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This dataset contains the grid data of the first leaf date (FLD) and first flower date (FFD) of six woody plants in Europe (34°57′N-72°3′N，25°3′W-40°3′E) from 1951 to 2021, with a spatial resolution of 0.1° and a temporal resolution of 1 day. The quality evaluation of the grid phenology data shows that the average error of FLD and FFD is 7.9 and 7.6 days respectively, which has high simulation accuracy.Method: Based on the in-situ phenology observations from the Pan European Phenology Project (PEP725) in the past 70 years, this dataset employed three phenology models (Unichill, Unified and Temporal-Spatial Coupling) to predict and upscale the phenology data on the continental scale, and developed a grid phenology dataset of woody plants in Europe.Dataset composition: The dataset contains the gridded phenology data of six woody plants in Europe from 1951 to 2021, including the spring FLD (BBCH11.zip) and the spring FFD (BBCH60.zip). The annual data of each species is stored as a Geotiff file with 651 row × 371 column. The data is named according to "year (YYYY) + species genus (Genus) + phenophase (_xx)". For example, "2021Aesculus_11. tif" is the grid data file of the FLD of European Aesculus in 2021. The unit of phenology data is Julian day of year (DOY), which represents the actual number of days from the date of phenology occurrence to January 1 of the current year. The valid value is 1-366, and the invalid filling value is 999. The spatial reference system of the data is EPSG:4326 (WGS84). This dataset contains the grid data of the first leaf date (FLD) and first flower date (FFD) of six woody plants in Europe (34°57′N-72°3′N，25°3′W-40°3′E) from 1951 to 2021, with a spatial resolution of 0.1° and a temporal resolution of 1 day. The quality evaluation of the grid phenology data shows that the average error of FLD and FFD is 7.9 and 7.6 days respectively, which has high simulation accuracy.Method: Based on the in-situ phenology observations from the Pan European Phenology Project (PEP725) in the past 70 years, this dataset employed three phenology models (Unichill, Unified and Temporal-Spatial Coupling) to predict and upscale the phenology data on the continental scale, and developed a grid phenology dataset of woody plants in Europe.Dataset composition: The dataset contains the gridded phenology data of six woody plants in Europe from 1951 to 2021, including the spring FLD (BBCH11.zip) and the spring FFD (BBCH60.zip). The annual data of each species is stored as a Geotiff file with 651 row × 371 column. The data is named according to "year (YYYY) + species genus (Genus) + phenophase (_xx)". For example, "2021Aesculus_11. tif" is the grid data file of the FLD of European Aesculus in 2021. The unit of phenology data is Julian day of year (DOY), which represents the actual number of days from the date of phenology occurrence to January 1 of the current year. The valid value is 1-366, and the invalid filling value is 999. The spatial reference system of the data is EPSG:4326 (WGS84).

Janzen-Connell (JC) effects, hypothesized to be mostly driven by negative plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs), are considered to be the key mechanism that regulates tropical forest plant diversity and coexistence. However, intraspecific variation in JC effects may weaken this mechanism, with the strength of PSFs being a potentially key variable process. We conducted a manipulated experiment with seedlings from two populations of Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae), a tropical tree species in southwest China. We aimed to measure the intraspecific difference in PSF magnitude caused by inoculating the soil from different P. pinnata source populations and growing seedlings under differing light intensity and water availability treatments, and at varying plant densities. We found negative PSFs for both populations with the inoculum soil originating from the same sites, but PSFs differed significantly with the inoculum soil from different sites. PSF strength responded differently to biotic and abiotic drivers; PSF strength was weaker in low moisture and high light treatments than in high moisture and low light treatments. Our study documents intraspecific variation in JC effects: specifically, P. pinnata have less defences to their natively-sourced soil, but are more defensive to the soil feedbacks from soil sourced from other populations. Our results imply that drought and light intensity tended to weaken JC effects, which may result in loss of species diversity with climate change. Janzen-Connell (JC) effects, hypothesized to be mostly driven by negative plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs), are considered to be the key mechanism that regulates tropical forest plant diversity and coexistence. However, intraspecific variation in JC effects may weaken this mechanism, with the strength of PSFs being a potentially key variable process. We conducted a manipulated experiment with seedlings from two populations of Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae), a tropical tree species in southwest China. We aimed to measure the intraspecific difference in PSF magnitude caused by inoculating the soil from different P. pinnata source populations and growing seedlings under differing light intensity and water availability treatments, and at varying plant densities. We found negative PSFs for both populations with the inoculum soil originating from the same sites, but PSFs differed significantly with the inoculum soil from different sites. PSF strength responded differently to biotic and abiotic drivers; PSF strength was weaker in low moisture and high light treatments than in high moisture and low light treatments. Our study documents intraspecific variation in JC effects: specifically, P. pinnata have less defences to their natively-sourced soil, but are more defensive to the soil feedbacks from soil sourced from other populations. Our results imply that drought and light intensity tended to weaken JC effects, which may result in loss of species diversity with climate change.