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This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for a long-term generation mix in Indonesia. The objective of this work is to assess the economic, environment, and adequacy of local energy sources. The model includes two competing objective functions to seek the lowest cost of generation and the lowest CO2 emissions while considering technology diffusion. The scenarios include the use of fossil reserves with or without the constraints of the reserve to production ratio and exports. The results indicate that Indonesia should develop all renewable energy and requires imported coal and natural gas. If all fossil resources were upgraded to reserves, electricity demand in 2050 could be met by domestic energy sources. The maximum share of renewable energy that can be achieved in 2050 is 33% with and 80% without technology diffusion. The least cost optimization produces lower generation costs than the least CO2 emissions, as well as the combined scenario. Total CO2 emissions in 2050 are five to six times as large as current emissions. The least CO2 emissions scenario can reduce almost half of the CO2 emissions of the least cost scenario by 2050. The proposed multi-objective optimization model leads some optimal solutions for a more sustainable electricity system.

Abstract The paper aims to discuss the speedy spread of the use of optical fibres or optical light films lighting systems, as an alternative to classical lighting systems in buildings. A series of architectural projects has been selected to provide more evidence about advantages of these new lighting equipement, in terms of thermal and lighting comfort together with low cost energy. As a matter of fact their efficiency has even lead some professionals to use them in some buildings after suppression of the initial lighting system. The fact that the optional fibres or optical light films are used in various spaces has enabled to hope for a development of their applications in interiors and especially public places, in hot contries where heat output from traditional lighting bulbs is more likely to provide discomfort and hence where requirement for air conditionning is unavoidably maximised.

Abstract Vietnam is a tropical country, stretching from latitude 6 to 23 on the Northern parallels. Its land area is around 320,000 km2, its population about 73 million. Vietnam is also a member of the ASEAN countries. The Renewable Energy Sources in Vietnam are very abundant and diverse such as Solar Energy, Micro-Hydro Power, Wind Energy, Geothermal, Biogas, Biomass, Tide and Wave Energy etc. Evaluation of the potential of these Energy Sources for its application for the people who live in the remote areas is the subject of this paper.

Abstract The increased environmental awareness coupled with the recent changes in the oil prices triggered the necessity of focusing on effective management of energy systems. Global climate change has caused many people to consider ways of reducing greenhouse gases Renewable energy has become an essential feature in curtailing emission of Green House Gases, while meeting the demand for energy. This paper presents an innovation system framework for development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies. The framework is used to identify opportunities for small and medium enterprises in the renewable energy sector. A case study on a successful development, installation and implementation of solar thermal systems households in Calgary, Alberta, by an entrepreneurial firm, is also presented.

The energy sector of the European Union (EU) is based mainly on fossil fuels and almost two-thirds of the energy demand is imported. In the future, fossil fuels are expected to strengthen their participation in the European energy balance and imports will amount to 70% of overall energy needs. On the other hand, the development of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is a central aim of the European Commission's energy policy. RES hold a significant share in the 10 new countries recently joined the EU and the adoption of RES-related policies is of imperative importance for the joint cooperation of the new member states with the EU. This paper includes a review of RES status, related policies and prospects in each of the 10-new member states of EU.

Although considered a current highlight, the concept of intelligent buildings (IB) has not been adopted as quickly and widely as expected. One of the reasons for this is the lack of information and knowledge support to all professionals involved at the design stage of a project. This paper provides a brief overview on the new advances of IB technologies and discusses ways of supplementing the decision making process by adopting two methods for economical and technical aspects of IB applications. It goes on to introduce an on-going research which aims to utilise knowledge based systems to provide comprehensive evaluations to alternatives and decision support to retrofit building projects, when they are being conceptualised.

Abstract Solar energy, as main energy supply that sustains life on Earth, is also an unavoidable component of the complex strategy in achieving a clean and fair energy transition and goals for sustainable development by 2030. The present work studies the potential of installing Photovoltaic Distributed Generation at Universidad Politecnica de Madrid – Ciudad Universitaria campus. To this end, the study focuses on the electricity generation, carbon reduction and economic feasibility of solar photovoltaic systems installation using and comparing two different approaches based on data input with different time resolution, simulation software and level of details. Results show that the optimal photovoltaic power that maximizes emissions savings also ensures the best economic return, and in addition coincides with the maximum solar potential of the Campus, which is about 3.3 MW. At campus level, approximately 77% of the photovoltaic electricity production would be consumed locally, which would suppose a coverage of about 40% of the total electricity consumption. Emissions savings could reach 30% and an in-depth economic analysis indicates that the project is highly profitable. These results and methodology could be used to assess the feasibility of photovoltaic systems at other universities and help entities study the solar potential of their buildings.

• Maximum long-term sustainability based on use of renewable resources as far as practicable. • Maximum amenity and living space for minimum outside surface. • Maximum southern exposure for passive solar gain, consistent with access to views and vistas. • Conventional construction of shell for practicality and cost. • Good insulation and air-tightness. • Space warming by passive solar heat and air-tight wood stove. • Electrical system based on solar power, and offgrid. • Low water consumption with composting toilet. • Moderate initial cost, low operating cost. • Flexibility in accommodation for visits of extended family.

Abstract To ensure techno-economically suitable installation of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, thermal and hydrogeological properties of the subsoil need to be investigated. In this paper, the geothermal potential for three types of GSHP installations in the urban area of Wuhan city is assessed based on preliminary geological investigations. The potential for shallow geothermal energy is evaluated for surface water heat pump systems (SWHP), groundwater heat pump systems (GWHP) and ground coupled heat exchanger heat pump systems (GCHP). The mapped shallow geothermal potentials provide essential information for the installation of GSHPs and for the management of geothermal resources of Wuhan city. Furthermore, the heat transfer rates for some typical configured borehole heat exchanger (BHE) are tested by field Thermal Response Tests (TRT). In order to understand the techno-economic feasibility of the GSHPs, different types of the installed systems are measured and analyzed.

The paper presents the methodology and the case studies for condition of the Czech Republic of BICOM - BIomass COmpetitiveness Model. The model consists of the following modules: (1) the identification of a biomass potential in a given area using GIS modelling (based on climate and soil conditions), (2) modelling the biomass price (using the methodology of the minimum price from the producer's point of view and evaluating the opportunity cost of conventional agriculture production), (3) modelling the biomass processing and logistics, (4) modelling economic competitiveness of the biomass and coal utilization. Typical price range (without VAT) is 6.9–9.8 EUR/GJ for pellets produced from residual biomass and 7.6–12.4 EUR/GJ for pellets produced from energy crops based on our calculations. Typical price range of coal suitable for local heating is 4.8–5.5 EUR/GJ (without VAT). To reach competitiveness of locally produced solid biofuels introduction would be needed of combination of measures aimed at reduction of minimum price of produced pellets (e.g. subsidies for pelleting technology, improved yields and lower losses) and some measures aimed at restrictions imposed on brown coal (e.g. increase of ecological tax). Saved carbon is calculated for replacement of brown coal by pellets from local biomass, which could be used as argument and benchmark for subsidies targeted on the solid biofuels production from local biomass.