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Résumé Objectifs Comprendre si et comment la pandémie de COVID-19 affecte le risque de différents types de conflits dans le monde dans le contexte du changement climatique. Méthodologie Sur la base de la base de données des conflits armés, de la COVID-19, des données climatiques détaillées et des données non climatiques couvrant la période 2020–2021, nous avons appliqué la modélisation des équations structurelles spécifiquement pour réorganiser les liens entre le climat, la COVID-19 et le risque de conflit. De plus, nous avons utilisé la méthode de l'arbre de régression boosté pour simuler le risque de conflit sous l'influence de multiples facteurs. Résultats Le risque de transmission de la COVID-19 semble diminuer à mesure que la température augmente. En outre, la COVID-19 a un impact mondial important sur le risque de conflit, bien qu'il existe des variations régionales et de risque de conflit. De plus, lorsque nous testons un effet différé d'un mois, nous constatons une cohérence entre les régions, indiquant une influence positive de la COVID-19 sur les manifestations (manifestations et émeutes) et une relation négative avec le risque de conflit non étatique et violent. Conclusion La COVID-19 a un effet complexe sur le risque de conflit dans le monde entier dans le contexte du changement climatique. Implications Jeter les bases théoriques de la façon dont la COVID-19 affecte le risque de conflit et fournir une certaine inspiration pour la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes. Resumen Objetivos Comprender si y cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de diferentes tipos de conflictos en todo el mundo en el contexto del cambio climático. Metodología Con base en la base de datos de conflictos armados, COVID-19, clima detallado y datos no climáticos que cubren el período 2020–2021, aplicamos el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales específicamente para reorganizar los vínculos entre el clima, COVID-19 y el riesgo de conflicto. Además, utilizamos el método del Árbol de Regresión Impulsado para simular el riesgo de conflicto bajo la influencia de múltiples factores. Hallazgos El riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19 parece disminuir a medida que aumenta la temperatura. Además, la COVID-19 tiene un impacto mundial sustancial en el riesgo de conflicto, aunque existen variaciones regionales y de riesgo de conflicto. Además, al probar un efecto rezagado de un mes, encontramos coherencia entre las regiones, lo que indica una influencia positiva de COVID-19 en las manifestaciones (protestas y disturbios) y una relación negativa con el riesgo de conflictos no estatales y violentos. Conclusión El COVID-19 tiene un efecto complejo sobre el riesgo de conflicto en todo el mundo bajo el cambio climático. Implicaciones Sentar las bases teóricas de cómo la COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de conflicto y proporcionar algo de inspiración para la implementación de políticas relevantes. Abstract Objectives Understand whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the risk of different types of conflict worldwide in the context of climate change. Methodology Based on the database of armed conflict, COVID-19, detailed climate, and non-climate data covering the period 2020–2021, we applied Structural Equation Modeling specifically to reorganize the links between climate, COVID-19, and conflict risk. Moreover, we used the Boosted Regression Tree method to simulate conflict risk under the influence of multiple factors. Findings The transmission risk of COVID-19 seems to decrease as the temperature rises. Additionally, COVID-19 has a substantial worldwide impact on conflict risk, albeit regional and conflict risk variations exist. Moreover, when testing a one-month lagged effect, we find consistency across regions, indicating a positive influence of COVID-19 on demonstrations (protests and riots) and a negative relationship with non-state and violent conflict risk. Conclusion COVID-19 has a complex effect on conflict risk worldwide under climate change. Implications Laying the theoretical foundation of how COVID-19 affects conflict risk and providing some inspiration for the implementation of relevant policies. الملخص الأهداف فهم ما إذا كانت جائحة كوفيد-19 تؤثر على مخاطر أنواع مختلفة من النزاعات في جميع أنحاء العالم في سياق تغير المناخ وكيفية تأثيرها. المنهجية استنادًا إلى قاعدة بيانات النزاع المسلح وكوفيد-19 والمناخ التفصيلي والبيانات غير المناخية التي تغطي الفترة 2020–2021، طبقنا نمذجة المعادلة الهيكلية على وجه التحديد لإعادة تنظيم الروابط بين المناخ وكوفيد-19 ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، استخدمنا طريقة شجرة الانحدار المعزز لمحاكاة مخاطر النزاع تحت تأثير عوامل متعددة. النتائج يبدو أن خطر انتقال COVID -19 ينخفض مع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن COVID -19 له تأثير كبير في جميع أنحاء العالم على مخاطر النزاع، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات إقليمية ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، عند اختبار تأثير متأخر لمدة شهر واحد، نجد الاتساق عبر المناطق، مما يشير إلى التأثير الإيجابي لـ COVID -19 على المظاهرات (الاحتجاجات وأعمال الشغب) والعلاقة السلبية مع مخاطر النزاع العنيف وغير الحكومي. الخاتمة كوفيد-19 له تأثير معقد على مخاطر النزاع في جميع أنحاء العالم في ظل تغير المناخ. الآثار وضع الأساس النظري لكيفية تأثير كوفيد-19 على مخاطر النزاع وتوفير بعض الإلهام لتنفيذ السياسات ذات الصلة.

Recently, the food supply chain (FSC) has been severely disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, putting the vital flow of food products from farmers and producers to the ultimate consumers at risk. Furthermore, due to the pandemic, several food organizations have been prompted to rethink their strategies for the future. Although the literature on FSC research in the COVID-19 era is increasing, no attempt has been made to summarize this stream of research using bibliometric techniques. This paper fills this knowledge gap and looks at the current scholarly discourse around the FSC and COVID-19. Applying bibliometric techniques, 287 journal articles were extracted from Scopus and analyzed to determine the temporal evolution of FSC research, the most productive journals, researchers, countries, and the most relevant keywords and publications. To construct a keyword co-occurrence network and categorize the relevant literature, we used the computer program VOSviewer. The findings demonstrate the rapid expansion of FSC research during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the top authors, publications, and nations for scientific output were also determined. Keyword co-occurrence network and detailed qualitative analysis both illustrate that FSC research revolves around six main themes: the impact of COVID-19 on the FSC and agriculture, FSC resilience, food waste and insecurity, fisheries and aquaculture, blockchain technology, and governance and innovation. This study represents the first effort to map worldwide FSC research in the COVID-19 era and draw on a comprehensive collection of journal articles and bibliometric approaches. It offers academics, practitioners, and decision-makers a snapshot of the state of the art in the FSC field and points to where further research is needed.

The growing number of studies on road network pricing requires adoption of systematic methodologies to assess research outcomes and provide an unbiased summary of research findings and lessons learned. This paper aims to identify and analyse primary studies related to a set of research questions on road network pricing that primarily address the effectiveness of road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy. The paper achieves this by consolidating the fragmented evidence on the topic and identifying the role of transport pricing in steering our post-pandemic cities on a path of sustainable urban mobility. The paper uses a reliable and auditable systematic approach to examine past and current research trends, resulting in a rational assessment of the role and impacts of road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy. The paper achieves this by performing a bibliometric citation analysis that identifies 105 articles of valuable research contributions that represent fundamental knowledge in the development of research covering the period between 2007 and 2020. Importantly, the review identifies four main research themes in the literature, namely implementation impacts, innovations in technology, acceptability, and modelling methodologies for determining impacts, that are core elements of the research effort on the travel demand management and sustainability aspects of road pricing. Inductive reasoning is then used to address emerging issues, applications, and the effects of road network pricing in reducing congestion and enhancing urban centre environmental quality. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy directions for overcoming barriers to the implementation of road network pricing as an effective strategy for addressing modern-day urban mobility challenges such as rising urban populations, emissions, and pollution particularly amid and post COVID-19. Finally, the paper provides a roadmap of future research opportunities that can heighten the role of road network pricing in shaping the directions of sustainable urban transport policies and strategies.

iiTSE ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a complex phenomenon called the “infodemic” has emerged, compromising coping with the pandemic. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of agreement with misinformation about COVID-19 and to identify associated factors. A web survey was carried out in Portuguese-speaking countries in two stages: 1. the identification of misinformation circulating in the included countries; 2. a multicentric online survey with residents of the included countries. The outcome of the study was agreement or disagreement with misinformation about COVID-19. Multivariate analyzes were conducted using the Poisson regression model with robust variance, a logarithmic link function, and 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of agreement with misinformation about COVID-19 was 63.9%. The following factors increased the prevalence of this outcome: having a religious affiliation (aPR: 1.454, 95% CI: 1.393–1.517), having restrictions on leisure (aPR: 1.230, 95% CI: 1.127–1.342), practicing social isolation (aPR: 1.073, 95% CI: 1.030–1.118), not avoiding agglomeration (aPR: 1.060, 95% CI: 1.005–1.117), not seeking/receiving news from scientific sources (aPR: 1.153, 95% CI: 1.068–1.245), seeking/receiving news from three or more non-scientific sources (aPR: 1.114, 95% CI: 1.049–1.182), and giving credibility to news carried by people from social networks (aPR: 1.175, 95% CI: 1.104–1.251). There was a high prevalence of agreement with misinformation about COVID-19. The quality, similarity, uniformity, and acceptance of the contents indicate a concentration of themes that reflect “homemade”, simple, and easy methods to avoid infection by SARS-CoV-2, compromising decision-making and ability to cope with the disease.

Since the COVID-19 outbreak worldwide, the global tourism industry has taken a severe hit. To fully understand the impact of the pandemic on tourists’ travel behavior, an intercultural survey was carried out through a large-scale online questionnaire. This survey aims to determine whether cultural differences and different ages might play a role in tourists’ behavior during the COVID-19. Data collected from 942 respondents from mainland China and overseas through different age groups were subjected to data analysis. The results demonstrate cognition and consumer behavior differentiate culturally and significantly between different ages, which is highlighted when they choose travel modes, transportation, and companions. The implications of the study are also provided in the end.

The rapid development and the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT)-powered technologies have strengthened the way we live and the quality of our lives in many ways by combining Internet and communication technologies through its ubiquitous nature. As a novel technological paradigm, this IoT is being served in many application domains including healthcare, surveillance, manufacturing, industrial automation, smart homes, the military, etc. Medical Internet of Things (MIoT), or the use of IoT in healthcare, is becoming a booming trend towards improving the health and wellbeing of billions of people by offering smooth and seamless medical facilities and by enhancing the services provided by medical practitioners, nurses, pharmaceutical companies, and other related government and non-government organizations. In recent times, this MIoT has gained higher attention for its potential to alleviate the massive burden on global healthcare, which has been caused by the rise of chronic diseases, the aging population, and emergency situations such as the recent COVID-19 global pandemic, where many government and non-government medical resources were challenged, owing to the rising demand for medical resources. It is evident that with this recent growing demand for MIoT, the associated technologies and its interconnected, heterogeneous nature adds new concerns as it becomes accessible to confidential patient data, often without patient or the medical staff consciousness, as the security and privacy of MIoT devices and technologies are often overlooked and undermined by relevant stakeholders. Hence, the growing security breaches that target the MIoT in healthcare are making the security and privacy of Medical IoT a crucial topic that is worth scrutinizing. In this study, we examined the current state of security and privacy of the MIoT, which has become of utmost concern among many security experts and researchers due to its rapid demand in recent times. Nevertheless, pertaining to the current state of security and privacy, we also examine and discuss a number of attack use cases, countermeasures and solutions, recent challenges, and anticipated future directions where further attention is required through this study.