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AbstractThis work reports the synthesis, characterization, photophysical, and photovoltaic properties of five new thieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene isoindigo (TBTI)‐containing low bandgap donor–acceptor conjugated polymers with a series of comonomers and different side chains. When TBTI is combined with different electron‐rich moieties, even small structural variations can have significant impact on thin film morphology of the polymer:phenyl C70 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends. More importantly, high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to investigate the phase‐separated bulk heterojunction domains, which can be accurately and precisely resolved, enabling an enhanced correlation between polymer chemical structure, photovoltaic device performance, and morphology.

This dataset reports results on seedling growth and survival for two hyphal exclusion experiments in a subtropical forest. The data include survival status, height, total biomass and the biomass of component plant parts, percentage root colonisation by mycorrhizas, for tree seedlings of ten common species including five ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and five arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species, which were transplanted in the in-growth cores with windows covering different sizes of nylon meshes (35 vs. 0.5 µm). The dataset provides raw data on growth and survival metrics for each seedling, plus identifying codes for the dominant sites where the experiments were conducted, as well as experimental block, mesh treatment, botanical names for the tree species, and mycorrhizal type. The data were entered into Excel spreadsheets and exported as comma separated value files (csv). Study area - the Heishiding Nature Reserve (111°53’E, 23°27’N, 150-927 m a.s.l.) in Guangdong Province of south China. Mesh-walled cores were assembled from 16 cm diameter × 30 cm deep PVC piping, perforated with six 8-cm-diameter windows which were regularly distributed along the side with three of them at the depth of 4-12 cm and the other three at 16-24 cm. The cores were lined with 35 µm or 0.5 µm nylon mesh (Plastok Associates Ltd, Birkenhead, UK) to cover the bottom and the windows, which was attached using transparent superglue (Pattex(R), Henkel Adhesives Ltd., Shantou, China). Nylon mesh with a pore size of 35 µm excludes roots of neighboring plants, but allows mycorrhizal hyphae access to the transplanted seedlings; while cores with a 0.5 µm mesh exclude both fine roots and hyphae, with only free-living soil microorganisms passing through. We then covered the sides and the bottoms of all cores with 2 mm nylon mesh, to prevent soil fauna damaging the smaller size meshes.

Spatiotemporal monitoring of urban CO2 emissions is crucial for developing strategies and actions to mitigate climate change. However, most spatiotemporal inventories do not adopt urban form data and have a coarse resolution of over 1 km, which limits their implications in intra-city planning. This study aims to model the spatiotemporal carbon emissions of the two largest mega-urban regions in China, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, using urban form data from the Local Climate Zone scheme and landscape metrics, nighttime light images, and a year-fixed effects model at a fine resolution from 2012 to 2016. The panel data model has an R2 value of 0.98. This study identifies an overall fall in carbon emissions in both regions since 2012 and a slight elevation of emissions from 2015 to 2016. In addition, urban compaction and integrated natural landscapes are found to be related to low emissions, whereas scattered low-rise buildings are associated with rising carbon emissions. Furthermore, this study more accurately extracts urban areas and can more clearly identify intra-urban variations in carbon emissions than other datasets. The open data supported methodology, regression models, and results can provide accurate and quantifiable evidence at the community level for achieving a carbon-neutral built environment.

Since the turn of the century, there has been a growth in the use of e-business by both large and small companies worldwide, a trend that has been given further impetus by the move to online trading in the COVID-19 pandemic era. For small companies, there are the potential benefits of increased efficiencies and market share gain, associated with the re-engineering of selling and marketing processes; but in developing countries, such as Nigeria, research into how small businesses are using e-business systems and technologies is limited. This article builds upon earlier case study research in the Nigerian small business sector to develop a framework for e-business strategy development, implementation and review. Using an inductive approach, data was collected from six small businesses, using interviews and questionnaires, to profile the e-business operations of these companies. This study found that e-business strategy was generally lacking in these companies, but interview material was used to support the development and validation of the strategy framework, which provides a process and a checklist for small businesses pursuing e-business initiatives in developing world environments.

Climate change has exacerbated the health effects of high ambient temperatures on occupational health and safety; however, to what extent heat stress can induce workplace injuries and economic costs is poorly studied. This study aimed to quantify the attributable fractions of injury claims and subsequent insurance payouts using data from work-related injury insurance system in Guangzhou, China.Individual workers' injury claims data were collected for the period of 2011-2012, including demographic characteristics and work-related information. Daily maximum wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, °C) was calculated from meteorological data. To examine the association between WBGT index and work-related injury, we fit a quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear model. Then we calculated the numbers of injury claims and costs of insurance compensations attributable to days with WBGT above the heat stress limit according to the national occupational health standards.There were 9550 work-related injury claims, resulting in an insurance payout of 282.3 million Chinese Yuan. The risks of injury claims increased with rising WBGT. 4.8% (95% eCI: 2.9%-6.9%) of work-related injuries and 4.1% (95% eCI: 0.2%-7.7%) of work-related injury insurance payouts were attributed to heat exposure for WBGT threshold above the heat stress limit. Male workers, those in small enterprises and with low educational attainment were especially sensitive to the effects of heat exposure.Heat stress can contribute to higher risk of work-related injury and substantial economic costs. Quantified the impacts of injuries and related economic costs should be considered to develop targeted preventive measures in the context of climate change.

La température et la croissance démographique sont les principaux moteurs de la consommation d'énergie. Cependant, l'importance relative des facteurs climatiques et socio-économiques qui déterminent la consommation d'énergie à différentes échelles temporelles n'est pas bien comprise. Par conséquent, nous avons développé une méthode de décomposition chronologique pour attribuer l'importance relative des variables climatiques (indice de chaleur et indice de mousson) et socio-économiques à la consommation d'énergie domestique à Hong Kong de 1981 à 2015. La même méthode a été utilisée pour Singapour de 2005 à 2015 pour tester la transférabilité de notre méthode de séries chronologiques. La croissance démographique et le PIB ont été les principaux moteurs de la consommation d'énergie domestique à Hong Kong de 1981 à 2015, mais l'indice de chaleur est devenu le principal moteur de 2005 à 2015. Les indices de mousson et de chaleur ont été les principaux moteurs de la consommation d'énergie domestique à Singapour de 2005 à 2015. Le changement climatique augmentera la température de l'air de 2 à 5 °C pour Hong Kong et Singapour d'ici 2100. Pour les scénarios RCP4.5 et RCP8.5, Singapour montre une relation linéaire entre la température et la consommation d'énergie domestique, alors que la relation est non linéaire à Hong Kong. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance de comprendre l'impact du changement climatique sur le mécanisme de la mousson et l'indice de chaleur, ce qui peut prédire la demande future de refroidissement et aider à atteindre les objectifs de développement durable. La temperatura y el crecimiento de la población son los principales impulsores del consumo de energía. Sin embargo, no se comprende bien la importancia relativa de los factores climáticos y socioeconómicos que impulsan el consumo de energía a diferentes escalas temporales. Por lo tanto, desarrollamos un método de descomposición de series temporales para atribuir la importancia relativa de las variables climáticas (índice de calor e índice de monzones) y socioeconómicas al consumo doméstico de energía en Hong Kong de 1981 a 2015. El mismo método se utilizó para Singapur de 2005 a 2015 para probar la transferibilidad de nuestro método de series temporales. El crecimiento de la población y el PIB fueron los principales impulsores del consumo doméstico de energía en Hong Kong de 1981 a 2015, pero el índice de calor se convirtió en el principal impulsor de 2005 a 2015. Los índices de monzón y calor fueron los principales impulsores del consumo doméstico de energía en Singapur entre 2005 y 2015. El cambio climático aumentará la temperatura del aire en 2–5 ° C para Hong Kong y Singapur para 2100. Para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5, Singapur muestra una relación lineal entre la temperatura y el consumo doméstico de energía, mientras que la relación no es lineal en Hong Kong. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de comprender el impacto del cambio climático en el mecanismo del monzón y el índice de calor, lo que puede predecir la demanda futura de enfriamiento y ayudar a alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Temperature and population growth are key drivers of energy consumption. However, the relative importance of climatic and socioeconomic factors driving energy consumption at different temporal scales is not well-understood. Therefore, we developed a time-series decomposition method to attribute the relative importance of climatic (heat index and monsoon index) and socioeconomic variables to domestic energy consumption in Hong Kong from 1981–2015. The same method was used for Singapore from 2005–2015 to test the transferability of our time-series method. Population growth and GDP were the primary drivers for domestic energy consumption in Hong Kong from 1981–2015, but the heat index became the primary driver from 2005–2015 instead. The monsoon and heat indexes were the primary drivers of domestic energy consumption in Singapore from 2005–2015. Climate change will increase air temperatures by 2–5 °C for Hong Kong and Singapore by 2100. For RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, Singapore shows a linear relationship between temperature and domestic energy consumption, whereas the relationship is non-linear in Hong Kong. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the impact of climatic change on monsoon mechanism and heat index, which can predict future cooling demand and help achieve sustainable development goals. تعد درجة الحرارة والنمو السكاني من المحركات الرئيسية لاستهلاك الطاقة. ومع ذلك، فإن الأهمية النسبية للعوامل المناخية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية التي تدفع استهلاك الطاقة على مستويات زمنية مختلفة ليست مفهومة جيدًا. لذلك، طورنا طريقة تحلل السلاسل الزمنية لنعزو الأهمية النسبية للمتغيرات المناخية (مؤشر الحرارة ومؤشر الرياح الموسمية) والمتغيرات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية إلى استهلاك الطاقة المحلي في هونغ كونغ من 1981–2015. تم استخدام نفس الطريقة لسنغافورة من 2005–2015 لاختبار قابلية نقل طريقة السلاسل الزمنية الخاصة بنا. كان النمو السكاني والناتج المحلي الإجمالي المحركين الرئيسيين لاستهلاك الطاقة المحلي في هونغ كونغ من 1981–2015، لكن مؤشر الحرارة أصبح المحرك الرئيسي من 2005–2015 بدلاً من ذلك. كانت مؤشرات الرياح الموسمية والحرارة هي الدوافع الرئيسية لاستهلاك الطاقة المحلي في سنغافورة في الفترة من 2005 إلى 2015. سيؤدي تغير المناخ إلى زيادة درجات حرارة الهواء بمقدار 2–5 درجات مئوية لهونغ كونغ وسنغافورة بحلول عام 2100. بالنسبة لسيناريو RCP4.5 و RCP8.5، تُظهر سنغافورة علاقة خطية بين درجة الحرارة والاستهلاك المحلي للطاقة، في حين أن العلاقة غير خطية في هونغ كونغ. تسلط النتائج التي توصلنا إليها الضوء على أهمية فهم تأثير التغير المناخي على آلية الرياح الموسمية ومؤشر الحرارة، والتي يمكن أن تتنبأ بالطلب على التبريد في المستقبل وتساعد في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة.