• Energy Research
• Open Access close
• Closed Access close
• Embargo close
• 6. Clean water close
• Russian close

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

The aim of the article is to elaborate and to investigate the automatic control system of pressure in front of evaporators of the multifunctional heat pump, which has several condensers and several evaporators. The control system must reduce the value of pressure perturbations acting on evaporators and decrease the value of pressure pulsations before them. To solve this problem, a hydraulic scheme has been developed in which this parameter is stabilized by using fine and coarse adjustment valves in hydraulic circuits of condensers and compressors using a pressure control system for a static flow mixer. The system for control of the flow of the refrigerant consists of two groups of compressors with automatic control drives installed in the lines of each of the condensers. The pressure control system uses a model of control valve with proportional-integral – derivative (PID) controller in the direct line of the controller loop. This solution allowed simplifying the heat pump control system by eliminating the necessity of matching the pressure and flow control valves in each line and controlling the flow in the line over a wider range as well. A mathematical model of the static mixer of flows installed after the pressure control valves is obtained. The proposed pressure control system gives a possibility to reduce the amplitude of pulsations of pressure before the evaporators up to 14-16 times.

An electric power plant induced increase in water temperature substantially affects aqueous medium. Any hydraulic facility zones to be artificially heated and used by power plants may be considered as peculiar “anthropogenic hydrothermal systems”. Interrelation properties of specific abiotic and biotic parameters of such extreme ecosystems shall be studied at large for understanding hydraulic facility ecosystem biological efficiency and trophic status alteration factors. This paper applies to analysis of relations between hydrothermal zone environment factors and basic characteristics of the plankton population in the Kharanorskaya State District Power Station (Trans-Baikal Territory) cooling reservoir. The population of planktonic animals and plants were studied at a thermal zone of the cooling reservoir by using standard hydrobiologic methods for the period of February to October, 2013. Hydrochemical samples were processed at the industrial sanitary laboratory of INTER RAO-Electroenergy JSC, Kharanorskaya SDPS branch using common techniques. It was found that phytoplankton contained 40 taxonomic groups of algae and 25 invertebrate species of animal plankton. Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Crysophyta dominated in algocenosis amounted to 80% of the total taxonomic groups. As for Rotifera, it dominated in animal plankton cenosis amounted to 40% of the total species. It is demonstrated that the dominated complex varies seasonally. Quantity of phytoplankton and animal plankton has been specified. The algal species diversity has drastically reduced and quality of invertebrate animals has fallen down within the period when water was maximally warmed up since temperature values jumped up and oxygen content come down. With some aquatic organisms (i.e. algae and invertebrate animals) taken as an example, it was found that the offset and extension of organism growth periods induce a primary reaction to particular thermal load increase factors. Inverse temperature correlation was identified at surface and natural water layers to have specific abiotic parameters in relation to clear water and nitrate levels in water. As provided by biotic plankton sampling statistical data, it was found that temperature, cation and anion water composition, as well as suspended solid concentration are the main factors that affect growth of organisms in the anthropogenic water reservoir of the hydraulic facilities.

В работе проанализировано потребление электроэнергии модулем опреснителя. Рассчитаны средние показатели расхода и мощности опреснителя, требуемая мощность установки на основе нетрадиционной и возобновляемой энергии. Подведены итоги исследования. The paper analyzes the power consumption of the desalination unit. The average indicators of consumption and capacity of the desalination plant were calculated, as well as the required capacity of the installation based on unconventional and renewable energy. The results of the study are summarized.

The study analysed data on species composition and quantitative characteristics of zoobenthos based on the data of environmental inventory and passportization of Kazan. Data on zoobenthos organisms of 36 urbanized lakes were used. The predominant group by species composition in the zoobenthos community is insects, making up 53% of the total species composition, chironomids were the most frequent. The most frequently occurring and red-listed species of zoobenthos organisms were found. Zoobenthos numbers varied from 10 to 2800 eq/m2 in different water bodies; biomass values varied from 0.04 to 61.15 g/m3. According to the Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices, most of the lakes belong to the category of polluted with stable communities. The lake ecosystems located in the Novo-Savinovsky and Kirovsky districts of Kazan and belonging to the first supra-floodplain terrace of the Kazanka River and the Volga River are among the most significant in terms of species diversity of biological resources. The biological resources of lakes in Kazan, which are subjected to strong anthropogenic load, need to be protected, and the lakes need to be improved and rationally used. В ходе исследования анализировались данные по видовому составу и количественным характеристикам зообентоса на основе данных экологической инвентаризации и паспортизации г. Казани. Использованы данные об организмах зообентоса 36 урбанизированных озер. Преобладающей группой по видовому составу в зообентосном сообществе являются насекомые, составляющие 53% от общей видового состава, наиболее часто встречались хирономиды. Выявлены наиболее часто встречающиеся и краснокнижные виды организмов зообентоса. Значения численности зообентоса изменялось от 10 до 2800 экз./м2 на разных водных объектах; значение биомассы изменялось от 0,04 до 61,15 г/м3. Согласно индексам видового разноообразия Шеннона и Симпсона, большая часть озер относится к категории загрязненных с устойчивым сообществом. К наиболее значимым по видовому разнообразию биологических ресурсов относятся озёрные экосистемы, расположенные территориально в Ново-Савиновском и Кировском районах г. Казани, относящиеся к первой надпойменной террасе реки Казанки и Волги. Биоресурсы озёр г. Казани, подвергаемые сильной антропогенной нагрузке, нуждаются в охране, а озера – в благоустройстве и рациональном использовании. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 10 (136) 2023

The aim of the work is to increase biogas output and generation of electricity in biogas plants due to the joint fermentation of cattle manure with winemaking waste. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the biogas yield from cattle manure with winemaking waste was determined during periodic loading of the digester; based on the obtained experimental data, a mathematical model was calibrated to estimate the biogas yield during fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of winemaking waste. Because of the studies, it had been found that when manure was fermented with part of the water replaced in the substrate 2% of the winemaking waste, the fermentation dynamics in the substrate are similar to the fermentation of pure cattle manure. Biogas obtained by fermentation of manure with the addition of 2%, 6.5% and 13% of wastewater from wine production instead of water in the first day of fermentation either did not burn at all or burned poorly. The addition of winemaking waste to a substrate based on manure in an amount of 13% allows increasing the maximum biogas yield by a third to 1,372 l/(hrkg dry organic matter). The significance of the research results lies in the fact that the use of winemaking waste as a substrate will allow a third increase in biogas output and power generation, and a reduction in the payback period of a 4,4 MW biogas plant using the green tariff to 6,5 years.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the existing problems in the creation of new environmentally friendly technological processes to ensure the rational use of available renewable resources. Due to the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources, and subsequent pollution of the environment, people faced the question of reorganizing their activities and reducing the harmful effects by using waste resources to create a new type of fuel. The subject of the study is the subsequent utilization of wastewater in the production of liquid biofuel. Various methods of organizing wastewater disposal were examined and their main common disadvantages were characterized. It was established that when applying traditional mechanical and biological treatment methods, there is a necessity in additional treatment of wastewater from biogenic elements and in improvement of methods of treatment and utilization of their sludge. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the application of traditional mechanical and biological treatment methods necessitates additional treatment of wastewater from nutrients and improvement of treatment and disposal of sludge. As one of the most promising methods of additional treatment, it was proposed to use wastewater as a medium for cultivation of energy microalgae in closed-type photobioreactors with subsequent production of liquid biofuel of the third generation. Актуальность темы определяется наличием проблем в создании новых экологически безопасных технологических процессов для обеспечения рационального использования имеющихся возобновляемых ресурсов. Из-за быстрого истощения невозобновляемых ресурсов, в последующем загрязнении окружающей среды, перед человеком встал вопрос о реорганизации своей деятельности и уменьшения пагубных последствий путем применения отработанных ресурсов для создания нового вида топлива. Предметом исследования является последующее использование сточных вод в производстве жидкого биотоплива. Были рассмотрены различные методы организации водоотведения, охарактеризованы их основные общие недостатки. Выяснилось, что при применении традиционных механических и биологических методов очистки возникает необходимость в доочистке сточных вод от биогенных элементов и в усовершенствовании способов обработки и утилизации их осадков. В итоге исследования был сделан вывод, что при применении традиционных механических и биологических методов очистки возникает необходимость в доочистке сточных вод от биогенных элементов и в усовершенствовании способов обработки и утилизации их осадков. Как один из самых перспективных методов доочистки предложено использование сточных вод как среды для культивирования энергетических микроводорослей в фотобиореакторах закрытого типа с последующим производством жидкого биотоплива третьего поколения. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 10 (136) 2023

 The mission of the research included the following objectives: the development of new circuit decisions for the alternate refrigerating systems based on the use of an open absorptive circuit and on the use of solar energy for absorbent solution regeneration; an assessment of the energy and environmental characteristics of the developed systems; obtaining of the experimental data for an assessment of the principal capabilities of the proposed new solar air-conditioning systems. New principles for design of heat and mass transfer equipment in the version with a movable packing of heat exchange elements (fluidized bed packing "gas - liquid - solid body") placed in the packed bed were developed, which allows self-cleaning of the working surfaces and walls of the heat and mass transfer equipment HMT. This new solution, when working with outdoor air and solutions of absorbents, seems to be a fundamentally important condition for maintaining the working capacity of solar absorption systems. The new schemes of absorber with internal steam cooling allowing the improvement of the new scheme of the alternate refrigerating system were developed. Comparative analysis based on the methodology of the "Life Cycle Assessment" (LCA) showed that new, developed solar systems provide the considerable decrease in energy consumption, their use leads to the decrease of exhaustion of natural resources, influences less global climate change.