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The importance of emission control has increased sharply due to increased need of energy from combustion. However, biomass utilization in energy production is not free from problems because of physical and chemical characteristics which are substantially different from conventional energy sources. In this situation, the quantity and quality of emissions as well as used renewable source as wood or corn grain are often unknown. To assess this problem the paper addresses the objectives to quantify the amount of greenhouse gases during the combustion of corn as compared to the emissions in fossil combustion (natural gas, LPG and diesel boiler). The test was carried out in Friuli Venezia Giulia in 2006-2008 to determine the air pollution (CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2 and CO2) from fuel combustion in the family boilers with power between 20-30 kWt. The flue gas emission was measured with a professional semi-continuous multi-gas analyzer, (Vario plus industrial, MRU air Neckarsulm-Obereisesheim). Data showed a lower emission of fossil fuel compared to corn in family boilers in reference to pollutants in the flue gas (NOx, SO2 and CO). In particular way the biomass combustion make a higher concentration of carbon monoxide (for a incomplete combustion because there aren’t a good mixing between fuel and air) and nitrogen oxides (in relation at higher content of nitrogen in herbaceous biomass in comparison of another fuel). Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1296-1304

The main challenge for concrete industry - and in general for construction materials - is to serve the two major needs of human society, the protection of the environment, on one hand, and the requirements of buildings and infrastructures by the world?s growing population, on the other. In the past concrete industry has satisfied these needs well. However, for a variety of reasons, the situation has changed dramatically in the last years. First of all, the concrete industry is the largest consumer of natural resources. Secondly, Portland cement, the binder of modern concrete mixtures, is not as environmentally friendly. The world's cement production, in fact, contributes to the earth's atmosphere about 7% of the total CO2 emissions, CO2 being one of the primary greenhouse gas (GHG) responsible for global warming and climate change. As a consequence, concrete industry in the future has to face two antithetically needs. In other words, how the concrete industry can feed the growing population needs being - at the same time - sustainable? The answer to this question is represented by the ?3R-Green Strategy? widely discussed in the first chapter of this PhD thesis: Reduction in consumption of gross energy for construction materials production, Reduction in polluting emissions and Reduction in consuming not renewable natural resources. In particular, this thesis is focused on the alternative binders to Portland cement such as alkali-activated slag cements and calcium sulphoaluminate cement-based binders in order to manufacture sustainable mixtures for special applications such as repair mortars, lightweight reinforced plasters and concretes for slabs on ground. The experimental results show the feasibility of manufacturing both EN 1504-3 R3 class mortars and Portland-free concretes for jointless slabs on ground with calcium sulphoaluminate cement, supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag) and hydrated lime instead of Portland cement. Moreover, alkali-activated mortars and concretes seem to be a reasonable alternative to natural hydraulic lime-based and/or traditional Portland cement-based mixtures for rehabilitation or restoration of ancient masonry buildings and existing concretes structures. Finally, a new sustainability index was developed taking into account the environmental impact, the performances and the durability of mixtures. In particular, in the environmental impact section, the natural raw materials consumption, the greenhouse gas emissions and the energy consumption have been considered. Furthermore, depending on the applications and the environments, design parameters and properties related to durability have been assigned to each mixture. less

An ecological- and biological-based urban planning model, which focuses on the health of the people living in the city, is aimed at improving and prospering the welfare level of the society. The best scenario for creating more sustainable living spaces is to direct people's behavior towards a more environmentally friendly system. For this purpose, the "sustainable green campus" model has been considered at Kirklareli University. Kirklareli University, which was established in 2010 in Kirklareli city. The Green Campus Model covers the renovation of the indoor and outdoor areas of Kirklareli University, Kayali Campus, and its human-oriented, ecological, and environmentally friendly development. The sustainable green campus model includes the evaluation of the spatial and social living areas of Kirklareli University within the framework of sustainability. With the green campus approach, it aims to be a sustainable, environmentally oriented campus where renewable energy sources are used, naturally energy consumption can be controlled, and recycling and treatment systems are used effectively. © Peter Lang AG 2020.

The project between tthe Deutsche Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ) and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) focuses on the pr rovision of alternative fuels by thermochemical conversion. Biogenic residues and wastes which are not used yet or which could be utilised more efficiently are studied. The selection of possible feedstock was supported by a techhnical potential analysis including the competition to th he food industry. The technical suitability of raw materials for the fast pyrolysis (FP) process was of special in nterest. As a possible feedstock following types of biomass were studied: corn stover, corn cobs, biogenic floating re efuse (river Rhine and Baltic Sea), scrap wood, bark, rape s straw, sunflower straw, draff, diverse residues of flour production and hay. A process development unit (PDU) with a biomass feeding rate of 10 kg/h and a twin screw m mixer reactor was used for all experiments. It was found that different types of biomass form different char, condensate e and gas yields due to varying ash levels and lignocellulosic composition. Elemental formulas for feedstock, char, organic condensate and gas were estimated independent on t the feedstock due to similar elemental compositions. Pyrolysis gas analysis during the experiments gave information on the mass yields. A CO/CO2-ratio of 1 (i.e. wood) corresponds to organic condensate yields of about 50 wt.-%%, whereas a ratio of 0.3-0.7 (straw) corresponds to 18-32 wt. .-% respectively. Proceedings of the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 18-22 June 2012, Milan, Italy, pp. 973-977

In this study, the energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental (EXEN), Exergoenviroeconomic (EXENEC) analyses are performed to a solar collector. The enviroeconomic (energy based environmental analysis), EXEN (exergy based environmental analysis) and EXENEC (exergy based environmental and economic analysis) analyses are firstly conducted in this kind of system in the literature. It is found that most of the energy and exergy are lost by the radiation. The major reason is the big temperature difference between sky and glass surface of the collector. Furthermore, the energy efficiency (25.40%) of the system is higher than the corresponding exergy efficiency (0.732%). Also, the solar exergy of the system is the maximum exergy input rate, and most of it is destructed in the system due to the irreversibility. It shows the major disadvantages of the solar collector system. The EXEN result (0.0727 kg CO2/day) is lower than the corresponding environmental one (0.0777 kg CO2/day). The enviroeconomic result (0.00112 $/day) is higher than the EXENEC result (0.00105 $/day). So, exergy based EXENEC method is more reliable. It can be generally concluded that the solar collector systems can be assessed more effectively by using the exergy and economy based EXEN and EXENEC methods, respectively due to the consideration of the environmental condition and useful energy into calculation. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

The devolatilization of solid fuels is of crucial importance for all thermo­chemical processes and is the basic step in gasification and combustion models. Here a structural model is developed to provide an Advanced tool for Biomass and Coal Devolatilization (ABCD model), even in blend. The main features are founded on the original approach of the CPD (Chemical Percolation Devolatilization) model by Fletcher [1]. The ABCD model extends the approach also to biomass fuels. Further improvements of the ABCD model are: (i) a population balance between n­mers in liquid metaplast; (ii) elemental balance closure with the speciation of light gases, hetero­species and tar composition; (iii) introduction of secondary reactions of tar­cracking and crosslinking. The ABCD model results agree with a selection of experimental data (from homemade and literature works) on different biomasses. The results reported in this paper encouraged IFRF in continuing the experimental campaign for the validation of the model by extending the Solid Fuel DataBase SFDB. The inclusion of ABCD in comprehensive codes (e.g., Reactor Network Analysis, RNA [2]) and process models is valuable because it gives detailed distribution of pyrolysis products in a wide range of conditions with a low computational cost. Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 923-930

Bio-oil composition can differ depending on the biomass feedstock. Such information is essential if upgrading to a liquid fuel or to platform chemicals is intended. Furthermore, water and inorganic elements have to be taken into account for the catalyst selection. In this work, two bio-oils from wheat straw and beech wood were characterized by different techniques. Both were composed by a light and a heavy phase separately analyzed. The water content of the fractions differed over a wide range between 14.4 and 56.7 wt.% and therefore also the HHV (between 28.5 and 9.2 MJ/Kg). Both phases showed very low content of sulfur (<0.4 wt.%), which can have influence the lifetime of the catalyst. The 1H-NMR integration showed higher values in the regions of alkanes, carboxylic acid or keto-groups, and hetero-(aromatics) for both heavy phases, while light phases showed higher values in the water, O-H exchanging and carbohydrates region. So the heavy phases seem to be a good basis if phenols and its derivatives are expected and the light phases if alcohols are of interest. These results show that the bio-oils composition is essential for upgrading reactions, impacting on the products as well as on the choice of the catalyst. Proceedings of the 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 12-15 June 2017, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 1143-1147

Wall flow catalytic filters may represent an efficient solution for PM emission control of biomass-fired boilers and stoves, as they combine physical filtration processes with catalytic oxidative reactions. Moreover, such solution may be applied both in new equipment and in retrofit of existing appliances, and may be easily scaled according to the size of the boiler. The presented results were obtained from experimental tests carried out on filters with a silicon carbide matrix loaded with 20%wt of copper ferrite, and they aimed at evaluating the filter performance on fine PM abatement and the regeneration efficacy. The filters were tested in a customised sampling line at the exhaust of a 30 kW pellets boiler, and regeneration was specifically obtained by a high-temperature electrical heater. PM concentration in the flue gas was monitored by means of a real-time continuous detector and a cascade impactor. Tests showed high efficiency, over 90%, in PM reduction, and allowed to investigate in details the dynamics of regeneration and the effect of successive cycles, providing useful information in order to improve the service life and the performance of the catalytic filters. Proceedings of the 24th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-9 June 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 399-405

Turkey has very limited indigenous energy resources and has to import around 65% of primary energy to meet her needs. It is a large importer of primary energy despite having ample renewable energy sources. Turkey's vibrant economy has led to increased energy demand in recent years. This situation is expected to continue in the near future because its economy is dependent mainly on imported oil, natural gas and electricity. This paper presents the prevailing and the expected energy situation and energy demand. Wind energy potential in Turkey is also discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.