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Relevance. The power provided by generating stations based on wind and solar energy depends on the state of the environment at a particular geographical point, the prevailing wind speeds and the level of solar insolation. The wind speeds and solar insolation characterizing patterns are probabilistic in nature and depend on the terrain and season. This means that the power provided by generating stations based on renewable energy sources is also probabilistic. Risks associated with an inaccurate knowledge of the probabilistic patterns describing renewable energy sources, as well as the unpredictability (uncertainty) of the natural environment affecting renewable energy sources, are the reasons why system operators do not take into account such stations in calculating the power balance. This situation does not allow considering the generating stations as full-fledged market participants, covering the flow of investments in such projects. Accurate determination of the output power distribution laws for solar and wind power stations, based on the wind speed and solar insolation data analysis can significantly help system operators in power predicting of the power stations. Aim of study is building models of distribution laws that best describe the results of wind speed and solar insolation observations, as well as models of distribution laws for the generated power of wind and solar stations. Methods: methods for estimating the parameters of distribution laws, methods for testing statistical hypotheses. Results. It is shown, that the 3rd kind of beta distribution laws and their mixtures describe the series of measured wind speed and solar insolation better in the territory. The same concerning the probability distribution of the wind and solar stations power. Distribution law models for wind speed, solar insolation and power of the corresponding stations are constructed. It is shown that on the basis of the law of the distribution of wind speed and the mathematical relationships that connect power with wind speed, good models can be constructed for the probability distributions of power of wind power stations. The models can be used as an auxiliary tool for power system operators to predict output power.

This paper examines the current condition and development prospects of the fuel and energy industry of the Kaliningrad region specified in regional programmes. The authors compare the potentials of different renewable energy sources and provide information on the exploitation of different renewable energy objects in the region. The article presents a preliminary assessment of the thermal capacity necessary for the residential area of an ecovillage with a population of 50,000 and suggests ensuring heat supply with the help of heat pumps. Рассмотрено современное состояние и перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Калининградской области, предусмотренные региональными программами. Проведено сравнение потенциалов различных возобновляемых энергетических ресурсов, собраны сведения об опыте эксплуатации объектов возобновляемой энергетики на данной территории. Осуществлены первичные оценки необходимых тепловых мощностей для жилого фонда экопоселка численностью 50 тыс. человек и предложен вариант его теплообеспечения от тепловых насосов.

The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

The article describes the major stages and the evolution of the research in the sphere of sustainability of economic entities (units), defines the relationship between sustainable development and changes in the key elements of an organization’s business processes, identifies the peculiarities of sustainable development of economic units belonging to different levels and their interdependence. The author analyses the basic approaches to giving definitions of sustainability in political economy, system analysis and in applied economics, singles out their similarities and objective differences. The article mainly focuses on defining sustainability ofa business entity as a primary element of national economy. It compares major features and factors of ensuring the sustainability including the consistency of strategic changes in different elements of production and business processes, monitoring of changes in close and distant environment of an economic entity, using the best practices of business partners, the analysis of support of long-term innovations by current changes which ensure the elimination of losses and sustainable cost reduction on the basis of resource-efficient development. Special emphasis is put on integration factors of ensuring the sustainability. The author proves that to ensure the sustainability consistent changes resulting in a synergistic effect are required.

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

В статье обоснована необходимость развития возобновляемых источников энергии, где наиболее перспективным направлением определено строительство солнечных электростанций. Проведен анализ существующих мощностей на основе возобновляемой энергии в рамках всего Мирового хозяйства за последние годы, при этом установлены основные направления инновационного развития солнечной энергетики. По результатам исследования было выявлено наличие активной инновационной деятельности в области солнечной энергетики, определены основные ее преимущества как относительно традиционных способов выработки энергии, так и прочих возобновляемых источников энергии. Данное исследование позволило сделать вывод, что регулярному использованию экологически чистых источников энергии препятствуют существенные материальные затраты. The article substantiates the necessity in developing renewable energy sources, where the construction of solar power plants are considered the most promising direction. The study conducts an analysis of the existing capacities based on renewable energy in the entire world economy in recent years, while also establishing the main directions of innovative development of solar energy. The results of the study determine the presence of active innovative activities in the field of solar energy, identifies its main advantages both in relation to traditional methods of energy generation and other renewable energy sources. This study allowed the authors to conclude that the regular use of environmentally friendly energy sources is hindered by significant material costs. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (108) 2021, Pages 129-131

Climate change in the world is affecting the growing shortage of fresh water. States in the Mediterranean region that have already experienced the effects of these changes need to take the climate factor into account when managing water resources. Using the example of the Republic of Cyprus, specific adaptation measures were studied and evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness, sustainability in the face of climate change uncertainty and their sustainability in the environmental, socio-economic sectors, as well as potential barriers and risks associated with the implementation of adaptation. The presented review showed that many of the measures taken, which are considered to address the impact of climate change on water resources, increase the adaptive capacity of the water sector, but its overall vulnerability remains high, as water demand is still not met in certain areas and / or for certain uses during a drought.

Работа посвящена развитию альтернативной энергетики в отдаленных и труднодоступных районах Российской Федерации. В исследовании было выявлено, что обеспечение устойчивого и надежного электроснабжения потребителей является важнейшим приоритетом для государства, однако не всегда предоставляется возможность обеспечить централизованное электроснабжение отдельных потребителей. В этой связи, в работе была обоснована необходимость рассмотрения вопроса о развитии альтернативной энергетики с целью обеспечения потребителей электрической энергией. В статье был проведен анализ различных показателей энергетического комплекса, который показал, что Российская Федерация имеет огромный потенциал для обеспечения различных групп потребителей разными видами энергии, что позволит повысить эффективность и устойчивость электроэнергетического комплекса в долгосрочной перспективе. Вместе с тем, в исследовании выделены факторы, управление которыми позволит достичь перехода от традиционных энергоресурсов на возобновляемые и альтернативные, что обеспечит дальнейшее развитие энергетики и реализацию задач поставленных в стратегических документах энергетического комплекса. В завершение исследования сделаны выводы и предложены рекомендации по развитию альтернативной энергетики в отдаленных и труднодоступных районах Российской Федерации. The work is devoted to the development of alternative energy in remote and inaccessible regions of the Russian Federation. The study revealed that ensuring a stable and reliable power supply to consumers is a top priority for the state, but it is not always possible to provide centralized power supply to individual consumers. In this regard, the work substantiated the need to consider the issue of the development of alternative energy in order to provide consumers with electric energy. The article analyzes various indicators of the energy complex, which showed that the Russian Federation has a huge potential to provide various groups of consumers with different types of energy, which will improve the efficiency and sustainability of the electric power complex in the long term. At the same time, the study highlights the factors, the management of which will make it possible to achieve a transition from traditional energy resources to renewable and alternative ones, which will ensure the further development of the energy sector and the implementation of the tasks set in the strategic documents of the energy complex. At the end of the study, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made for the development of alternative energy in remote and inaccessible regions of the Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the solution of a complex of problems that arise in small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium-capacity power plants associated with the processing of crude methane and the possibility of reducing the greenhouse effect.The economic feasibility of the development of fuel cells (FC) on raw biomethane was demonstrated by the authors in previous publications.The specificity of the solution of problems is focused on small and medium-scale treatment complexes, gas production plants and small and medium power plants.The aim of the study is to show the possibility of solving a multicomponent task of developing fuel cells, including the experimental determination of the actual use of sodium formate as a reducing agent for the production of electricity in a fuel cell (FC).Results are the following: the possibility of solving the issues of reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere during processing of waste products of human vital activity is proved. A method for converting methane and carbon dioxide emissions into useful products is shown. Статья посвящена решению комплекса проблем, которые возникают на малых и средних очистных комплексах, заводах по производству газа и электростанциях малой и средней мощности, связанных с переработкой сырого метана и возможности уменьшения парникового эффекта.Экономическая целесообразность разработки топливных ячеек (ТЯ) на сыром биометане была показана авторами в прежних публикациях.Специфика решения задач ориентированна на малые и средние очистные комплексы, заводы по производству газа и электростанции малой и средней мощности.Цель исследования показать возможность решения многокомпонентной задачи развития топливных ячеек, включая экспериментальное определение реального использования формиата натрия в качестве восстановителя для производства электроэнергии в топливном элементе (ТЭ).Результаты доказана возможность решения вопросов снижения выбросов парниковых газов в атмосферу при переработке отходов продуктов жизнедеятельности человека. Показан способ преобразования выбросов метана и двуокиси углерода в полезные продукты. №5 (227) (2017)