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  • 7. Clean energy
  • 15. Life on land
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  • Authors: Boulon, Loïc;

    Cette modélisation présente la partie de contrôle d'une pile à combustible à membrane d'échange de protons (PEMFC). L'objectif du modèle de représenter la chaîne de contrôle de la tension de la PEMFC. Ce modèle est basé sur une représentation macroscopique énergétique (REM) de la pile à combustible, puis conduit à une structure dite de contrôle maximal (SCM). La SCM est une inversion étape par étape de la REM (structure de contrôle basée sur un modèle d'inversion). Le processus de conception de la commande est basé sur une définition explicite du problème. Par exemple, les entrées de réglage, les objectifs du système ou les contraintes sont mises en évidence pour organiser la commande. De plus, le SMC montre les endroits où les capteurs sont nécessaires et où les contrôleurs sont requis. Malheureusement, le SCM n'est qu'une structure de contrôle théorique. Par conséquent, une structure réaliste nécessite certaines simplifications, ce qui conduit à une structure de contrôle dite pratique. This modeling presents the control part of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The objective of the model is to represent the voltage control chain of the PEMFC. This model is based on an energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) of the fuel cell and then leads to a so-called maximum control structure (MCS). The SCM is a step-by-step inversion of the REM (control structure based on an inversion model). The control design process is based on an explicit problem definition. For example, control inputs, system objectives, or constraints are highlighted to organize the control. In addition, the MSC shows where sensors are needed and where controllers are required. Unfortunately, the SCM is only a theoretical control structure. Therefore, a realistic structure requires some simplifications, which leads to a so-called practical control structure. AdditionnalInformation: Modèle créé lors d'une thèse en génie électrique, par Loïc Boulon (ses recherches portent sur la modélisation et le contrôle des véhicules électriques hybrides, des sources d'énergie et d'énergie et de puissance, et des systèmes de piles à combustible). Il a travaillé en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de doctorat à l'Université de Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, où sa thèse de doctorat a été réalisée en collaboration avec le FEMTO-ST, Belfort, et les Laboratoires L2EP, Lille. Co-encadrement par Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alain Bouscayrol (PU au laboratoire L2EP) et Marie-Célie Péra (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST) AdditionnalInformation: Model created during a thesis in electrical engineering, by Loïc Boulon (his research focuses on the modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicles, energy and power sources, and fuel cell systems). He worked towards his Ph.D. degree at the University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, where his dissertation was complet in collaboration with the FEMTO-ST, Belfort, and the L2EP Laboratories, Lille. Co-supervision by Daniel Hissel (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alain Bouscayrol (PU at L2EP laboratory) and Marie-Célie Péra (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory) Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loïc Boulon, Contrat doctoral (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Audience: Research

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  • Authors: Morando, Simon; Pahon, Élodie; Pahon, Élodie;

    Le projet PHM-PAC vise principalement le développement de méthodes intelligentes de détection, diagnostic et pronostic des défaillances de piles à combustibles. Ce projet doit permettre l'optimisation des performances des systèmes pile à combustible ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électrochimiques en affectant la durabilité. The PHM-PAC project is mainly aimed at developing intelligent methods for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of fuel cell failures. This project should allow the optimization of the performance of fuel cell systems as well as a better understanding of the electrochemical phenomena affecting the durability. Données expérimentales: 2 800 heures de fonctionnement à charge constante sur une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons d'une puissance de 500W Experimental data: 2,800 hours of operation at constant load on a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell Project: PHM PAC, Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Audience: University: master, Research, University: licence Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Label: Plateforme UBFC (Plateforme UBFC) UpdatePeriodicity: no update

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    External research report . 2013
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      External research report . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Saulnier, Jean Baptiste;

    This work focuses on the refinement of sea-states spectral characterisation in the frame of the development of wave energy converters (WECs). Until now, this characterisation has been limited to the consideration of basic global parameters such as the significant wave height and mean wave period. The present work namely underlines - thanks to simplified numerical models - that such a description is not sufficient to account for the performance of WECs, for they still exhibit a large variability in terms of mean production while wave energy and period are fixed. It is therefore needed to refine this description by introducing new wave characteristics, such as the wave groupiness, which is itself related to the sea-state's spectral bandwidth. The classical - spectral - approaches, allowing a statistical analysis of wave groups along with other works in the literature, permit to draw a set of relevant spectral parameters. The sensitivity of simplified offshore WEC models (linear in the frequency domain) to these parameters is then observed. The question of deterministic mean power estimation - namely in the case of non-linear models - is also raised, for it is also related somehow to the bandwidth of the wave field. A sea-state is actually made of a superimposition of various wave systems (as swells and wind-sea). It is then possible to refine even more its description, namely through the multi-system approach. The latter enables indeed to track in time and space the wave systems independently of each other. An algorithm for the automatic spatiotemporal analysis is proposed and illustrated to this end. Lastly, the influence of such description refinements (wave groupiness and multi-system approach) is observed at several locations (Portugal, North Sea, California) by considering various WEC models (linear axi-symmetric heaving devices, 3D SEAREV with non-linear hydrodynamics): in all cases, it is shown that both extended descriptions allow for a better characterisation of the mean WEC performance at both short and long term. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation spectrale des états de mer dans le cadre du développement de systèmes récupérateurs de l'énergie des vagues (SREVs). Jusqu'alors, cette caractérisation s'est limitée à des paramètres globaux basiques tels que la hauteur significative et la période moyenne des vagues. Les présents travaux soulignent notamment, à l'aide de modèles simplifiés, que cette description est insuffisante car un SREV montre encore une grande variabilité en termes de production moyenne, ces deux paramètres étant fixés par ailleurs. On s'intéresse donc à raffiner cette description en considérant des caractéristiques de vagues nouvelles, comme le groupement de vagues, lui-même lié à la largeur de bande de l'état de mer. Les approches classiques - spectrales - sur l'étude descriptive des groupes de vagues et la littérature permettent de dégager un certain nombre de paramètres spectraux. On observe ensuite la sensibilité de modèles de SREVs offshore simplifiés (modèles fréquentiels linéaires) à ces paramètres de largeur globale. La question de l'estimation déterministe de performance moyenne (dans le cas de convertisseurs non-linéaires) est également abordée, étant elle-même liée à cette caractéristique. Un état de mer étant constitué de plusieurs systèmes de vagues (houles, mer de vent), il est encore possible de raffiner sa description grâce à une approche multisystème. Celle-ci permet en outre de suivre ces systèmes indépendamment dans le temps et l'espace. Un algorithme d'analyse spatio-temporelle est proposé et illustré à cet égard. Enfin, l'influence de ces raffinements est observée en différents sites (Portugal, Mer du Nord, Californie) sur des cas de SREVs divers (systèmes axi-symétriques linéaires, SEAREV 3D d'hydrodynamique non-linéaire), et montre que dans tous les cas, le raffinement apporté permet de mieux caractériser la production à court et long terme de ces dispositifs.

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  • Authors: Vichard, Loic;

    Ces modélisations, sont associées au projet AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). Le projet souhaite s’appuyer sur une démarche menée autour d’un travail de thèse visant à comprendre le comportement dynamique, d’étudier le vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé des composants énergétiques, batterie et pile à combustible en usage réel. Cette démarche est basée sur l’analyse des données enregistrées sur ces composants dans le projet Mobypost (flotte de 10 véhicules Hydrogènes). La mise en œuvre des compétences et des outils d’analyse numériques développés notamment pour les batteries par le laboratoire Ampère et l’IFSTTAR vise à comprendre et à reproduire les phénomènes de dégradation des composants étudiés. Ces modèles permettent de contribuer à l’étude du vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé en usage réel des batteries et des piles à combustible. These models are associated with the project AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). The project is based on a thesis work aiming at understanding the dynamic behavior, to study the aging and to estimate the health status of the battery and fuel cell energy components in real use. This approach is based on the analysis of data recorded on these components in the Mobypost project (fleet of 10 hydrogen vehicles). The implementation of skills and numerical analysis tools developed in particular for batteries by the Ampère laboratory and IFSTTAR aims to understand and reproduce the degradation phenomena of the components studied. These models contribute to the study of ageing and estimate the state of health of batteries and fuel cells in real use. AdditionnalInformation: Model produced within the framework of Loic Vichard's thesis in electrical engineering (Contribution to the study of the aging of battery and fuel cell components in real use), under the supervision of Daniel Hissel (PU at the FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alexandre Ravey (MCF at UTBM) and Pascal Venet (PU at the Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University). AdditionnalInformation: Modèle produit dans le cadre de la thèse en génie électrique de Loic Vichard (Contribution à l'étude du vieillissement des composantes batteries et pile à combustible en usage réel), sous la direction de Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alexandre Ravey (MCF à l'UTBM) et Pascal Venet (PU à l'université Claude Bernard Lyon 1). Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab et Python - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language et Python language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loic Vichard, Contrat doctoral - Projet AsDeCoEUR (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) UpdatePeriodicity: no update Audience: Research

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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; orcid Amah Akodewou;
    Amah Akodewou
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    Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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