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It's not only the carbon in the trees Forest loss affects climate not just because of the impacts it has on the carbon cycle, but also because of how it affects the fluxes of energy and water between the land and the atmosphere. Evaluating global impact is complicated because deforestation can produce different results in different climate zones, making it hard to determine large-scale trends rather than more local ones. Alkama and Cescatti conducted a global assessment of the biophysical effects of forest cover change. Forest loss amplifies diurnal temperature variations, increases mean and maximum air temperatures, and causes a significant amount of warming when compared to CO 2 emission from land-use change. Science , this issue p. 600

It's not only the carbon in the trees Forest loss affects climate not just because of the impacts it has on the carbon cycle, but also because of how it affects the fluxes of energy and water between the land and the atmosphere. Evaluating global impact is complicated because deforestation can produce different results in different climate zones, making it hard to determine large-scale trends rather than more local ones. Alkama and Cescatti conducted a global assessment of the biophysical effects of forest cover change. Forest loss amplifies diurnal temperature variations, increases mean and maximum air temperatures, and causes a significant amount of warming when compared to CO 2 emission from land-use change. Science , this issue p. 600

This study investigates the nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Italy in the 1970-2007 years. The unit root tests results point out that our four variables are integrated of order one. Cointegration analysis reach contradictory results. However, the long-run estimations reveal that, if renewable energy consumption increases by 1%, real GDP decreases by 0.23%. The Toda and Yamamoto approach shows that exists a unidirectional causal flow, running from renewable energy consumption to aggregate income, in line with the "growth hypothesis". Moreover, these results are confirmed by Granger causality tests. While forecasts applications set out that VAR forecasts represent an improvement on simpler forecasts in more than half the comparisons, for each variable. In fact, VAR gives more accurate forecasts, over-performing the mean, RW, and AR methods.

This study investigates the nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Italy in the 1970-2007 years. The unit root tests results point out that our four variables are integrated of order one. Cointegration analysis reach contradictory results. However, the long-run estimations reveal that, if renewable energy consumption increases by 1%, real GDP decreases by 0.23%. The Toda and Yamamoto approach shows that exists a unidirectional causal flow, running from renewable energy consumption to aggregate income, in line with the "growth hypothesis". Moreover, these results are confirmed by Granger causality tests. While forecasts applications set out that VAR forecasts represent an improvement on simpler forecasts in more than half the comparisons, for each variable. In fact, VAR gives more accurate forecasts, over-performing the mean, RW, and AR methods.

Empirical studies of the EKC hypothesis may be very sensitive to datasets, specifications, and functional forms. The aim of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, and energy consumption using a panel of 9 advanced economies from 1870 to 2008 using both parametric and semi-parametric additive models. While at the panel level the results provide support to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) only in the post-1950s period, at the individual country level the inverted U-shaped relationship between CO2 and real GDP is validated for a subset of countries only. However, when a semi-parametric regression framework is applied an inverse U-shaped pattern becomes clear for all countries of the sample, except Canada. Empirical findings indicate that relaxing the restrictions associated with parametric regression models may be critical for the question of investigating the existence of the EKC. JEL codes: C14; C23; Q43; Q32

Empirical studies of the EKC hypothesis may be very sensitive to datasets, specifications, and functional forms. The aim of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, and energy consumption using a panel of 9 advanced economies from 1870 to 2008 using both parametric and semi-parametric additive models. While at the panel level the results provide support to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) only in the post-1950s period, at the individual country level the inverted U-shaped relationship between CO2 and real GDP is validated for a subset of countries only. However, when a semi-parametric regression framework is applied an inverse U-shaped pattern becomes clear for all countries of the sample, except Canada. Empirical findings indicate that relaxing the restrictions associated with parametric regression models may be critical for the question of investigating the existence of the EKC. JEL codes: C14; C23; Q43; Q32

The continuous dynamic motion of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) can introduce long-term fatigue and structural tensions, reinforcing the importance of structural control. Here, the novel proposed concept of collective structural control of waked floating wind farm by optimally de-loading the FOWTs with more motion, in order to avoid undesired tower-base bending-moment, long-term fatigue or increasing mooring tensions aims to be introduced. The study proposes a collective control strategy for distributing power set-points based on real-time assessment of the FOWT’s structural behavior by mitigating pitch motion and optimizing performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, a predictive controller is developed and tested on a spar-based wind farm. The results demonstrate that the adoption of a collective structural controller is more suitable for long-term operation of floating wind turbines compared to conventional power-oriented strategies, diminishing 7 times the standard deviation of the mean pitch values of the FOWTs in the array and thus, minimizing axial stress of the most upstream FOWTs. The impact of wave states on the behavior of the floating wind turbines within the array can be observed, influencing the effectiveness of the control strategy.

The continuous dynamic motion of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) can introduce long-term fatigue and structural tensions, reinforcing the importance of structural control. Here, the novel proposed concept of collective structural control of waked floating wind farm by optimally de-loading the FOWTs with more motion, in order to avoid undesired tower-base bending-moment, long-term fatigue or increasing mooring tensions aims to be introduced. The study proposes a collective control strategy for distributing power set-points based on real-time assessment of the FOWT’s structural behavior by mitigating pitch motion and optimizing performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, a predictive controller is developed and tested on a spar-based wind farm. The results demonstrate that the adoption of a collective structural controller is more suitable for long-term operation of floating wind turbines compared to conventional power-oriented strategies, diminishing 7 times the standard deviation of the mean pitch values of the FOWTs in the array and thus, minimizing axial stress of the most upstream FOWTs. The impact of wave states on the behavior of the floating wind turbines within the array can be observed, influencing the effectiveness of the control strategy.