• Energy Research
• Open Access close
• Restricted close
• Open Source close
• 7. Clean energy close
• Spanish close

En este trabajo se analizan discursos del ámbito empresarial en los que se defienden propuestas ideológicas en el tema económico; en concreto, se analizan varios discursos en los que la Asociación Española de Productores de Energías Renovables (APPA, en adelante) responde a las críticas vertidas desde determinadas multinacionales del sector de la energía por las subvenciones públicas otorgadas a las empresas de energías renovables, en particular a los productores de energía fotovoltaica.Los resultados del análisis (pragmático-discursivo y argumentativo) revelan que el recurso principal que utiliza APPA para la defensa de este tipo de energías es la recontextualización de las críticas recibidas por parte de las multinacionales del sector de la energía, transformando estas críticas en una macroestrategia de deslegitimación de las energías renovables por parte de estas multinacionales. En el conjunto de los discursos analizados y del resto de estrategias argumentativas utilizadas, se puede observar, además, cómo esta deslegitimación es utilizada por APPA como prueba argumentativo-persuasiva para mostrar lo absurdo de tales críticas.Desde la perspectiva teórico-metodológica, este trabajo muestra la importancia en estos discursos de los recursos retóricoselocutivos; es decir, de aquellos capaces de activar marcos cognitivos determinados que evocan emociones, porque tanto transmiten intenciones como mueven a la acción.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In this article I offer an analysis of professional speeches in a business context in which ideological proposals of an economic nature are defended, in particular, several speeches in which the Spanish Association of Renewable Energy Producers (APPA) responds to criticism from multinational companies in the energy sector. Their criticism is largely based on the fact that the companies involved in renewable energy, particularly photovoltaic producers, are receiving subsidies from the government.The results of the pragmatic-discursive and argumentative analysis reveal that the main discursive resource APPA uses to defend this kind of energy is the recontextualization of the criticism they have received by the aforementioned multinational companies, by transforming this criticism using a macro-strategy, i.e., delegitimizing renewable energies. By combining all of the analyzed speeches with the various argumentative strategies present in the speeches, one can observe that APPA uses this delegitimation, both argumentatively and persuasively, to show the absurdity of this criticism.From a theoretical and methodological perspective, in this article I illustrate the importance of elocutive resources in these speeches; that is, those that are able to activate particular cognitive frames that evoke emotion since both convey simultaneously intention and action.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209 In diesem Beitrag werden professionelle Diskurse in Unternehmen analysiert, in denen ideologisch ökonomische Ansätze verteidigt werden, genauer: Diskurse, in denen die spanische Vereinigung der Erzeuger erneuerbarer Energien (APPA) auf Kritiken multinationaler Unternehmen hinsichtlich der öffentlichen Finanzierung insbesondere von fotoelektrischen Firmen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse der (pragmatisch-diskursiven und argumentativen) Analyse zeigen, dass die wesentlichste diskursive Ressource, die APPA nutzt, um diese Art der Energieproduktion und -finanzierung zu verteidigen, darin besteht, die Kritik vonseiten der multinationalen Unternehmen zu rekontexualisieren und in eine Makrostrategie zu transformieren, die erneuerbare Energien delegitimiert. Werden die diskursiven Strategien mit den argumentativen Strategien in Verbindung gesetzt, dann fällt weiter auf, dass diese Delegitimierung von der APPA als argumentativer Beleg genutzt wird, um die Absurdität der Kritik aufzuzeigen.Aus theoretischer und methodologischer Perspektive versuche ich zu verdeutlichen, welche Bedeutung elokutive Ressourcen in Diskursen haben, d.h. Ressourcen, die spezifische kognitive, Emotionen auslösende Muster aktivieren und Intentionen ebenso wie Handeln affizieren.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203209

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the pyrolysis process mixing corn and coconut crop residues in CO2 atmosphere and to compare the result of the solid product obtained in the starting biomass. For this research, the feedstock was characterized by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The pyrolysis process was carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a CO2 flow at a temperature of 450°C and for a time of 2 hours (2.77*10-4m3/s). The results show that the calorific value of the carbonaceous residues from the pyrolysis is increased by 59.7% compared to the original raw material, the FTIR of the solid demonstrates the transformation of the original carbonyl and hydroxyl groups that are part of the condensable gases and products.

En el Departamento de Boyacá se reconoce la presencia del gas asociado al carbón en las minas a causa de las frecuentes explosiones. Debido a dichos accidentes y a la necesidad de conocer mejor este recurso no-convencional, se decidió recopilar toda esta información y se analizaron los resultados de contenidos de gas en varios bloques en tres áreas. Para la toma de las muestras y para el análisis de la información se siguió el método de la USBM y se determinaron por separado el gas perdido, el gas desorbido y el gas residual. Los contenidos promedios en el Área Checua-Lenguaza están entre 2 y 88 pie³/ton, en el área Tunja-Paipa-Duitama, entre 2-65 pie³/ton y en Sogamoso-Jericó se encontraron entre 1-275 pie³/ton. Los mayores contenidos se encontraron en la parte norte del Área Sogamoso-Jericó (Tasco-Socotá) a profundidades que sobrepasan los 300 m. La variabilidad en los contenidos y las bajas reservas promedio de 27 Giga Pies³ por área, hacen que sea necesario incrementar las reservas y conocer mejor los contenidos de gas; por lo que se recomienda perforar pozos adicionales para evaluar mejor el contenido a diferentes profundidades y en grandes estructuras, especialmente sinclinales. In the Boyacá Province is well known the presence of coal bed gas due to the frequent explosion, as a result of those accidents and to the need of having a better knowledge of this non-conventional resource, the coal bed gas information was gathered and analyzed from three areas. For sample taking and information analysis, the USBM method was followed. The average contents in the Checua-Lenguazaque areas are between 2 and 88 scf/ton, in the Tunja-Paipa-Duitama area are found between 2-65 scf/ton, and in the Sogamoso-Jerico area the content are found between 1-275 scf/ton. The higher contents are found in the northern part of the Sogamoso-Socotá Area (Tasco-Socotá) at depths exceeding 300 m. The content variability and the low reserves of about 27 Giga scf per area, induce to increase the reserves and increase the understanding of the gas contents; for that, it is recommended to drill additional wells to better assess the content at different depths and on large structures, especially synclines.

Este artigo pretende estudar a inserção do Brasil no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto, por meio de projetos em energia limpa, enfatizando a cooperação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e visando as ações práticas que esse mecanismo permite desenvolver para se alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável e para conter o aquecimento global. Para isto, realizou-se extensa revisão bibliográfica dos acordos internacionais referentes às mudanças climáticas e de livros e artigos sobre a inserção brasileira no Protocolo de Quioto e no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. O Protocolo de Quioto é um acordo internacional que prevê a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa por intermédio de mecanismos flexibilizadores. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo é o único que permite a participação de países em desenvolvimento, para que eles reduzam emissões por meio de projetos que busquem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste contexto, o Brasil surge como um país atrativo para o recebimento destes projetos, por sua vocação para desenvolver fontes alternativas de energia e pela sua liderança no processo negociador do Protocolo. O MDL configura-se, portanto, em uma grande oportunidade para o Brasil, visto que esses projetos representam uma fonte de recursos financeiros para que o país busque o desenvolvimento sustentável, além de incentivarem um maior conhecimento científico e a adoção de novas tecnologias.This article intends to study the insertion of Brazil at the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, through clean energy projects, emphasizing the cooperation between developed and developing countries, and aiming the practical actions that this mechanism allows to build up in order to reach the sustainable development and to stop the global warming. To achieve this, an intense bibliographic review of the international agreements concerning climate change, and books and articles about the Brazilian insertion on the Kyoto Protocol and on the Clean Development Mechanism was done. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement, which predicts the reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions through flexibly mechanisms. The Clean Development Mechanism is the only one that allows the participation of developing countries, for them to reduce emissions through projects that look for sustainable development. In this context, Brazil emerges as an attractive country to receive these projects, due to its vocation to develop alternative sources of energy and for its leadership on the Protocol's negotiation process. The CDM is therefore a great opportunity to Brazil, since these projects represent a source for financial resources for the country to seek the sustainable development, besides encouraging a greater scientific knowledge and the adoption of new and clean technologies.

This article presents the implementation of an ANFIS model to estimate price movements in the energy market in Colombia in the short term with regard to hydrological conditions in order to support the decision making process of the involved agents. The proposed model considers three input variables: an ENSO phenomenon forecast, the system's reservoir level and the hydraulic contributions of the rivers to the generation plants. The model was trained and validated with actual monthly data from 1999 until 2007. According to the results, the model captures the price tendency in an accurate way, but it must be complemented with other models that reflect the influence of other factors in the energy price formation process in this country or in others with similar features.

¿Cómo se diferencian las fincas cafeteras campesinas en función de variables socioeconómicas y manejo de recursos? Esta fue la pregunta que motivó el presente estudio. Se analizaron los conglomerados de 39 fincas de Puriscal, Costa Rica, para establecer una tipología en función de trece variables. Se definieron tres tipos de fincas: de tecnología orgánica (TO), de tecnología mixta (TM) y de tecnología convencional (TC). En cada conglomerado se construyó una finca hipotética para analizarla como estudio de caso. En cada caso se realizó un análisis económico para determinar indicadores financieros y beneficio familiar en el corto plazo; además, se determinó la productividad energética. Los más altos beneficios financieros en el corto plazo se obtuvieron en el modelo TC, comparados con los sistemas TO y TM. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de la productividad energética, el modelo de caficultura orgánica presenta una mejor eficiencia, en la medida en que para producir un kilogramo (kg) de café en cereza se invirtieron 0,51 MJ/ kg, lo que representa la mitad de la energía requerida para producir el mismo kilogramo en los modelos TC (1,06 MJ/kg) y TM (0,97 MJ/kg). El estudio debe complementarse con seguimientos en el largo plazo. How do peasant coffee growing farms differ depending on socioeconomic variables and on resource management? That is precisely the question that motivated this study. The conglomerates of 39 farms in Puriscal, Costa Rica were analyzed, to establish a typology using thirteen variables. Three types of farms were defined: farms with organic technology (OT), farms with mixed technology (MT), and farms with conventional technology (CT). In each conglomerate, a hypothetical farm was built, to be analyzed as a case study. For each of these case studies, an economic analysis was made to determine short-term financial indicators and short-term family benefits; in addition, energy productivity was determined. The highest short-term financial benefits were obtained in the CT model as compared to those obtained in the OT and MT systems. However, for energy productivity, the organic coffee growing model presented more efficiency. Indeed, 0.51 MJ/kg was invested to produce one kilogram (kg) of coffee beans there; that represents half of the energy required to produce the same kilogram of coffee beans in the CT model (1.06 MJ/kg) and in the MT model (0.97 MJ/kg). This study requires long-term tracking complementation.

La matriz energética de Argentina depende principalmente de los combustibles fósiles, por lo que resulta deseable diversificarla, incluyendo fuentes renovables como la biomasa forestal. Una limitación para este desarrollo es la falta de información sobre la productividad de sistemas de rotación corta de alta densidad (SRC) destinados a la producción de biomasa en condiciones locales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del genotipo, la densidad de plantación y la disponibilidad hídrica sobre la productividad de un sistema SRC con sauces en un suelo agrícola en la provincia de Buenos Aires. La principal limitación para la productividad es la disponibilidad de agua, que explica entre el 83 y el 92 % de la variabilidad en la biomasa seca, mientras que no hubo efectos significativos del genotipo y la densidad de plantación. Los rendimientos de biomasa seca obtenidos en este ensayo son comparables a los reportados para sistemas SRC en otros países, variando entre 11,1 y 22,6 Mg ha-1 año-1. In Argentina, energy production depends mostly on fossil fuels; hence it is desirable to diversify the energy sources including renewable fuels such as forest biomass. A drawback for this development is the lack of information about the productivity of short rotation coppice systems (SRC) under local conditions. Willows are used in several countries as a source of biomass for energy, although in Argentina the information about yield at local level is scarce. An SRC system was established in agricultural soil in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The aim of this work was to estimate the effects of irrigation, plantation density and genotype on biomass production. The clones used were the hybrid Salix matsudana x Salix alba `Barrett 13-44 INTA´ and the open pollinated Salix alba `Yaguareté INTA - CIEF´. There were no statistically significant effects of clone and plantation density on biomass productivity. The only significant factor was irrigation, which explained 83 to 92 % of yield variability. The dry biomass yields are similar to those reported elsewhere for rainfed SRC willows, ranging between 11.1 and 22.6 Mg ha-1 year-1.

Biofilters of upward flow (packing volume: 2.4 L) were designed using compost, compost-humus mixtures and compost-sawdust, to evaluate their efficiency as microbial-organic filters of the H2S of the biogas obtained in a tubular biodigester of the Model Center of Waste Treatment of the UNALM. The influence of the biogas flow variables was investigated: 0.5 and 1 L min-1 and contaminant concentrations: 750, 2700 and 3500 ppmv, on the percentage of removal (% RE) and the elimination capacity (CE) of H2S in each support, obtaining CE maximum of 25.2; 90.6 and 114 g H2S m-3h -1 and % RE greater than 98%. It is worth noting the tolerance to fasting and the rapid recovery of the media which without the addition of inoculum, water or nutrients presented adequate characteristics to act as support: neutral pH, humidity around 50%, porosity between 80 and 83%, apparent density between 0.25 and 0.37 and organic matter of 35.7; 45.45 and 45.85. The results obtained show that compost and humus, used as soil improvers, are also efficient means for the removal of H2S from biogas, improving its use as energy, mainly for the vulnerable populations of the agricultural and agroindustrial. evaluated.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es examinar los factores que afectan a la información voluntaria suministrada por las organizaciones del sector eléctrico en sus memorias de sostenibilidad. La metodología utilizada consiste en aplicar un modelo de regresión Tobit, para medir la influencia de las variables independientes sobre un indicador de sostenibilidad. La muestra objeto de estudio la constituyen 40 corporaciones eléctricas, fundamentalmente europeas y americanas, incluidas en el listado de la Global Reporting Initiative. Los resultados sugieren que; la rentabilidad, la participación en el mercado y la evaluación de la información emitida, influyen en la información que figura en las memorias de sostenibilidad. The aim of this article is to examine factors affecting to the voluntary information that electricity sector organizations provide in their sustainability reports. The methodology involves the application of Tobit regression model to measure the influence of independent variables on an indicator of sustainability. The study sample consists of 40 electrical corporations, mainly European and American, including in the list of the Global Reporting Initiative. The results revealed that the market share, return on investment and the evaluation of the information are variables that influence, significantly, on the information contained in sustainability reports.

En la industria pesquera (INDUPIR) se realizó un estudio referido al consumo de agua que se estaba generando en la línea de acabado, el que se cuantificó en estudios precedentes en 69 m3/d. Se detectó que las pérdidas fueron motivadas fundamentalmente por: 1. Problemas técnicos en las redes hidráulicas, que arrojó ser de 467 m3/mes y que no se corresponden con lo real reportado por la entidad y, 2. Problemas de operación en el proceso, que resultó de 621 m3/mes. Ambas pérdidas alcanzaron un total de 1 088 m3/mes. Los consumos energéticos asociados con estas pérdidas, que contemplaron solamente la energía eléctrica consumida en la propia planta de proceso se elevaron a 138,5 kW-h, pérdida innecesaria que afecta económicamente la organización y al Sistema Electroenergético Nacional. In the fishing industry (INDUPIR), a study was carried out regarding water consumption that was being generated in the finishing line, which was quantified in previous studies at 69 m3/d. It was detected that the losses were mainly caused by: 1. Technical problems in the hydraulic networks, which resulted in 467 m3/month and that they do not correspond to the real reported by the entity and, 2. Operational problems in the process, which reached 621 m3/month. Both losses reached a total of 1 088 m3/month. The energy consumption associated with these losses, which only included the electricity consumed in the process plant itself, amounted to 138,5 kW-h, an unnecessary loss that economically affects the organization and the National Electric System. Published Refereed