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Based on the observation monthly climatic data collected from 2766 weather observation stations on global during the period from 1981 to 2010, and the climatic scenarios data of SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5 and SSP1_8.5 scenarios released by CMIP6, the mean annual biotemperature, average total annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration ratio on spatial resolution of 0.1º× 0.1º were respectively obtained by operating a high accuracy and speed method of surfacing modeling (HASM) (Yue, 2010, Yue et al., 2016) during all the four periods from 2020 to 2050 per decade. The method for surface modelling of land cover scenarios (SMLCS) has been developed to simulate the scenarios of land cover in Eurasia （Fan et al., 2019, 2020, 2021）. Finally, the scenario dataset of land cover under scenario SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5 and SSP1_8.5 were simulated by the SMLCS method from 2020 to 2050. 采用1981-2010年全球2766个气象观测站的观测月气候数据，以及CMIP6发布的SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5和SSP1_8.5情景的气候情景数据。通过运行高精度面建模方法（HASM）(Yue, 2010, Yue et al., 2016)，分别获得2020-2050年间每10年的空间分辨率为0.1º×0.1º的平均生物温度数据、多年平均年降水和潜在蒸散比率数据。采用自主研发的土地覆被情景曲面建模（SMLCS）方法（Fan et al., 2019, 2020, 2021），实现了SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5和SSP1_8.5情景的2020-2050年间每10年的全球土地覆被变化情景模拟。

Abstract This paper studied the yield and release of ClO 2 from NaClO 2 under various conditions by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), the existing form of HA-Na under various conditions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the reactivity of chlorite/humate (NaClO 2 /HA-Na) in removal of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 under various conditions. The investigated factors included the temperature, the pH, the standing time, the coexistence gases and the anions. The results indicated that the yield and release of ClO 2 were significantly affected by the cooperative effects of pH/temperature and pH/standing time. ClO 2 was confirmed as an effective oxidant in the removal of NO and Hg 0 , and dominated the distribution of Hg 2+ in NaClO 2 and KCl. SO 2 and NO were characterized as the promoters for oxidizing Hg 0 and stabling Hg 2+ . The addition of Cl − decreased the removal efficiencies of SO 2 and NO, but slightly increased the Hg 0 removal efficiency. The best removal efficiencies of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 were 100%, 95.3% and 100% respectively. Based on the characterization results by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the removal products were determined as NaCl, humic (HA), Na 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 , HgSO 4 , Hg(NO 3 ) 2 and HgCl 2 . The reaction mechanism was proposed finally.

Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.BCC.BCC-ESM1.piControl' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The BCC-ESM 1 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: BCC_AGCM3_LR (T42; 128 x 64 longitude/latitude; 26 levels; top level 2.19 hPa), atmosChem: BCC-AGCM3-Chem, land: BCC_AVIM2, ocean: MOM4 (1/3 deg 10S-10N, 1/3-1 deg 10-30 N/S, and 1 deg in high latitudes; 360 x 232 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: SIS2. The model was run by the Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China (BCC) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 50 km, seaIce: 50 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.HighResMIP.BCC.BCC-CSM2-HR' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The BCC-CSM 2 HR climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: BCC_AGCM3_HR (T266; 800 x 400 longitude/latitude; 56 levels; top level 0.1 hPa), land: BCC_AVIM2, ocean: MOM4 (1/3 deg 10S-10N, 1/3-1 deg 10-30 N/S, and 1 deg in high latitudes; 360 x 232 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: SIS2. The model was run by the Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China (BCC) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 50 km, land: 50 km, ocean: 50 km, seaIce: 50 km.

Virtual water flows have a profound impact on the natural water system of a country or region, and they may help conserve local water resources or exacerbate water scarcity in some areas. However, current research has only focused on the measurement of virtual water flows, without analysis of the causes of virtual water flow patterns. This study first obtained virtual water flow patterns across provinces by constructing a multi-regional input–-output (MRIO) model of the Yellow River basin in 2012 and 2017, and then analyzed its driving factors by applying the extended STIRPAT model to provide directions for using virtual water trade to alleviate water shortages in water-scarce areas of the basin. We found the following: (1) The Yellow River basin as a whole had a net virtual water inflow in 2012 and 2017, and the net inflow has increased from 2.14 billion m3 to 33.67 billion m3. (2) Different provinces or regions assume different roles in the virtual water trade within the basin. (3) There is an obvious regional heterogeneity in the virtual water flows in different subsectors. (4) Per capita GDP, tertiary industry contribution rate, consumer price index, and water scarcity are the main positive drivers of virtual water inflow in the Yellow River Basin provinces, while primary industry contribution rate, per capita water resources, and water use per unit arable area promote virtual water outflow. The results of this paper present useful information for understanding the driving factors of virtual water flow, which could promote the optimal allocation of water resources in the Yellow River basin and achieve ecological protection and high-quality development in this area.

Coalbed methane is an important renewable energy source. Gas hydration technology is a new method for enhancing the utilization of coalbed methane and reducing environmental pollution. Long induction periods, sluggish formation rates, low hydrate yields, and difficulty removing heat during hydrate formation are all issues with gas hydration technology. In this paper, 3 wt% NiMnGa (NMG) phase-change micro/nanoparticles and 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) were compounded, and gas hydration experiments were conducted under various initial pressures and gas sample conditions to investigate. The findings revealed that NMG has efficient mass transfer properties as well as phase-change heat absorption properties, which significantly improved the kinetic process of the gas hydrate by mass and heat transfer, shortened the induction time, increased gas consumption, and increased the gas consumption rate during the rapid hydrate growth period. When the initial pressure was 6.2 MPa, the induction time was reduced by 89.26%, 92.48%, and 95.64%, and the maximum gas consumption rate was increased by 238.18%, 175.55%, and 113.60%, respectively, when using different concentrations of methane in the NMG-SDS system compared to the pure SDS system. The NMG used in this paper showed potential for future use in mixed gas hydration technology.

As a porous medium with rich pore structure, activated carbon (AC) was once considered the best carrier for hydrate storage and transportation. However, the harsh conditions of the hydrate reaction in the wet carbon environment have always limited the sufficient and rapid formation of hydrate. Therefore, the influences of particle size (4–8, 8–16, 20–40 and 100 mesh) and liquid phase saturation (fully/partially saturated) in the sodium dodecyl sulfate system on hydrate reaction were investigated. The results showed that small particle in the fully saturated liquid phase system led to the increase in hydrate generation rate, with the highest hydrate reaction rate of 3.16 mmol/min in the 100 mesh AC layer, which was 1.7–2.9 times higher than other AC layers. The gas storage capability of the 4–8 mesh AC layer with a water saturation of 70% was the highest among all systems, reaching 0.198 mol/mol. The saturation of the liquid phase induced the nucleation and growth of hydrates. Adherently growing hydrates of fully saturated liquid phase systems and mushroom-like hydrates of partially saturated liquid phase systems were found in turn. This research facilitates the commercialization of AC-based hydrate technology.

Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) provide a potential sustainable route by which to produce ammonia, a next-generation energy carrier. Many studies have been conducted over the years, mainly emphasizing material design and strategies to improve catalytic performance. Despite significant achievements in material design and corresponding fundamental knowledge, the produced ammonia is still very limited, which makes it prone to bias. The presence of interferants (e.g., cations and sacrificial reagents), the pH of the solution, and improper analytical procedure can lead to the over or underestimation of ammonia quantification. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate ammonia quantification method, which meets the sample solution condition, along with the proper analytical procedures, is of great importance. In this review, the state-of-the-art ammonia quantification method is summarized, emphasizing the advantages, limitations, and practicality for NRR and NO3−RR studies. Fundamental knowledge of the quantification method is introduced. Perspective on the considerations for selecting the suitable quantification method and for performing the quantification process is also provided. Although non exhaustive, this focused review can be useful as a guide to design the experimental setup and procedure for more reliable ammonia quantification results.