• Energy Research
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• 11. Sustainability close
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The transportation impact on pollution and global climate change, has forced the automotive sector to search for more ecological solutions. Owing to the different properties of Fuel Cell (FC), real potential for reducing vehicles’ emissions has been witnessed. The optimization of FC integration within Electric Vehicles (EVs) is one of the original solutions. This paper presents an innovating solution of multi-stack Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicle (FCEV) in terms of efficiency, durability and ecological impact on environment. The main objective is to illustrate the interest of using the multi-stack FC system on the global autonomy, cycling, and efficiency enhancement, besides optimizing its operation performance.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the methodology developed to link the quantitative outputs of the geosphere risk assessment to the semi-quantitative assessment of risk to the biosphere. It also shows how good practice stakeholder engagement principles can be incorporated into the risk assessment process to achieve transparency in project decision making. The objective of the biosphere risk assessment portion of the Weyburn-Midale Project was to develop a risk assessment methodology that can be applied to a range of CO2 storage projects. Preliminary modelling of potential biosphere impacts associated with the Weyburn-Midale Project was undertaken to enable the risk assessment methodology to be tested and to demonstrate the nature of the biosphere risk assessment outputs, and how the process and outputs can be used to facilitate stakeholder acceptance. The method to assess the biosphere risk at the Weyburn-Midale Project uses the outputs (pathways, likelihoods and CO2 mass) from geosphere risk assessment to identify the general physical and chemical effects on the fundamental biosphere components (groundwater, surface water, soil, air) and the consequential impacts on organisms, habitat, amenity and public safety. The approach applies an existing environmental impact assessment methodology to derive outputs that stakeholders can use to assess the risk and impacts to environmental assets. The outcomes of biosphere risk assessment are used to: develop risk mitigation strategies and future monitoring options; understand whether the project will likely have unacceptable impacts on safety or valued community assets; decide whether the project should proceed; and to assist engagement with regulators and the community.

AbstractWhen addressing community engagement and outreach, North American carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects have parameters unique to the continent, including the history of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which goes back over 40 years in some jurisdictions and, aligned with this, the use of landmen and one-on-one dialogue with landowners and community residents that are well versed in oilfield technologies.These variables alone are in marked contrast to the CCS experiences of many global projects, which do not have the tradition of engaging in one-on-one discussion. Even where CCS projects have conducted extensive public consultation and education, significant opposition has shut down some, and put in jeopardy others, in a manner that contradicts the North American hydrocarbon experience. With the increase in North America of integrated CCS projects that go beyond CO2-EOR, a change in community engagement strategies has taken place under the unique auspices of the United States Department of Energy's (US DOE) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Initiative (RCSP). Part of the planning in each of these seven geographic regions includes significant public education, outreach, and communications programs, particularly in areas unfamiliar with injection and storage technologies (i.e., outside of traditional oil producing areas). The bringing together of different demonstration projects’ participants – not just nationally within the US but including projects in Western Canada – has allowed for the sharing of best practices between projects and across international jurisdictions.Such sharing is particularly true where the development of community engagement guidelines and strategies are concerned. The publication in 2010 of the US DOE's Best Practices for Public Outreach and Education for Carbon Storage Projects is one example where the experiences of several United States demonstration projects were brought to bear on developing communications guidelines, which in turn were used to help develop public outreach strategies for such projects as Aquistore in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada [1]. Another example of such international information sharing is the World Resources Institute's Guidelines for Community Engagement in Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport, and Storage Projects where, over a period of a year and a half, international experts were brought together for round table discussions to form the basis of the guidelines and provide an international peer review [2].More recently, the development of an emergency response plan for the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project, led by the Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, one of the RCSP partnerships, drew upon this international collaborative structure, employing the experience of communicators from Schlumberger Carbon Services, the Petroleum Technology Research Centre (managers of the IEAGHG Weyburn- Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project) and the Illinois State Geological Survey to develop a map of potential crisis points. This planning process brought together the lessons learned from various projects, risk assessments, media experiences, and best practices to help identify potential risks for the project (a list of events and scenarios) with the goal of creating response paths and directions for the management of risks and the mitigation of potential threats. These scenarios involved not only potential external issues – such as leakage or pipeline failure – but also addressed management issues internal to a project such as loss of key personnel or loss of funding.The development of this emergency response plan is an example to other projects of the value of interconnecting communications experiences between projects, and of identifying common high-risk scenarios that require advanced response planning.

Mass transport phenomenon was first recognized by Stokes in 1847 using a Lagrangian description. Later, a basic theory for the mass transport in water waves in viscous fluid and of finite depth was derived by Longuet-Higgins in 1953. Theoretical solutions of mass transport in progressive waves of permanent type are subjected to the definitions of wave celerity in deriving the various finite amplitude wave theories. As it has been generally acknowledged that the Stokes wave theory can not yield a correct prediction of mass transport in the shallow depths, some new theories have been developed. Recently the authors(1974 § 1977) have derived a new finite amplitude wave theory in shallow water for quasi- Stokes and cnoidal waves by the so-called reductive perturbation method, in which the mass transport is formulated both in Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. On the experimental verification, Russell and 0sorio(1957) investigated and compared Longuet-Higgins' solution with experimental data of Lagrangian mass transport velocity obtained in a normal closed wave tank of finite length. Since then, many investigations, and nearly all of them, have employed the finite length of wave tank in carrying out their experiments. However, no experiment has yet been attempted at verifying the Stokes drift in progressive waves of permanent type in a wave tank of infinite length. It is not realistic nor economical in constructing such an infinitely long flume to investigate experimentally the mass transport velocity in progressive waves. Instead of using such an ideal wave tank, a new one incorporated with natural water re-circulation was equipped to carry out experiments by the authors(1978). It was confirmed from these experiments that mass transport in progressive waves of permanent type exists in the Same direction of wave propagation throughout the depth, and agrees with both the Stokes drift and the authors' new formulations, within the test range of experiments.