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After the failure of the EU to include international aviation into its own carbon market, the ICAO adopted the CORSIA offset mechanism. This instrument of international public action, combining the market and a binding inter-governmental framework, is the product both of political processes in the specialized international arena that is ICAO, and of organized action by representatives of the aviation industries. In contrast to a reductionist reading in terms of the domination of neo-liberal ideology, our sociological and empirical approach sheds light on the multiple meanings that the market instrument has been invested with, together with the conflicts and the political compromise that ultimately instituted it. This does not mean, however, that CORSIA is evidence that the climatization of the aviation sector is complete. Après l’échec de l’UE à intégrer le transport aérien international dans son propre marché carbone, l’OACI a adopté le mécanisme de compensation CORSIA. Cet instrument d’action publique internationale, associant le marché et un cadre inter-gouvernemental contraignant est le produit à la fois de processus politiques dans l’arène internationale spécialisée qu’est l’OACI, mais aussi de l’action organisée des représentants des industries de l’aérien. À l’encontre d’une lecture réductrice en termes de domination de l’idéologie néo-libérale, notre approche sociologique et empirique éclaire les significations multiples dont l’instrument de marché est investi, les conflits et le compromis politique qui l’institue finalement. Cela ne fait pas pour autant du CORSIA la preuve que la climatisation du secteur aérien est aboutie.

After the failure of the EU to include international aviation into its own carbon market, the ICAO adopted the CORSIA offset mechanism. This instrument of international public action, combining the market and a binding inter-governmental framework, is the product both of political processes in the specialized international arena that is ICAO, and of organized action by representatives of the aviation industries. In contrast to a reductionist reading in terms of the domination of neo-liberal ideology, our sociological and empirical approach sheds light on the multiple meanings that the market instrument has been invested with, together with the conflicts and the political compromise that ultimately instituted it. This does not mean, however, that CORSIA is evidence that the climatization of the aviation sector is complete. Après l’échec de l’UE à intégrer le transport aérien international dans son propre marché carbone, l’OACI a adopté le mécanisme de compensation CORSIA. Cet instrument d’action publique internationale, associant le marché et un cadre inter-gouvernemental contraignant est le produit à la fois de processus politiques dans l’arène internationale spécialisée qu’est l’OACI, mais aussi de l’action organisée des représentants des industries de l’aérien. À l’encontre d’une lecture réductrice en termes de domination de l’idéologie néo-libérale, notre approche sociologique et empirique éclaire les significations multiples dont l’instrument de marché est investi, les conflits et le compromis politique qui l’institue finalement. Cela ne fait pas pour autant du CORSIA la preuve que la climatisation du secteur aérien est aboutie.

In this paper, the design optimization of a nonsalient high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) for electric vehicle applications is presented. It will be shown how, with a new approach, it is possible to find a deterministic solution to solve the sizing of the machine from a given driving cycle. The optimal geometry and the optimal control strategy over the cycle minimizing both the energy losses and the volume of the machine will be calculated. At first, the one-dimensional analytical model used is presented and validated for the most significant point of the driving cycle using a finite element method. Then, the design methodology and the results through a specific application are detailed. Particularly, it will be shown how the flux weakening, directly given by the design process via the optimization of the control strategy, allows reducing both the energy losses and the constraints on the power converter. At last, in order to validate the solution considering the whole cycle while keeping a reduced computation time, a reluctance network model of the PMSM is used. This model validate the energy losses and the flux densities in the steel parts over the cycle. The study will be done considering the urban dynamometer driving schedule.

In this paper, the design optimization of a nonsalient high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) for electric vehicle applications is presented. It will be shown how, with a new approach, it is possible to find a deterministic solution to solve the sizing of the machine from a given driving cycle. The optimal geometry and the optimal control strategy over the cycle minimizing both the energy losses and the volume of the machine will be calculated. At first, the one-dimensional analytical model used is presented and validated for the most significant point of the driving cycle using a finite element method. Then, the design methodology and the results through a specific application are detailed. Particularly, it will be shown how the flux weakening, directly given by the design process via the optimization of the control strategy, allows reducing both the energy losses and the constraints on the power converter. At last, in order to validate the solution considering the whole cycle while keeping a reduced computation time, a reluctance network model of the PMSM is used. This model validate the energy losses and the flux densities in the steel parts over the cycle. The study will be done considering the urban dynamometer driving schedule.

Distribution systems management is becoming an increasingly complicated issue due to the introduction of new technologies, new energy trading strategies and new deregulated environment. In the new deregulated energy market and considering the incentives coming from the technical and economical fields, it is reasonable to consider distributed generation (DG) as a viable option to solve the lacking electric power supply problem. This paper presents a mathematical distribution system planning model considering three planning options to system expansion and to meet the load growth requirements with a reasonable price as well as the system power quality problems. DG is introduced as an attractive planning option with competition of voltage regulator devices and interruptible load. In mathematical model, the object function includes investment costs, which are evaluated as annualized total cost, plus total running cost as well as cost of curtailed loads and losses. This model identifies the optimal type, size and location of the planning options. In the studies presented in this paper also the fluctuation of load and electricity market price versus time period and the effect of DG placement on system improvement are considered. To solve the proposed mathematical planning model a new software package interfacing MATLAB and GAMS is developed. This package is enabling to solve large extent distribution system planning program visually and very fast. The proposed methodology is tested in the case of the well-known IEEE 30-bus test system.

Distribution systems management is becoming an increasingly complicated issue due to the introduction of new technologies, new energy trading strategies and new deregulated environment. In the new deregulated energy market and considering the incentives coming from the technical and economical fields, it is reasonable to consider distributed generation (DG) as a viable option to solve the lacking electric power supply problem. This paper presents a mathematical distribution system planning model considering three planning options to system expansion and to meet the load growth requirements with a reasonable price as well as the system power quality problems. DG is introduced as an attractive planning option with competition of voltage regulator devices and interruptible load. In mathematical model, the object function includes investment costs, which are evaluated as annualized total cost, plus total running cost as well as cost of curtailed loads and losses. This model identifies the optimal type, size and location of the planning options. In the studies presented in this paper also the fluctuation of load and electricity market price versus time period and the effect of DG placement on system improvement are considered. To solve the proposed mathematical planning model a new software package interfacing MATLAB and GAMS is developed. This package is enabling to solve large extent distribution system planning program visually and very fast. The proposed methodology is tested in the case of the well-known IEEE 30-bus test system.

Combining techniques, we follow surfaces, particles, and pores within aggregates and their evolution. A reliable ageing chronology was achieved on several length scales for an ultraporous nanostructured silica via 3D quantification.