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ABSTRACTThe California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ABSTRACTThe California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the past decade, inverter-integrated energy sources have experienced rapid growth, which leads to operating challenges associated with reduced system inertia and intermittent power generation, which can cause instability and performance issues of the power system. Improved control schemes for inverters are necessary to ensure the stability and resilience of the power system. Grid-forming inverters dampen frequency fluctuations in the power system, while grid-following inverters can aggravate frequency problems with increased penetration. This paper aims at reviewing the role of grid-forming inverters in the power system, including their topology, control strategies, challenges, sizing, and location. In order to facilitate continued research in this field, a comprehensive literature review and classification of the studies are conducted, followed by research gaps and suggestions for future studies.

In the past decade, inverter-integrated energy sources have experienced rapid growth, which leads to operating challenges associated with reduced system inertia and intermittent power generation, which can cause instability and performance issues of the power system. Improved control schemes for inverters are necessary to ensure the stability and resilience of the power system. Grid-forming inverters dampen frequency fluctuations in the power system, while grid-following inverters can aggravate frequency problems with increased penetration. This paper aims at reviewing the role of grid-forming inverters in the power system, including their topology, control strategies, challenges, sizing, and location. In order to facilitate continued research in this field, a comprehensive literature review and classification of the studies are conducted, followed by research gaps and suggestions for future studies.

Considerando-se a preocupação crescente com a toxicidade dos efluentes, pela presença de metais e a ocorrência de novos poluentes orgânicos, esse estudo aplicou o Processo Oxidativo Avançado (POA) de fotoeletrooxidação (FEO) como polimento para o efluente após o processo convencional de tratamento de efluentes da indústria metalomecânica, que, muitas vezes, não remove, satisfatoriamente, metais e aditivos orgânicos. A FEO associou, à degradação de aditivos orgânicos, a remoção do níquel. Foram avaliados efluentes sintéticos com composição similar a efluentes do processo de eletrodeposição de níquel contendo aditivos. Empregando o ânodo de Ti revestido com 70%TiO2/30%RuO2 sob incidência de radiação UV de uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de 250 W e um cátodo de aço inox, 2,5 L de efluente foram tratados em um reator de 1,6 L, com vazão de recirculação de 1 L.min-1. Aplicando diferentes densidades de corrente, observou-se redução da DQO de até 83% e remoção de Ni acima de 90%. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade indicaram que a FEO não gerou intermediários mais tóxicos, pois não ocorreu aumento do efeito tóxico na comparação das soluções antes e após a FEO.

Considerando-se a preocupação crescente com a toxicidade dos efluentes, pela presença de metais e a ocorrência de novos poluentes orgânicos, esse estudo aplicou o Processo Oxidativo Avançado (POA) de fotoeletrooxidação (FEO) como polimento para o efluente após o processo convencional de tratamento de efluentes da indústria metalomecânica, que, muitas vezes, não remove, satisfatoriamente, metais e aditivos orgânicos. A FEO associou, à degradação de aditivos orgânicos, a remoção do níquel. Foram avaliados efluentes sintéticos com composição similar a efluentes do processo de eletrodeposição de níquel contendo aditivos. Empregando o ânodo de Ti revestido com 70%TiO2/30%RuO2 sob incidência de radiação UV de uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de 250 W e um cátodo de aço inox, 2,5 L de efluente foram tratados em um reator de 1,6 L, com vazão de recirculação de 1 L.min-1. Aplicando diferentes densidades de corrente, observou-se redução da DQO de até 83% e remoção de Ni acima de 90%. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade indicaram que a FEO não gerou intermediários mais tóxicos, pois não ocorreu aumento do efeito tóxico na comparação das soluções antes e após a FEO.