• Energy Research
• 13. Climate action close
• 12. Responsible consumption close
• Kuban State Agrarian University close

Abstract One of the options for non-dependence on fossil fuels is the use of renewable energy, which has not grown significantly due to the variable nature of this type of energy. The combined use of wind and solar energy as energy sources can be a good solution to the problem of variable energy output. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to model a combination of the wind-turbine system and photovoltaic cell, which is needed to investigate their ability to supply electrical energy. To determine this important power production, real data of solar-radiation intensity and wind are used and, in modelling photovoltaic cells, the effects of ambient temperature are also considered. In order to generalize the studied system in all dimensions, different scenarios have been considered. According to the amount of electrical power generated, during the evaluation of these scenarios, two economic parameters, namely the selected scenario of a wind/solar system with diesel-generator support, was determined.

Heavy metals play an important role in the homeostasis of living cells. However, these elements induce several adverse environmental effects and toxicities, and therefore seriously affect living cells and organisms. In recent years, some heavy metal pollutants have been reported to cause harmful effects on crop quality, and thus affect both food security and human health. For example, chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, and mercury were detected in natural foods. Evidence suggests that these elements are environmental contaminants in natural foods. Consequently, this review highlights the risks of heavy metal contamination of the soil and food crops, and their impact on human health. The data were retrieved from different databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google scholar, and the Directory of Open Access Journals. Results show that vegetable and fruit crops grown in polluted soil accumulate higher levels of heavy metals than crops grown in unpolluted soil. Moreover, heavy metals in water, air, and soil can reduce the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables. A healthy diet requires a rational consumption of foods. Physical, chemical, and biological processes have been developed to reduce heavy metal concentration and bioavailability to reduce heavy metal aggregation in the ecosystem. However, mechanisms by which these heavy metals exhibit their action on human health are not well elucidated. In addition, the positive and negative effects of heavy metals are not very well established, suggesting the need for further investigation.

Our article analyses the prospects of coal industry development in the 21st century. It is apparent that the share of coal in the world’s total energy mix is shrinking as it is replaced by natural gas, renewables, and other forms of energy production. In the same time, countries like China, Russia, but also Poland are dependent on coal as the major fuel for generating their electricity. Quite remarkably, China is using more coal to generate electricity for powering its growing fleet of electric vehicles and transport. This cycle needs to be broken in order to ensure the full transition to the renewable energy future and reducing the burden on the climate and global warming. We argue that the shift away from coal to the renewable energy is driven mainly by the growth of green energy policies and supporting actions induced by the political forces. However, it might still remain the major source of power generation in less-developed and developing economies.

One of the reasons for the decline in agricultural land is soil degradation processes. The main negative processes occurring in soils and leading to their degradation are erosion (water and wind) and a decrease in the humus content in the soil. A significant spread of negative processes developing as a result of the action of natural and anthropogenic factors leads to a critical decrease in soil fertility. The washout of the upper fertile soil layer and the formation of large gullies due to improper soil treatment results in soil erosion. In order to prevent soil erosion, it is necessary to take measures to prevent an increase in the area of degraded land. The paper discusses modern innovative methods of combating water and wind soil erosion. Various examples of the application of modern innovative methods in different countries are presented.

In the future, the use of nuclear energy in national economy will rise. After accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, staff of Fukushima 1 pay special attention to the safety of reactors, however, emergency situations are still possible. Eco-monitoring in natural and urban environments is carried out in order to determine the level of ecological pollution, including radioactive pollution. Therefore, studies in that direction are relevant and their relevancy is only increasing over the years. The aim of this study is to research migration and accumulation of 90Sr in vegetative and generative plant organs: cherry-plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) tree and stone fruit species, gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) shrub. Objectives: 1) applying 90SrCl2 to the soil, imitating precipation (field experiments); 2) planting: Prunus cerasifera Ehrh; Ribes uva-crispa into artificially polluted by 90SrCl2 soil; 3) growing and monitoring of studied plants in the artificially polluted by 90SrCl2 soil. The level of pollution of experiment field reached 500 MBq/m2. The accumulation of 90Sr in vegetative and generative organs of trees (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) and shrubs (Ribes uva-crispa) was researched. Experimental plots have been laid according to methodic of Dospekhov B.A. Measurements of beta-emitting nuclides activity in samples have been made using the “Progress” software on the USK “Gamma Plus” (beta-path) device. As the result of research it has been found that both plant species have been accumulating nuclides. In 2016 cherry-plum accumulated 90Sr in the bark, wood, leaves and fruits 2.0, 2.1, 2.6 and 2.6 times more accordingly than the gooseberry. As a result of the experiment, material, that can be used in eco-monitoring, was obtained to provide nuclear safety of urban properties in the territories, allocated for the construction of public and residential buildings.

The results of the development of renewable energy in Russia in 2021 are presented: the installed capacity of renewable energy facilities was 51.2 GW, electricity generation was 216 TWh/year; including hydroelectric power plants, including small ones (MPPS) – 51.2 GW, 210 TWh/year; wind power plants – 2.035 GW, 3.622 TWh/yearyear; SES – 1,961 GW, 2,254 TWh/year; GEOS – 0.084 GW, 0.422 TWh/year. Manufacturers of equipment for renewable energy facilities are represented by two plants that produce equipment for photovoltaic facilities, six plants that produce equipment for wind power plants, plants for the manufacture of equipment for hydroelectric power plants, MGES and GeoES. The data on scientific support for the development of renewable energy in 16 universities and two institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. Five university scientific schools have been identified in Moscow (NRU MEI and MSU), St. Petersburg (SPbPU), Yekaterinburg (URFU), Chelyabinsk (SUSU). For each of the scientific schools, the main areas of work and their leaders are indicated, the topics of scientific publications over the past five years, the number of dissertations on renewable energy, scientific achievements. The cooperation of the NRU MEI and SPbPU with the parent organization of the Russian Federation for renewable energy – PJSC RusHydro, their leading scientific positions on hydropower, including in Arctic conditions, was noted. An example of interdisciplinary research is the activity of the NIL RES of Moscow State University, the country's leading scientific organization engaged in the study of biofuel production based on the use of seaweed, as well as the development of wave power plants. Представлены результаты развития возобновляемой энергетики России в 2021 г.: установленная мощность объектов возобновляемой энергетики составила 55,29 ГВт, выработка электроэнергии — 216 ТВт·ч/год; в том числе ГЭС, включая малые (МГЭС) — 51,22 ГВт, 210 ТВт·ч/год; ВЭС — 2,035 ГВт, 3,622 ТВт·ч/год; СЭС — 1,961 ГВт, 2,254 ТВт·ч/год; ГеоЭС — 0,074 ГВт, 0,422 ТВт·ч/год. Производители оборудования для объектов возобновляемой энергетики представлены двумя заводами, выпускающими оборудование для объектов фотоэнергетики, шестью заводами, выпускающими оборудование для ветроэнергетических установок, заводами по изготовлению оборудования для ГЭС, МГЭС и ГеоЭС. Приведены данные о научном обеспечении развития возобновляемой энергетики в 16 вузах и двух учреждениях РАН. Выделены пять вузовских научных школ в Москве (НИУ МЭИ и МГУ), Санкт-Петербурге (СПбПУ), Екатеринбурге (УРФУ), Челябинске (ЮУрГУ). Для каждой из научных школ указаны основные направления работы и их лидеры, тематика научных публикаций за последние пять лет, число диссертаций по возобновляемой энергетике, научные достижения. Отмечено сотрудничество НИУ МЭИ и СПбПУ с головной организацией РФ по возобновляемой энергетике — ПАО «РусГидро», их ведущие научные позиции по гидроэнергетике, в том числе в арктических условиях. Примером междисциплинарных исследований представляется деятельность НИЛ ВИЭ МГУ, ведущей научной организации страны, занимающейся изучением производства биотоплива на основе использования морских водорослей, а также разработкой волновых электростанций. Энергетик, Выпуск 8 2023, Pages 43-47

Abstract Currently, around the world there is an acute question of the new energy sources’ development and implementation. It is known that the most significant of them today are oil, natural gas, coal, electricity. Oil and gas reserves are not unlimited. It is necessary to look for the alternative sources of energy [4, 5, 6, 14]. This is due not only to a shortage of basic energy resources, but to the increasing cost of their extraction and processing, as well as to an aggravation of the environmental situation in the world [1]. In search of the new sources of energy, people are increasingly turning to solar panels. This is an excellent replacement for the generators of various types, some of which may be slightly functional or potentially dangerous for a private house. The solar energy has been known for a long time, it is a subject of debate and discussion among the specialists. Some people think that this is a great prospect for the future, others are sure of the opposite, since on the one hand, solar panels do not require expenses for their operation, but the cost of this equipment is high. Some experts claim that the profit from this project will not be able to cover the costs associated with construction. In contrast, these devices can work for tens and hundreds of years, therefore, with long-term operation, the profit will be obvious [4, 5, 6, 11, 14].

The article presents the data of International Renewable Energy Agency REN21 and Institute ofr Environmental Technologies AEF INTEC (Austria). In 2020 in electricity production hydroenergy topped (1170 GW, 4370 TWh), then wind enegy (743 GW, 1743 TWh), solar energy (708 GW; 901 TWh), bioenergy (602 TWh), geothermal energy (14 GW; 947 TWh). In heat production biomass comes first (4323 TWh), then solar thermal plants (501 GW, 407 TWh), and geothermal plants (108 GW, 284 TWh). In Russia by 01.01.2021 capacities and electricity generation were respectively: all power plants ��� 245.3 GW and 1047 TWh/year; hydro plants ��� 50 GW (20.4%) and 207.4 TWh (19.8%), solar plants ��� 1.7 GW (0.7%) and 1.98 TWh (0.19%), wind plants ��� 1.03 GW (0.42%) and 1.38 TWh (0.13%). The study also describes the state of the Russian market of renewable energy, and the role of the government in its development. There are presented the results of 2020 for small hydro energy (1182 MW), solar thermal (70 MW), geothermal energy (electricity ��� 84 MW and 428 MWh/year; heat ��� 110 MW and 280 MWh), bio-generation (electricity ��� 65.2 GWh and heat ��� 25.7 TWh).