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Dietary change presents an opportunity to meet the dual challenges of non-communicable diseases and the effects of climate change in China. Based on a food survey and reviewed data sets, we linked nutrient composition and carbon footprint data by aggregating 1950 types of foods into 28 groups. Nine dietary scenarios for both men and women were modeled based on the current diet and latest National Program for Food and Nutrition. Linear uncertainty optimization was used to produce diets meeting the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes for adults aged 18-50years while minimizing carbon footprints. The theoretical optimal diet reduced daily footprints by 46%, but this diet was unrealistic due to limited food diversity. Constrained by acceptability, the optimal diet reduced the daily carbon footprints by 7-28%, from 3495 to 2517-3252g CO2e, for men and by 5-26%, from 3075 to 2280-2917g CO2e, for women. Dietary changes for adults are capable of benefiting China in terms of the considerable footprint reduction of 53-222Mt.CO2eyear-1, when magnified based on the Chinese population, which is the largest worldwide. Seven of eight scenarios showed that reductions in meat consumption resulted in greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. However, dramatic reductions in meat consumption may produce smaller reductions in emissions, as the consumption of other ingredients increases to compensate for the nutrients in meat. A trade-off between poultry and other meats (beef, pork, and lamb) is usually observed, and rice, which is a popular food in China, was the largest contributor to carbon footprint reductions. Our findings suggest that changing diets for climate change mitigation and human health is possible in China, though the per capital mitigation potential is slight lower than that in developed economies of France, Spain, Sweden, and New Zealand.

Objectives: To determine the trend of bacterial resistance of Escherichia coli to Imipenem (IPM) and Meropenem (MEM), by means of a linear regression model, taking the information collected in the bulletins of bacterial resistance generated by the GREBO group of Bogota between 2010 and 2014. Methods/Statistical Analysis: From the information published in newsletters GREBO group between 2010 and 2014, the behavior of E. coli bacterial resistance to antibiotics was analyzed. From this information simple linear regression models using the statistical software Statgraphics XVI were generated. Findings: The generated mathematical models to predict the evolution of antibiotic resistance as a function of time and that were significant are: Resistance IPM * Year = 0.00000208772 (p value 0.0020; adjusted R2 = 92.86%); Resistance MEM = 0.00000149115 * Year (p value 0.0026; adjusted R2 = 91.84%). Application/Improvements: There is a relationship between the values of resistance and over the years, with variable time sufficient to explain the behavior of the resistance of E. coli variable. In 2015 IPM resistance is estimated that this in 0.42% (CI 0.02% - 0.8%) and MEM 0.3% (CI 0.17% - 0.42%).

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are plastic particles of concern worldwide as they negatively affect the environment and human health. The interactions of microorganisms with microplastics and nanoplastics are different. On one hand, microorganisms might biodegrade MPs/NPs through enzymes, but on the other hand, they serve as vehicles to spread diseases or negatively affect their viability. As a result, several studies have reported disturbances in soil balance and negative impacts on geochemical cycles. With an increasing number of investigations into microorganisms and their interactions with MPs and NPs, this study demonstrates a growing interest in biodegradable alternatives. A bibliometric analysis of 719 documents published from 2010 to December 2021 presents the research landscape on the interaction of microplastics and nanoplastics with microorganisms. The study shows that China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany lead the scientific production on this topic. However, in situ studies of large-scale pilot applications in the environment are scarce. More research funding from governments in the form of national action that stimulates national and international cooperation through universities, institutes, and industries is required. There is an urgent need for studies focusing on the degradation mechanisms of various microorganisms through the characterization of enzymes involved in the chemical modification of these emerging contaminants (MPs/NPs) with transparent standard methodologies. Moreover, there is no standardization for MP/NP extraction or characterization methodologies for different environments, especially in atmosphere. The patent need for alternative pathways for MP/NP degradation is evident, using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and a consortium (peripheral biofilms) to mitigate the negative impact of the constantly increasing anthropogenic MP/NP pollutants in the world.

Alcohol misuse is long established as a contributor to the pathophysiology of the lung. The intersection of multi-organ responses to alcohol-mediated tissue injury likely contributes to the modulation of lung in response to injury. Indeed, the negative impact of alcohol on susceptibility to infection and on lung barrier function is now well documented. Thus, the alcohol lung represents a very likely comorbidity for the negative consequences of both COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. In this review, we present the known alcohol misuse ramifications on the lung in the context of the current coronavirus pandemic.

L'interface entre deux solutions d'électrolyte immiscibles (ITIES) est idéale pour détecter les ions rédox inactifs par leur transfert d'ions. Une telle électroanalyse, basée sur l'équation de Nernst-Donnan, a été principalement réalisée à l'aide de l'ampérométrie, de la voltammétrie cyclique ou de la voltammétrie différentielle par impulsions. Ici, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode électroanalytique basée sur la voltampérométrie à courant alternatif (CA) avec des avantages inhérents par rapport aux approches traditionnelles telles que l'évitement de la compensation iR à rétroaction positive, un problème majeur pour les cellules électrochimiques liquides|liquides contenant des milieux organiques résistifs et des zones interfaciales dans la gamme cm2 et mm2. Un contexte théorique décrivant la génération du signal analytique est fourni et basé sur l'extraction de la composante qui dépend de l'impédance de Warburg de l'impédance totale. La détection quantitative d'une série de modèles de cations tétraalkylammonium rédox-inactifs est démontrée, avec des preuves fournies de l'adsorption transitoire de ces cations à l'interface au cours du transfert d'ions. Comme le transfert d'ions est limité par la diffusion, en modifiant la fréquence d'excitation de la tension pendant la voltamétrie alternative, l'intensité de la réponse faradique peut être améliorée aux basses fréquences (1 Hz) ou disparaître complètement aux fréquences plus élevées (99 Hz). Ce dernier produit un voltammogramme CA équivalent à une mesure « à blanc » en l'absence d'analyte et est idéal pour la soustraction de fond. Par conséquent, des opportunités majeures existent pour la détection sensible de l'analyte ionique lorsqu'une mesure « à blanc » en l'absence d'analyte est impossible. Cette approche est particulièrement utile pour déconvoluer les signaux liés aux réactions électrochimiques réversibles de ceux dus à des processus irréversibles, qui ne donnent pas de signaux CA. La interfaz entre dos soluciones de electrolitos inmiscibles (ITIES) es ideal para detectar iones inactivos redox por su transferencia de iones. Dicho electroanálisis, basado en la ecuación de Nernst-Donnan, se ha realizado predominantemente utilizando amperometría, voltametría cíclica o voltametría de pulso diferencial. Aquí, presentamos un nuevo método electroanalítico basado en la voltametría de corriente alterna (CA) con ventajas inherentes sobre los enfoques tradicionales, como evitar la compensación iR de retroalimentación positiva, un problema importante para las celdas electroquímicas líquido|líquido que contienen medios orgánicos resistivos y áreas interfaciales en el rango de cm2 y mm2. Se proporciona un fondo teórico que describe la generación de la señal analítica y se basa en la extracción del componente que depende de la impedancia de Warburg de la impedancia total. Se demuestra la detección cuantitativa de una serie de cationes de tetraalquilamonio inactivos redox modelo, con evidencia proporcionada de la adsorción transitoria de estos cationes en la interfaz durante el curso de la transferencia de iones. Dado que la transferencia de iones está limitada por la difusión, al cambiar la frecuencia de excitación de voltaje durante la voltametría de CA, la intensidad de la respuesta faradaica puede mejorarse a bajas frecuencias (1 Hz) o desaparecer completamente a frecuencias más altas (99 Hz). Este último produce un voltamograma de CA equivalente a una medición "en blanco" en ausencia de analito y es ideal para la sustracción de fondo. Por lo tanto, existen grandes oportunidades para la detección sensible de analito iónico cuando una medición "en blanco" en ausencia de analito es imposible. Este enfoque es particularmente útil para deconvolucionar señales relacionadas con reacciones electroquímicas reversibles de las debidas a procesos irreversibles, que no dan señales de CA. The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is ideally suited to detect redox-inactive ions by their ion transfer. Such electroanalysis, based on the Nernst-Donnan equation, has been predominantly performed using amperometry, cyclic voltammetry, or differential pulse voltammetry. Here, we introduce a new electroanalytical method based on alternating-current (AC) voltammetry with inherent advantages over traditional approaches such as avoidance of positive feedback iR compensation, a major issue for liquid|liquid electrochemical cells containing resistive organic media and interfacial areas in the cm2 and mm2 range. A theoretical background outlining the generation of the analytical signal is provided and based on extracting the component that depends on the Warburg impedance from the total impedance. The quantitative detection of a series of model redox-inactive tetraalkylammonium cations is demonstrated, with evidence provided of the transient adsorption of these cations at the interface during the course of ion transfer. Since ion transfer is diffusion-limited, by changing the voltage excitation frequency during AC voltammetry, the intensity of the Faradaic response can be enhanced at low frequencies (1 Hz) or made to disappear completely at higher frequencies (99 Hz). The latter produces an AC voltammogram equivalent to a "blank" measurement in the absence of analyte and is ideal for background subtraction. Therefore, major opportunities exist for the sensitive detection of ionic analyte when a "blank" measurement in the absence of analyte is impossible. This approach is particularly useful to deconvolute signals related to reversible electrochemical reactions from those due to irreversible processes, which do not give AC signals. تعتبر الواجهة بين محلولين للكهارل غير قابلين للامتزاج (ITIES) مناسبة بشكل مثالي للكشف عن الأيونات غير النشطة للاختزال عن طريق نقل الأيونات. تم إجراء هذا التحليل الكهربائي، بناءً على معادلة نيرنست- دونان، في الغالب باستخدام قياس التيار الكهربائي أو قياس الجهد الدوري أو قياس الجهد التفاضلي للنبض التفاضلي. هنا، نقدم طريقة تحليلية كهربائية جديدة تعتمد على قياس الجهد الكهربائي للتيار المتردد (AC) مع مزايا متأصلة على الأساليب التقليدية مثل تجنب تعويض التفاعل الإيجابي iR، وهي مشكلة رئيسية للخلايا الكهروكيميائية السائلة|السائلة التي تحتوي على وسائط عضوية مقاومة ومناطق بينية في نطاق cm2 و mm2. يتم توفير خلفية نظرية تحدد توليد الإشارة التحليلية وتستند إلى استخراج المكون الذي يعتمد على معاوقة واربورغ من المعاوقة الكلية. يتم توضيح الكشف الكمي لسلسلة من كاتيونات رباعي ألكيل الأمونيوم غير النشطة في النموذج، مع تقديم دليل على الامتزاز العابر لهذه الكاتيونات في الواجهة أثناء نقل الأيونات. نظرًا لأن نقل الأيونات محدود الانتشار، عن طريق تغيير تردد استثارة الجهد أثناء قياس جهد التيار المتردد، يمكن تعزيز شدة استجابة الفرادايك عند الترددات المنخفضة (1 هرتز) أو جعلها تختفي تمامًا عند ترددات أعلى (99 هرتز). ينتج هذا الأخير مخطط جهد تيار متردد مكافئًا لقياس "فارغ" في حالة عدم وجود ناتج تحليلي وهو مثالي لطرح الخلفية. لذلك، توجد فرص كبيرة للكشف الحساس عن المحلل الأيوني عندما يكون القياس "الفارغ" في غياب المحلل مستحيلاً. هذا النهج مفيد بشكل خاص للإشارات غير الملتوية المتعلقة بالتفاعلات الكهروكيميائية القابلة للعكس من تلك الناتجة عن العمليات غير القابلة للعكس، والتي لا تعطي إشارات التيار المتردد.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania infantum (=Leishmania chagasi), and is epidemiologically relevant due to its wide geographic distribution, the number of annual cases reported and the increase in its co-infection with HIV. Two vector species have been incriminated in the Americas: Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia evansi. In Colombia, L. longipalpis is distributed along the Magdalena River Valley while L. evansi is only found in the northern part of the Country. Regarding the epidemiology of the disease, in Colombia the incidence of VL has decreased over the last few years without any intervention being implemented. Additionally, changes in transmission cycles have been reported with urban transmission occurring in the Caribbean Coast. In Europe and North America climate change seems to be driving a latitudinal shift of leishmaniasis transmission. Here, we explored the spatial distribution of the two known vector species of L. infantum in Colombia and projected its future distribution into climate change scenarios to establish the expansion potential of the disease. An updated database including L. longipalpis and L. evansi collection records from Colombia was compiled. Ecological niche models were performed for each species using the Maxent software and 13 Worldclim bioclimatic coverages. Projections were made for the pessimistic CSIRO A2 scenario, which predicts the higher increase in temperature due to non-emission reduction, and the optimistic Hadley B2 Scenario predicting the minimum increase in temperature. The database contained 23 records for L. evansi and 39 records for L. longipalpis, distributed along the Magdalena River Valley and the Caribbean Coast, where the potential distribution areas of both species were also predicted by Maxent. Climate change projections showed a general overall reduction in the spatial distribution of the two vector species, promoting a shift in altitudinal distribution for L. longipalpis and confining L. evansi to certain regions in the Caribbean Coast. Altitudinal shifts have been reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in Colombia and Peru. Here, we predict the same outcome for VL vectors in Colombia. Changes in spatial distribution patterns could be affecting local abundances due to climatic pressures on vector populations thus reducing the incidence of human cases.

Societal Impact StatementFood and agricultural plants are integral to human well‐being. Due to their universal importance, such plants would appear to represent an ideal entryway by which to address plant blindness. However, with limited opportunities for direct contact with agriculture, many people cannot appreciate the flora that feed us every day. We provide examples of informal education initiatives aimed at increasing public awareness and appreciation of food and agricultural plants, made possible through collaborations between botanic gardens, academic institutions, nonprofits, and agricultural research organizations. We hope these examples encourage and inspire organizations to further utilize food and agricultural plants to tackle plant blindness.SummaryOf the myriad gifts plants provide to humanity, food is among the most visible, as everyone needs to eat, every single day. Due to their universal importance, food and agricultural plants would appear to represent ideal entryways to address plant blindness. Yet increasing urbanization worldwide and decreasing proportions of the global workforce in agriculture are limiting opportunities for people to have direct, hands‐on experiences with food and agricultural plants outside of retail purchasing, meal preparation, and food consumption. This disconnect is troubling, especially as the challenges to the sustainability of our future food supply necessitate that society, and certainly elected decision‐makers, have the capacity to understand the potential benefits, risks, and tradeoffs inherent to agriculture and its advancing technologies. We outline opportunities to address agricultural plant blindness with emphasis on current complex issues within the food and agriculture sector. We provide examples of fruitful collaborations between botanic gardens, academic institutions, nonprofits, and agricultural research organizations that engage people around these issues.

Degradation of freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide is a primary cause of increasing water insecurity, raising the need for integrated solutions to freshwater management. While methods for characterizing the multi-faceted challenges of managing freshwater ecosystems abound, they tend to emphasize either social or ecological dimensions and fall short of being truly integrative. This paper suggests that management for sustainability of freshwater systems needs to consider the linkages between human water uses, freshwater ecosystems and governance. We present a conceptualization of freshwater resources as part of an integrated social-ecological system and propose a set of corresponding indicators to monitor freshwater ecosystem health and to highlight priorities for management. We demonstrate an application of this new framework -the Freshwater Health Index (FHI) - in the Dongjiang River Basin in southern China, where stakeholders are addressing multiple and conflicting freshwater demands. By combining empirical and modeled datasets with surveys to gauge stakeholders' preferences and elicit expert information about governance mechanisms, the FHI helps stakeholders understand the status of freshwater ecosystems in their basin, how ecosystems are being manipulated to enhance or decrease water-related services, and how well the existing water resource management regime is equipped to govern these dynamics over time. This framework helps to operationalize a truly integrated approach to water resource management by recognizing the interplay between governance, stakeholders, freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide.