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Electric Vehicles have several potential advantages over traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. They promise zero emission and efficiency. State of charge of a battery is considered as one of the important parameters of Lead acid battery. Study has been done and identified that temperature is a main factor that affects the state of charge of the battery and some measures are to be taken to improve its performance. Unscented kalman filter plays a vital role in estimating the real state of charge of a lead acid battery. Testing of lead acid battery has been done in real-time. Unscented kalman filter code is implemented in MATLAB environment and the state of charge has been estimated for the degrading battery.

We propose an on-the-fly statistical learning method to make a qualitative reduced-order model of the dynamics of a premixed flame quantitatively accurate. This physics- informed data-driven method is based on the statistically optimal combination of (i) a reduced-order model of the dynamics of a premixed flame with a level-set method, (ii) high-quality data, which can be provided by experiments and/or high-fidelity simulations, and (iii) assimilation of the data into the reduced-order model to improve the prediction of the dynamics of the premixed flame. The reduced-order model learns the state and the parameters of the premixed flame on the fly with the ensemble Kalman filter, which is a Bayesian filter used in the data assimilation of high-dimensional dynamical systems, e.g., in weather forecasting. The proposed method and algorithm are applied to two test cases with relevance to reacting flow and instability. First, the capabilities of the framework are demonstrated in a twin experiment, where the assimilated data are produced from the same model as that used in prediction. Second, the assimilated data are extracted from a high-fidelity reacting-flow direct numerical simulation (DNS). The results are analyzed by using Bayesian statistics, which provide the uncertainties of the calculations. This method opens up new possibilities for on-the-fly optimal calibration of computationally cheap reduced-order models when experimental data become available, for example, from sensors.

The Danish energy system is undergoing a transition from a system based on storable fossil fuels to a system based on fluctuating renewable energy sources. At the same time, more of and more of the energy system is becoming electrified; transportation, heating and fuel usage in industry and elsewhere. This article investigates the development of the Danish energy system in a medium year 2030 situation as well as in a long-term year 2050 situation. The analyses are based on scenario development by the Danish Climate Commission. In the short term, it is investigated what the effects will be of having flexible or inflexible electric vehicles and individual heat pumps, and in the long term it is investigated what the effects of changes in the load profiles due to changing weights of demand sectors are. The analyses are based on energy systems simulations using EnergyPLAN and demand forecasting using the Helena model. The results show that even with a limited short-term electric car fleet, these will have a significant effect on the energy system; the energy system’s ability to integrated wind power and the demand for condensing power generation capacity in the system. Charging patterns and flexibility have significant effects on this. Likewise, individual heat pumps may affect the system operation if they are equipped with heat storages. The analyses also show that the long-term changes in electricity demand curve profiles have little impact on the energy system performance. The flexibility given by heat pumps and electric vehicles in the long-term future overshadows any effects of changes in hourly demand curve profiles. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 7 (2015)

In recent years, in order to promote the independent development of the new energy vehicle industry, Chinese government has decided to reduce the consumption subsidies for new energy vehicles until the subsidies are completely withdrawn. The reduction of consumption subsidy has a great impact on the production and sales of new energy vehicles in the whole vehicle market. However, does the reduction of this subsidy also have an impact on other enterprises in the new energy vehicles industry chain? This paper tests this problem using data from 2016 to 2018, and finds, through empirical analysis, that during the period of subsidy decline, the profitability of component enterprises is significantly positively correlated with this subsidies, while the r&d investment of enterprises is significantly negatively correlated with this subsidies. The results show that in terms of profitability, the reduction of consumer subsidies not only has an impact on the whole vehicle industry of new energy vehicles, but also has an adverse impact on the core component companies in the industrial chain. However, in terms of r&d, the reduction of subsidies has more negatively strengthened the input and attention of R&D in component companies.

ON 16 NOVEMBER 2000, the final report of the World Commission on Dams (WCD) was launched in London, in the presence of South Africa’s former president Nelson Mandela. This represented a remarkable milestone in the history of dam policy and politics. During its two-year existence, WCD had conducted the most extensive review of research and evidence regarding the planning, impacts, and management of large dams. It had engaged with numerous stakeholders around the globe. It also made comprehensive recommendations about how to improve dam planning and management.

We have attained superior quality a-SiGe:H and nc-Si:H materials deposited at high rate, ~0.6 nm/s for a-SiGe:H and 1-1.5 nm/s for nc-Si:H, and achieved improved multi-junction solar cell performance. For a-SiGe:H based cells, we have focused our effort on further improving the a-SiGe:H film quality by carefully optimizing process parameters, particularly with Ge content and profile, hydrogen dilution, deposition pressure and substrate-tocathode distance, to fabricate a-SiGe:H films with low defect density and good stability. For nc-Si:H based solar cells, we have mainly worked on improving the spatial uniformity and homogeneous properties for nc-Si:H deposition, and on optimizing the plasma process and selecting species to deposit further improved nc-Si:H. We attained 10.1% and 11.2% stabilized efficiencies, respectively, for large-area (≥400 cm2) encapsulated a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/a-SiGe:H and a- Si:H/nc-Si:H/nc-Si:H triple-junction cells. Comparison between a-SiGe:H and nc-Si:H based technologies and future improvement will be presented. 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2783-2787

Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur-342 001, Rajasthan, India E-mail : krg2004@rediffmail.com Manuscript received 1 June 2006, revised 15 January 2007, accepted 17 January 2007 Brij-35, DTPA and Bismark Brown were used as surfactant, reductant and photosensitizer respectively in photogalvanic cell and photogalvanic effect was studied. The photopotential and photocurrent generated by this system were 786.0 m V and ll5.0 µA respectively. The observed conversion efficiency, fit! factor, cell performance in dark and maximum power obtained were observed 0.5192%, 0.48, 117.0 min and 54.00 µW, respectively.

Programmed Logic Controller (PLC) is the digital calculation operation system, which is specially designed for industrial working environment. This paper proposed the implement of hydraulic control system for large-scale railway maintenance equipment based on PLC. This implement pursued the purpose of accurate control of hydraulic working units of large-scale railway maintenance equipment. Large-scale railway maintenance equipment should always work in efficient statement. Focusing on this requirement, the reliability design of hardware for current leakage and impulse current which is proposed in the paper is necessary. This paper proposed Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) for relative horizontal check of working units linking bridge. This paper also proposed the method to prevent the current leakage and impulse current. As for hydraulic valves, this paper proposed PID algorithm to realize the control of Analogue Closed-Loop.

It has to be considered that dynamic performance of Super Capacitor and Battery hybrid energy storage system is poor and the output waveform of AC voltage distorted seriously. The Third Harmonic Injection PWM (THIPWM) with the three-level inverter, which has a excellent performance to improve the dynamic performance of the super capacitor and battery, gathers information from ends of the DC output voltage or current and the total current of the DC side to solve the problem of unbalanced neutral line voltage of three-level inverter .It also keeps super capacitor and battery controlled smoothly during the operation, and reduces the final output waveform distortion index. The simulation results verify the practicality and correctness of the three-level inverter topology and its control algorithm.