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AMADEUS es un proyecto europeo que investiga materiales y dispositivos de estado sólido para almacenar energía a muy alta temperatura. Usando aleados de silicio como materiales de cambio de fase se alcanzan calores latentes superiores a 1000 kWh/m3, propiciando la obtención de altísimas densidades energéticas. Dichos aleados suponen temperaturas de almacenamiento por encima de los 1000 ºC, muy por encima de las de los sistemas actuales de acumulación térmica. El artículo describe las actividades del proyecto y sus primeros resultados, explicando los principales retos de este nuevo sistema que combina la acumulación de energía en forma de calor en silicio fundido con dispositivos de estado sólido termiónicos y termofotovoltaicos para la posterior conversión en electricidad. AMADEUS is a H2020 project that researches on materials and solid-state devices for very high temperature energy storage and conversion. By exploring silicon-based alloys as new phase change materials (PCMs), latent heat higher than 1000 kWh/m3 is achievable, which implies a very high energy density. In addition, silicon-based PCMs lead to storage temperatures well beyond 1000 ºC, well beyond that of current state-of-the-art thermal energy storage (TES). This paper describes the project R&D activities and first results, and comments on challenges towards a new kind of systems combining latent heat energy storage in molten silicon with thermionic and thermophotovoltaic solid state heat-to-power conversion.

Climate and market shocks impact on the livelihood strategies of families in Altiplano communities. A household survey of 360 families in the Altiplano sheds light how families participate in markets, cope with climate and market shocks, and their feelings of control over these events. Theory proposes that the higher levels of capitals and climate resilient activities will result in a greater sense of control and therefore lower sense of dread. Cluster analysis identified three groups by wealth and life cycle characteristics in each region, as well as clear differences in income, assets, and market production activities between and within regions. Coping strategies in region facing warming and drying trends has focused on loss of assets, such as sales of animals. While in both regions there is diversity of income sources, the major source of diversity in Ancoraimes is crop varieties. While in both regions climatic shocks have had a negative impact on production, this has been experienced in Ancoraimes by 99 to 100 percent of the families, which has implications in terms of coping mechanism that rely on community networks. The other region has also experienced high rates of production shocks, from 71 to 92 percent of household members in each group. Strategies to diversify to climate resilient activities have resulted in increased off farm activities, mostly migration, in the lower income, lower asset region, while the greater assets in livestock, which face a more stable market and ability to withstand climate shocks presents a bifurcated response. Comparison between groups identified in the clusters for each region found no significant differences between groups on climate shock and climate change perceptions, in both regions. The rating on the risk of climate shock hazards at the household level was above 4 in a scale of 1-5 where 4 meant a very high threat and 5 an extreme threat. Umala households ratings were higher for the shocks than for change in climate with an average of 3.79 for the latter, while in Ancoraimes most of the risks were rated from 3.70 to 3.92, with the exception of climate change that was around 4. Overall though, in both regions climate hazard perceptions are high. Market risks are also considered a threat but rated lower than climate. Dread of losing outside networks of support was ranked high by elderly men and women, as well as the change in climate, in Umala, with no differences in Ancoraimes, but higher rates of dread overall do to the significance of this income in their livelihood strategies. Finding to date are consistent with theory, in that the dread, a reflection of the coping or lack of coping mechanisms, is higher in terms of markets for livestock in Umala, and higher in terms of loss of remittances from family members in Ancoraimes. The study finds that coping mechanism are based on individual household strategies, rather than community or institutions. LTRA-4 (Practices and Strategies for Vulnerable Agro-Ecosystems)

Introducción. La biomasa lignocelulósica que proviene de residuos agrícolas, cultivos dedicados a la dendroenergía, residuos biológicos lignocelulósicos como subproductos de alimentos, sobras de cocina de hogares, restaurantes y locales comerciales, así como algas cultivadas, pueden ser considerados materias primas para el desarrollo de la bioeconomía. Dado que su composición se basa mayoritariamente en celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina; materiales de base para la producción de diversos productos de valor agregado a partir de bloques de bioconstrucción en procesos integrados de bio-refinería. Objetivo. Establecer la importancia del uso de la biomasa como materia prima para su incorporación en los modelos de economía circular en los procesos de biorrefinería, tales como consideraciones de manejo de biomasa y pretratamiento de biomasa, el potencial intrínseco para la obtención de sustancias de valor comercial en función de la cadena de carbono. Desarrollo. Aproximadamente el 90 % de la materia seca lignocelulósica consiste en celulosa (30-60 %), hemicelulosa (20-40 %) y lignina (10-25 %) interrelacionados en una heteromatriz, mientras que el resto consiste en cenizas y extractos. Se estima que el potencial de generación de energía a base de biomasa oscila en Costa Rica cerca a los 600 MW y se han identificado proyectos activos que generan cerca de 122 MW. Conclusión. El aprovechamiento de la biomasa es un elemento importante para ser incorporado en la producción de bioenergía y desarrollo de una industria química renovable que conlleve a la consecución de objetivos enmarcados en el desarrollo de un modelo bio-económico, donde Costa Rica ha iniciado su incursión paralela al avance del siglo XXI. Introduction. The lignocellulosic biomass that comes from agricultural residues, crops dedicated to wood energy, lignocellulosic biological residues as food by-products, kitchen scraps from homes, restaurants, and commercial premises, as well as cultivated algae, can be considered raw materials for the development of the bioeconomy. Since its composition is mainly based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; they can be used to produce various value-added products from bio-construction blocks in integrated bio-refinery processes. Objective. To stablish the importance of using biomass as a raw material for its incorporation in circular economy models in biorefinery processes, such as considerations of biomass management and pretreatment of biomass, the intrinsic potential for obtaining substances of commercial value depending on the carbon chain. Development. Approximately 90 % of lignocellulosic dry matter consists of cellulose (30-60 %), hemicellulose (20-40 %), and lignin (10-25 %) interrelated in a heteromatrix, while the remainder consists of ash and extracts. It is estimated that the biomass-based power generation potential in Costa Rica ranges close to 600 MW and active projects that generate about 122 MW have been identified. Conclusion. The use of biomass is an important element to be incorporated into the production of bioenergy and the development of a renewable chemical industry that leads to the achievement of objectives framed in the development of a bio-economic model, where Costa Rica has begun its parallel incursion to the advance of the 21st century.

De acuerdo al Índice de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), en la microcuenca del río Illangama, alrededor del 76% de la población es pobre y sus ingresos están entre US$120 y 160 por mes, aún después de adoptar sistemas complejos con un alto potencial de producción. El más importante de ellos es el sistema papa-leche que aporta la mayor proporción de ingresos familiares y garantiza su seguridad alimentaria. Desde este punto de vista, se realizó un análisis de la viabilidad socio-económica y ambiental del sistema con el propósito de establecer su eficiencia y flexibilidad bajo nuevas condiciones. Este análisis se basa en la información compilada de diferentes fuentes, niveles y escalas, mediante estudios de campo, investigación experimental y observación de parcelas de productores. Los resultados evidencian que el sistema tiene el más alto potencial de productividad en el área y es viable adoptar porque incrementa la producción y los ingresos. Representa la mejor opción debido a que los productores disponen de los medios de producción y mano de obra familiar, lo cual permitirá que el sistema sea sostenible. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, si el sistema es manejado adecuadamente con la implementación de alternativas tecnológicas, amigables con el ambiente, detendría el avance de la frontera agrícola hacia áreas de páramo. El sistema es una opción que los gobiernos locales deberían impulsar para preservar el ecosistema páramo. (Resumen de autores) Published version LTRA-3 (Watershed-based NRM for Small-scale Agriculture)

Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a los proyectos GRECO (787289 H2020 Grant Agreement), financiado por la Comisión Europea, que garantiza que este trabajo está alineado con la Política Europea de Ciencia Abierta, el Proyecto MADRID-PV2-CM (P2018/EMT-4308) financiado por la Comunidad de Madrid apoyado con fondos FEDER y el Proyecto MULTIPLIER (RTI2018-096937-B-C21) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. E.A. está financiada por un contrato Ramón y Cajal del Ministerio de Ciencia Español (RYC-2015-18539). M.H.Z. agradece a la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid la financiación del 'Programa Propio para Ayudas Predoctorales de la UPM'. M.M. agradece la financiación del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por medio de la beca FPI PRE2019-087894. Postprint del trabajo presentado en A. Martí et al., “Cuaderno Abierto para la Simulación de Células Solares de Tres Terminales de Tipo Transistor Bipolar de Heterounión.,” in XVII Congreso Ibérico y XIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Energía Solar (CIES), 2020, pp. 23--31.

Sweeping changes are beginning to transform energy scenarios around the world. The gas revolution, a renaissance in petroleum technology and exploration, and a chaotic but powerful movement toward the goal of low-carbon economies are three of the principal energy trends currently interacting with structural changes in the geo-economics of the Atlantic world to present new perspectives and opportunitiesfor the diverse actors in the ‘Atlantic Basin’. This article explores how changes in the energy landscape are contributing to a reassessment of the strategic horizon. The potential impacts of the shale revolution, deep-offshore oil, biofuels and other modern renewable energies on the geopolitics of the Atlantic Basin will be assessed, and the hypothesis that an Atlantic Basin energy system is now taking shape will be evaluated, along with an analysis of anticipated impacts.

Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a los proyectos GRECO (787289 H2020 Grant Agreement), financiado por la Comisión Europea, que garantiza que este trabajo está alineado con la Política Europea de Ciencia Abierta, el Proyecto MADRID-PV2-CM (P2018/EMT-4308) financiado por la Comunidad de Madrid apoyado con fondos FEDER y el Proyecto MULTIPLIER (RTI2018-096937-B-C21) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. E.A. está financiada por un contrato Ramón y Cajal del Ministerio de Ciencia Español (RYC-2015-18539). M.H.Z. agradece a la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid la financiación del 'Programa Propio para Ayudas Predoctorales de la UPM'. M.M. agradece la financiación del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por medio de la beca FPI PRE2019-087894. Las actas del Congreso pueden obtenerse de: https://doi.org/10.34637/cies2020.1.1001 {"references": ["A. Mart\u00ed et al., \"Cuaderno Abierto para la Simulaci\u00f3n de C\u00e9lulas Solares de Tres Terminales de Tipo Transistor Bipolar de Heterouni\u00f3n.,\" in XVII Congreso Ib\u00e9rico y XIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Energ\u00eda Solar (CIES), 2020, pp. 23--31."]} Este vídeo recoge la presentación visual de los autores del trabajo "Cuaderno Abierto para la Simulación de Células Solares de Tres Terminales de Tipo Transistor Bipolar de Heterounión " en el XVII Congreso Ibérico y XIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Energía Solar (CIES-2020)

In this article, it was reviewed as the postpartum negative energy balance (NEB) affects the health and the reproductive efficiency of water buffaloes. The increase in the world buffalo population has been accompanied by an improvement in the milk yield per lactation and this could be causing negative consequences for health and reproductive efficiency, although there are still few studies about this relationship. Higher milk yield without the corresponding increase in the dry matter and energy intake can intensify the NEB, increasing weight and body condition loss, and this implies a decrease in glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and the increases of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). This scenario may imply a greater susceptibility to diseases such as placental retention, endometritis, metritis and mastitis, as well as a longer period of anestrus, lower fertility and the lengthening of the interval to conception. To solve this situation, it is necessary to guarantee a good body condition at calving, and a high dry matter intake that allows reducing weight loss and body condition and different management, feeding and genetic alternatives are proposed.

The amount of energy and food consumed in Puerto Rico is more indicative of a developed nation than one than is underdeveloped. All the energy consumed in Puerto Rico is from fossil fuels, while the agricultural sector marginally provides the needs of the consumer. In addition, the animal production sectors rely exclusively on imported feedstock for the preparation of feeds. There is a potential to develop an ethanol industry based initially on sugarcane, as the main feedstock and then turn to biomass from energy cane and or organic solid waste in the future. In order to move to the second generation of ethanol production, the cellulosic ethanol industry has to become economically viable. A limiting factor in the use of sugarcane is that only 40,000 ha are currently available to grow this crop. Potentially, Puerto Rico can produce 200 million liters of ethanol on this area which could substitute 5% of the gasoline that was consumed in 2007. On the other hand, biomass could be obtained from bagasse, energy cane, and from 1.3 metric tons of organic solid waste (food and yard waste) produced annually on the island. This strategy can provide a relief to decreasing the amounts of organic solid waste that end up in the landfills.