Considering the influences of ambient crosswind, solar radiation, and natural convection and radiation heat transfer, numerical analysis based on the original layout has been executed. By analyzing the temperature and velocity distributions of the old city district, a new planned layout has been presented in this research. By comparison, some basic rules have been advanced to achieve favorable thermal comfort and flow ventilation effects.

Abstract Energy-efficiency investments that are costeffective to utilities may not be cost-effective to their customers if the customers have to bear the full investment cost. Utilities must find creative ways to make energy-efficiency investments more attractive to utility customers. An innovative utility manufactured (mobile) home energy conservation programme is described to illustrate how differences in the economic perspectives of consumers and utilities can be used to design energy-efficiency programmes. This successful programme uses ‘conservation acquisition’ to make the investment attractive to manufacturers, utilities, and the consumer. The programme and framework presented here provide models for developing other energy-efficiency programmes.

Abstract The CDF and DO experiments have measured b b production in p p interactions at √s = 1800 GeV and 630 GeV (the energy at which the previous measurement was performed by the UA1 experiment). The Tevatron measurements are used to evaluate, for the first time, the center-of-mass energy and rapidity dependence of b-quark production cross section measured with the same detectors. Preliminary results from these measurements are presented and compared with the next-to-leading order QCD predictions.

Excited hadronic matter in the temperature interval $T=100\ensuremath{-}200$ MeV is not an ideal pion gas, but rather a liquid, in which attractive interaction among particles plays an important role. The pion dispersion curve is in this case essentially modified by a kind of collective momentum-dependent potential, which becomes important as the "quasipion" comes to the boundary of the system. We show that these effects can provide an explanation for a number of recent experimental puzzles, in particular, for the observed copious production of soft pions and soft photons in high-energy hadronic reactions.

Driven by smart grid technologies, distributed energy resources (DERs) have been rapidly developing in recent years for improving reliability and efficiency of distribution systems. Emerging DERs require effective and efficient coordination in order to reap their potential benefits. In this paper, we consider an optimal DER coordination problem over multiple time periods subject to constraints at both system and device levels. Fully distributed algorithms are proposed to dynamically and automatically coordinate distributed generators with multiple/single storages. With the proposed algorithms, the coordination agent at each DER maintains only a set of variables and updates them through information exchange with a few neighbors. We show that the proposed algorithms with properly chosen parameters solve the DER coordination problem as long as the underlying communication network is connected. The simulation results are used to illustrate and validate the proposed method.

AbstractA molecular dyad and triad, comprised of a known photosensitizer, BF2‐chelated dipyrromethane (BDP), covalently linked to its structural analog and near‐IR emitting sensitizer, BF2‐chelated tetraarylazadipyrromethane (ADP), have been newly synthesized and the photoinduced energy and electron transfer were examined by femtosecond and nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The structural integrity of the newly synthesized compounds has been established by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational methods. The DFT calculations revealed a molecular‐clip‐type structure for the triad, in which the BDP and ADP entities are separated by about 14 Å with a dihedral angle between the fluorophores of around 70°. Differential pulse voltammetry studies have revealed the redox states, allowing estimation of the energies of the charge‐separated states. Such calculations revealed a charge separation from the singlet excited BDP (1BDP*) to ADP (BDP.+‐ADP.−) to be energetically favorable in nonpolar toluene and in polar benzonitrile. In addition, the excitation transfer from the singlet BDP to ADP is also envisioned due to good spectral overlap of the BDP emission and ADP absorption spectra. Femtosecond laser flash photolysis studies provided concrete evidence for the occurrence of energy transfer from 1BDP* to ADP (in benzonitrile and toluene) and electron transfer from BDP to 1ADP* (in benzonitrile, but not in toluene). The kinetic study of energy transfer was measured by monitoring the rise of the ADP emission and revealed fast energy transfer (ca. 1011 s−1) in these molecular systems. The kinetics of electron transfer via 1ADP*, measured by monitoring the decay of the singlet ADP at λ=820 nm, revealed a relatively fast charge‐separation process from BDP to 1ADP*. These findings suggest the potential of the examined ADP–BDP molecules to be efficient photosynthetic antenna and reaction center models.