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Keskitymme tässä artikkelissa ylikansallisen tuotannon aiheuttamien asvihuonekaasupäästöjen oikeudelliseen jäsennykseen. Esitämme modernin arvoketjuteorian tarjoavan hyödyllisen heuristisen työkalun, joka mahdollistaa lukuisista yksittäisistä palasista koostuvan ylikansallisen tuotantorakenteen aiheuttamien kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen hahmottamisen yhtenä hallittavana kokonaisuutena. Tyypittelemme arvoketjupäästöjen oikeudellisen rakenteen kolmeen osaan, jotka ovat yritysten yksityisen hallinnan instrumentit (esim. carbon pact -sopimukset), julkinen sääntely (esim. raportointi- ja huolellisuusvelvoitteet) ja yksityinen vastuu (esim. vahingonkorvausoikeudenkäynnissä todettu vastuu konsernin tai toimitusketjun kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä). Tämä oikeudellinen hahmotus tarjoaa viitekehyksen, joka mahdollistaa ylikansallisen tuotannon arvoketjupäästöjen syvemmän integroimisen kansainväliseen, alueelliseen ja kansalliseen ilmastojärjestelmään. Arvoketjupäästöjäsennys monipuolistaa myös varhaisempaa ja helpommin kohdennettavaa perinteistä ”kestävyysvastuuta” ja tarjoaa siten näkymän kestävän velvoiteoikeuden tulevaisuuteen The apportionment of greenhouse gas emissions from transnational production to specific private actors, to say nothing of related governance, regulatory and liability issues, poses a challenge for the current, primarily state-centric approach to climate change mitigation. The current approach, allocating emissions to sites of production, has been criticized for not reflecting the reality of transnational consumption or control of production. We propose that global value chain theory provides a useful heuristic tool for the legal conceptualization of greenhouse gases from a holistic, transnational production perspective as a crucial complement to current state-centric approaches. Using global value chain theory as our starting point, we show how emissions from transnational production constitute a phenomenon that can be tackled on the level of law through a combination of private governance, regulation and private law doctrine.

Suomen kouluissa opiskellaan yhä vähemmän ja yhä harvempia vieraita kieliä. Valinnaisten kielten opiskelun suosio on laskenut, ja kielitaito on vaarassa jäädä pelkän englannin varaan. Erilaisia toimenpiteitä, kuten kielen opetuksen varhentaminen, on jo tehty. Ne eivät kuitenkaan ole juurikaan lisänneet muiden vieraiden kielten opiskelun suosiota, vaan valtaosa oppilaista ja opiskelijoista opiskelee edelleen vain englantia kotimaisten kielten lisäksi. Kysyimme kieltenopettajilta, millaisia keinoja eri kouluasteilla on jo ollut käytössä valintojen monipuolistamiseksi sekä millaisilla konkreettisilla keinoilla kielivalintoja vielä voitaisiin monipuolistaa. Aineisto on kerätty tammi-helmikuussa 2021 Webropol-kyselyllä, joka oli suunnattu eri koulutusasteiden kielten opettajille. Tulokset osoittavat, että oppilaitoksissa on jo tehty monia sellaisia toimenpiteitä, joihin opettajat ja koulut itse voivat vaikuttaa. Tulevaisuudessa kielivalintojen monipuolistamiseen toivotaan paikallisten toimien sijaan laajempia koulutuspoliittisia ratkaisuja. Studying optional languages is in decline in Finland. Often, English is the only language that is studied alongside Finnish and Swedish, the compulsory national languages. Measures such as starting the study of foreign languages earlier have not had a significant effect on the situation. In this paper, we discuss language teachers’ (n=349) views on what has been done and what could and should be done to increase studying optional languages. The data were collected in January-February 2021 via a Webropol questionnaire that was distributed to language teachers at a range of institutions from pre-primary to adult education. The results show that teachers and schools have taken numerous measures to try to attract students. However, rather than local measures, the participants called for nationwide educational policies that would address the issue. peerReviewed

This bibliography is a collection of citations from Finnish literature dealing with energy use of peat and biomass, collected during 1988 and 1989. This publication includes information of all aspects of peat and bioenergy, such as raw materials, fuel production, handling, combustion, power plant technology, energy utilisation and environmental aspects of peat and biomass production and use. Also energy economy and politics as well as biotechnology are the topics. The citations have been made in English because they were abstracted for international databases, such as COAL, NEI (Nordic Energy Index) and ENERGY DATABASE. Collection of citations is a part of information service of International Energy Agency's (IEA) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE). The main objective of this information service is collection and dissemination of information relating to all aspects of energy. The bibliography contains about 590 references. The citations contain bibliographic information and abstract. The keyword index is included.

The objective of this research was to determine critical properties of wood fuels in respect of power plant availability, to determine the optimal conditions for reducing detriments, and to study the effect of storing and processing of wood fuels on the boiler operation. Both, the circulating (CFB) and bubbling (BFB) fludized bed technologies were studied. The project started in December 2000 and it was ended in March 2003. Experts at VTT Processes carried out the ma-jority of the research activities. System Technology Laboratory of Oulu Univer-sity was responsible for the power plant automation and for the research on boiler control technology. Co-operation related to the analytics of heat transfer surface deposition and corrosion with the EU's JRC has continued as established in the Combustion of Forest Chips -project but mainly in a so-called "CORBI"-EU-project. Additionally, VTT co-operated with Swedish Värmeforsk Ab in the form of information exchange on experiences of wood fuel utilisation in Swed-ish power plants. The following companies participated in the project: Etelä-Savon Energia Oy, Foster Wheeler Energia Oy, Kvaerner Pulping Oy, Simpele pasteboard factory of M-Real Oyj and Värmeforsk Ab (Sweden).

The objective of this research was to characterise the deposit build-up and its effect on heat transfer in biomass (especially wood) combustion. With the knowledge gained in this project it is possible to develop the methodologies and mathematical models for better understanding of changes in heat transfer caused by wood combustion. With the models and simulations interrelation between fuel constituents and deposit formation tendency can be described and the causalities between heat transfer, in-furnace conditions and fuel & fuel-ash characteristics established. The results can be used in estimating and optimising the factors that have effect on plant's availability. Furthermore, we can estimate the effects caused by some problematic fuel blends and additives on heat transfer, which are not otherwise possible to study. In general, the results can be used in enhancing boiler availability and the use of wood fuels. Project started in March 2003 and it was ended in March 2004. Experts of the Energy Production research field at VTT Processes carried out the majority of the research activities. System Technology Laboratory of Oulu University was responsible for the power plant automation and for the research on boiler control technology. Following companies participated in the project: Etelä-Savon Energia Oy, Foster Wheeler Energia Oy, Vapo Oy, Simpele pasteboard factory of M-Real Oyj and Coresto Oy.

The objective of this research is to determine critical properties of wood fuels in respect of power plant availability, to determine the optimal conditions for reducing detriments, and to study the effect of storing and processing of wood fuels on the boiler operation. Both, the CFB and BFB technologies are studied. The project started in December 2000 and it will be ended in March 2003. Experts of the Energy Production research field at VTT Processes carry out the majority of the research activities. Experts in the research field of Mineral Processing, located in Outokumpu, participate in analytics, and the research field of Material and Manufacturing Technology of VTT Industrial Systems in Otaniemi participates in the research on material effects. System Technology Laboratory of Oulu University, under the supervision of Professor Urpo Kortela, is responsible for the power plant automation and for the research on boiler control technology. Co-operation related to the analytics of heat transfer surface deposition and corrosion with the EU's JRC has continued as established in the Combustion of Forest Chips -project but mainly in a so-colled "CORBI"-EU-project. Additionally, VTT co-operates with Swedish Värmeforsk Ab in the form of information exchange on experiences of wood fuel utilization in Swedish power plants. The following companies participate in the project: Etelä-Savon Energia Oy, Foster Wheeler Energia Oy, Kvaerner Pulping Oy, Simpele pasteboard factory of M-Real Oyj and Värmeforsk Ab (Sweden).