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  • 7. Clean energy
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  • Authors: Boulon, Loïc;

    Cette modélisation présente la partie de contrôle d'une pile à combustible à membrane d'échange de protons (PEMFC). L'objectif du modèle de représenter la chaîne de contrôle de la tension de la PEMFC. Ce modèle est basé sur une représentation macroscopique énergétique (REM) de la pile à combustible, puis conduit à une structure dite de contrôle maximal (SCM). La SCM est une inversion étape par étape de la REM (structure de contrôle basée sur un modèle d'inversion). Le processus de conception de la commande est basé sur une définition explicite du problème. Par exemple, les entrées de réglage, les objectifs du système ou les contraintes sont mises en évidence pour organiser la commande. De plus, le SMC montre les endroits où les capteurs sont nécessaires et où les contrôleurs sont requis. Malheureusement, le SCM n'est qu'une structure de contrôle théorique. Par conséquent, une structure réaliste nécessite certaines simplifications, ce qui conduit à une structure de contrôle dite pratique. This modeling presents the control part of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The objective of the model is to represent the voltage control chain of the PEMFC. This model is based on an energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) of the fuel cell and then leads to a so-called maximum control structure (MCS). The SCM is a step-by-step inversion of the REM (control structure based on an inversion model). The control design process is based on an explicit problem definition. For example, control inputs, system objectives, or constraints are highlighted to organize the control. In addition, the MSC shows where sensors are needed and where controllers are required. Unfortunately, the SCM is only a theoretical control structure. Therefore, a realistic structure requires some simplifications, which leads to a so-called practical control structure. AdditionnalInformation: Modèle créé lors d'une thèse en génie électrique, par Loïc Boulon (ses recherches portent sur la modélisation et le contrôle des véhicules électriques hybrides, des sources d'énergie et d'énergie et de puissance, et des systèmes de piles à combustible). Il a travaillé en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de doctorat à l'Université de Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, où sa thèse de doctorat a été réalisée en collaboration avec le FEMTO-ST, Belfort, et les Laboratoires L2EP, Lille. Co-encadrement par Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alain Bouscayrol (PU au laboratoire L2EP) et Marie-Célie Péra (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST) AdditionnalInformation: Model created during a thesis in electrical engineering, by Loïc Boulon (his research focuses on the modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicles, energy and power sources, and fuel cell systems). He worked towards his Ph.D. degree at the University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, where his dissertation was complet in collaboration with the FEMTO-ST, Belfort, and the L2EP Laboratories, Lille. Co-supervision by Daniel Hissel (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alain Bouscayrol (PU at L2EP laboratory) and Marie-Célie Péra (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory) Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loïc Boulon, Contrat doctoral (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Audience: Research

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  • Authors: Morando, Simon; Pahon, Élodie; Pahon, Élodie;

    Le projet PHM-PAC vise principalement le développement de méthodes intelligentes de détection, diagnostic et pronostic des défaillances de piles à combustibles. Ce projet doit permettre l'optimisation des performances des systèmes pile à combustible ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électrochimiques en affectant la durabilité. The PHM-PAC project is mainly aimed at developing intelligent methods for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of fuel cell failures. This project should allow the optimization of the performance of fuel cell systems as well as a better understanding of the electrochemical phenomena affecting the durability. Données expérimentales: 2 800 heures de fonctionnement à charge constante sur une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons d'une puissance de 500W Experimental data: 2,800 hours of operation at constant load on a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell Project: PHM PAC, Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Audience: University: master, Research, University: licence Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Label: Plateforme UBFC (Plateforme UBFC) UpdatePeriodicity: no update

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Saulnier, Jean Baptiste;

    This work focuses on the refinement of sea-states spectral characterisation in the frame of the development of wave energy converters (WECs). Until now, this characterisation has been limited to the consideration of basic global parameters such as the significant wave height and mean wave period. The present work namely underlines - thanks to simplified numerical models - that such a description is not sufficient to account for the performance of WECs, for they still exhibit a large variability in terms of mean production while wave energy and period are fixed. It is therefore needed to refine this description by introducing new wave characteristics, such as the wave groupiness, which is itself related to the sea-state's spectral bandwidth. The classical - spectral - approaches, allowing a statistical analysis of wave groups along with other works in the literature, permit to draw a set of relevant spectral parameters. The sensitivity of simplified offshore WEC models (linear in the frequency domain) to these parameters is then observed. The question of deterministic mean power estimation - namely in the case of non-linear models - is also raised, for it is also related somehow to the bandwidth of the wave field. A sea-state is actually made of a superimposition of various wave systems (as swells and wind-sea). It is then possible to refine even more its description, namely through the multi-system approach. The latter enables indeed to track in time and space the wave systems independently of each other. An algorithm for the automatic spatiotemporal analysis is proposed and illustrated to this end. Lastly, the influence of such description refinements (wave groupiness and multi-system approach) is observed at several locations (Portugal, North Sea, California) by considering various WEC models (linear axi-symmetric heaving devices, 3D SEAREV with non-linear hydrodynamics): in all cases, it is shown that both extended descriptions allow for a better characterisation of the mean WEC performance at both short and long term. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation spectrale des états de mer dans le cadre du développement de systèmes récupérateurs de l'énergie des vagues (SREVs). Jusqu'alors, cette caractérisation s'est limitée à des paramètres globaux basiques tels que la hauteur significative et la période moyenne des vagues. Les présents travaux soulignent notamment, à l'aide de modèles simplifiés, que cette description est insuffisante car un SREV montre encore une grande variabilité en termes de production moyenne, ces deux paramètres étant fixés par ailleurs. On s'intéresse donc à raffiner cette description en considérant des caractéristiques de vagues nouvelles, comme le groupement de vagues, lui-même lié à la largeur de bande de l'état de mer. Les approches classiques - spectrales - sur l'étude descriptive des groupes de vagues et la littérature permettent de dégager un certain nombre de paramètres spectraux. On observe ensuite la sensibilité de modèles de SREVs offshore simplifiés (modèles fréquentiels linéaires) à ces paramètres de largeur globale. La question de l'estimation déterministe de performance moyenne (dans le cas de convertisseurs non-linéaires) est également abordée, étant elle-même liée à cette caractéristique. Un état de mer étant constitué de plusieurs systèmes de vagues (houles, mer de vent), il est encore possible de raffiner sa description grâce à une approche multisystème. Celle-ci permet en outre de suivre ces systèmes indépendamment dans le temps et l'espace. Un algorithme d'analyse spatio-temporelle est proposé et illustré à cet égard. Enfin, l'influence de ces raffinements est observée en différents sites (Portugal, Mer du Nord, Californie) sur des cas de SREVs divers (systèmes axi-symétriques linéaires, SEAREV 3D d'hydrodynamique non-linéaire), et montre que dans tous les cas, le raffinement apporté permet de mieux caractériser la production à court et long terme de ces dispositifs.

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  • Authors: Vichard, Loic;

    Ces modélisations, sont associées au projet AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). Le projet souhaite s’appuyer sur une démarche menée autour d’un travail de thèse visant à comprendre le comportement dynamique, d’étudier le vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé des composants énergétiques, batterie et pile à combustible en usage réel. Cette démarche est basée sur l’analyse des données enregistrées sur ces composants dans le projet Mobypost (flotte de 10 véhicules Hydrogènes). La mise en œuvre des compétences et des outils d’analyse numériques développés notamment pour les batteries par le laboratoire Ampère et l’IFSTTAR vise à comprendre et à reproduire les phénomènes de dégradation des composants étudiés. Ces modèles permettent de contribuer à l’étude du vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé en usage réel des batteries et des piles à combustible. These models are associated with the project AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). The project is based on a thesis work aiming at understanding the dynamic behavior, to study the aging and to estimate the health status of the battery and fuel cell energy components in real use. This approach is based on the analysis of data recorded on these components in the Mobypost project (fleet of 10 hydrogen vehicles). The implementation of skills and numerical analysis tools developed in particular for batteries by the Ampère laboratory and IFSTTAR aims to understand and reproduce the degradation phenomena of the components studied. These models contribute to the study of ageing and estimate the state of health of batteries and fuel cells in real use. AdditionnalInformation: Model produced within the framework of Loic Vichard's thesis in electrical engineering (Contribution to the study of the aging of battery and fuel cell components in real use), under the supervision of Daniel Hissel (PU at the FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alexandre Ravey (MCF at UTBM) and Pascal Venet (PU at the Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University). AdditionnalInformation: Modèle produit dans le cadre de la thèse en génie électrique de Loic Vichard (Contribution à l'étude du vieillissement des composantes batteries et pile à combustible en usage réel), sous la direction de Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alexandre Ravey (MCF à l'UTBM) et Pascal Venet (PU à l'université Claude Bernard Lyon 1). Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab et Python - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language et Python language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loic Vichard, Contrat doctoral - Projet AsDeCoEUR (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) UpdatePeriodicity: no update Audience: Research

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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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  • Authors: Zeitoun, Wael; Lin, Jian; Siroux, Monica;

    To facilitate the energy transition, it is necessary to develop sustainable energy technologies. The Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) is such technology, which can reduce energy consumption by a building significantly. The Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) is an air-soil exchanger buried under the ground that permits the use of shallow ground temperatures to decrease building's heating and cooling demands. As any energy system, EAHE is subject to the first and second law of thermodynamics. The first law well describes the performance of the system from an energetic point of view however the real behavior of the system is also related to entropy that determines energy availability (or exergy) in the system. The exergy analysis which results from combing both the first and second law of thermodynamics helps to analyze the performance of the system at its reversible limit and to estimate the departure from this limit. This leads to determining the exergetic efficiency of the system which assesses the system in reference to its best situation (reversible case). In this paper, an exergetic analysis will be carried out on the EAHE installed at ICUBE, Illkirch-Graffenstaden campus of University of Strasbourg. The EAHE is composed of a polyethylene pipe buried under the ground up to a depth of 1.2 m with a total length of 29 m. The horizontal part of the EAHE is composed of three different sections where each section is coated by a different type of coating soils; (1) sand, (2) sand-bent: a mix between sand and bentonite (3\%), and (3) initial natural earth soil. The system is equipped with thermal sensors to measures the soil and air temperature with an uncertainty of 0.1$^{\circ}$C. The objective is to assess the system and identify the parts that dissipates energy the most to optimize the system. The experimental EAHE and the measurements taken are presented in this paper as well as the equations used in the analysis and finally the derived results are analyzed.

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  • Authors: Christophe Revelli; Thomas Lagoarde-Segot;

    This article sheds light on the issue of financing the 2030 Agenda. First of all, we highlight the analytical inconsistency of market financing strategies based on neoclassical theory. We then put forward the elements of an alternative strategy based on the issuance of a new category of financial instruments: the ecological sovereign security (ESS). Then, we develop "Philia 1.1", a new 32-equation stock-flow coherent model (SFC) to analyze the effects of issuing TSE on macroeconomic dynamics and the ecological transition process. Simulations suggest that the issuance of TSEs could help to drive an expansionary macroeconomic dynamic beneficial to employees, while embedding the additional activity in new ecological and social criteria. TSE emissions could therefore play a driving role in the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cet article apporte l’éclairage de la Théorie Financière Écologique sur la question du financement de l’Agenda 2030. Nous mettons en évidence l’incohérence analytique du financement par les marchés, fondé sur la théorie néoclassique. Nous avançons une stratégie alternative reposant sur l’émission d’une nouvelle catégorie d’instruments financiers : le titre souverain écologique (TSE). Puis, nous développons « Philia 1.1 » un nouveau modèle stock-flux cohérent. Les simulations suggèrent que l’émission de TSE pourrait impulser une dynamique macroéconomique expansionniste bénéfique aux salariés tout en encastrant le surcroit d’activité dans de nouveaux critères écologiques et sociaux. L’émission de TSE pourrait jouer un rôle moteur dans la poursuite des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD).

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  • Authors: Yehya, Alissar; Adebayo, Philip; Naji, Hassane;

    In phase-change materials (PCMs) applications, melting occurs at nearly constant temperature,thus avoiding ambient temperature fluctuations. Thereby, the melting time control can be useful to maintain thermal comfort at lower energy demand. This experimental and numerical study deals with the impact of using a uniform magnetic field on the melting rate of an organic PCM placed in an aluminum enclosure. The effect of magnetic field is modeled by including the Lorentz force as a source term in the momentum equations, which are fully coupled with the energy equations [1, 2]. From the numerical simulations, it turned out that a substantial reduction in the liquid fraction can be obtained for high Hartmann numbers, controlled by the magnetic field intensity and the enclosure aspect ratio, and when the direction of the applied Lorentz force is opposite to the buoyant force. On the other hand, experimentally, the PCM was placed inside an aluminum enclosure and permanent magnets of different dimensions and strengths were added to the bottom of it. The enclosure was subjected to a thermal load through heat exchanger plates controlled by a thermoregulating bath [3]. Analyzing the experimental data, retrieved from embedded heat flux sensors and thermocouples, demonstrates that the effect of increasing the magnetic field on heat flux is in accordance with the numerical results. A reduction in the time for fusion is obtained when the magnetic field is applied vertically opposing buoyancy. Keywords: Phase change materials (PCM), magnetic field, latent heat, fusion, heat flux, Lorentz force. References [1] Doostani A., Ghalambaz M., Chamkha A.J. MHD natural convection phase-change heat transfer in a cavity: analysis of the magnetic field effect. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 39, 2831-2846, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0722-z [2] Adebayo P., Yehya A. The effect of combining magnetic field and high-conductivity nanoparticles on the fusion rate of a phase change material. Energy Convers. Manag. 16, 100314, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100314 [3] Yehya A., Naji H., Zalewski L. Experimental and numerical characterization of an impure phase change material using a thermal lattice Boltzmann method. Appl. Therm. Eng. 154, 738-750, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.026

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  • Authors: F. CAZIER; P. GENEVRAY; D. DEWAELE; C. VANDENBILCKE; +2 Authors

    L'étude, réalisée porte sur la caractérisation, en situation réelle, des émissions de neuf petites chaudières polycombustible (>300 kW). Les chaufferies étudiées appartiennent en majorité à des mairies et des exploitations agricoles et utilisent des plaquettes forestières ou bocagères produites localement. Des analyses ont été réalisées sur les combustibles, les émissions particulaires et gazeuses ainsi que sur les cendres. Ce type de caractérisation analytique fine n'est que très peu documenté en situation réelle et encore moins sur des petites installations. Des tests en plateforme d'essai ont également été réalisés sur les combustibles afin de comparer les résultats. The study concerns the characterization of the emissions, in real situation, of nine small multifuel boilers (>300 kW). The boilers studied mostly belong to town halls and farms and use locally produced wood chips. Analyzes were carried out on fuels, particulate and gaseous emissions as well as on ash. This type of detailled analytical characterization is only very poorly documented in real situations and even less in small installations. Analyzes on a test platform were also carried out on fuels in order to compare the results.

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  • Authors: Boulon, Loïc;

    Cette modélisation présente la partie de contrôle d'une pile à combustible à membrane d'échange de protons (PEMFC). L'objectif du modèle de représenter la chaîne de contrôle de la tension de la PEMFC. Ce modèle est basé sur une représentation macroscopique énergétique (REM) de la pile à combustible, puis conduit à une structure dite de contrôle maximal (SCM). La SCM est une inversion étape par étape de la REM (structure de contrôle basée sur un modèle d'inversion). Le processus de conception de la commande est basé sur une définition explicite du problème. Par exemple, les entrées de réglage, les objectifs du système ou les contraintes sont mises en évidence pour organiser la commande. De plus, le SMC montre les endroits où les capteurs sont nécessaires et où les contrôleurs sont requis. Malheureusement, le SCM n'est qu'une structure de contrôle théorique. Par conséquent, une structure réaliste nécessite certaines simplifications, ce qui conduit à une structure de contrôle dite pratique. This modeling presents the control part of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The objective of the model is to represent the voltage control chain of the PEMFC. This model is based on an energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) of the fuel cell and then leads to a so-called maximum control structure (MCS). The SCM is a step-by-step inversion of the REM (control structure based on an inversion model). The control design process is based on an explicit problem definition. For example, control inputs, system objectives, or constraints are highlighted to organize the control. In addition, the MSC shows where sensors are needed and where controllers are required. Unfortunately, the SCM is only a theoretical control structure. Therefore, a realistic structure requires some simplifications, which leads to a so-called practical control structure. AdditionnalInformation: Modèle créé lors d'une thèse en génie électrique, par Loïc Boulon (ses recherches portent sur la modélisation et le contrôle des véhicules électriques hybrides, des sources d'énergie et d'énergie et de puissance, et des systèmes de piles à combustible). Il a travaillé en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de doctorat à l'Université de Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, où sa thèse de doctorat a été réalisée en collaboration avec le FEMTO-ST, Belfort, et les Laboratoires L2EP, Lille. Co-encadrement par Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alain Bouscayrol (PU au laboratoire L2EP) et Marie-Célie Péra (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST) AdditionnalInformation: Model created during a thesis in electrical engineering, by Loïc Boulon (his research focuses on the modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicles, energy and power sources, and fuel cell systems). He worked towards his Ph.D. degree at the University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France, where his dissertation was complet in collaboration with the FEMTO-ST, Belfort, and the L2EP Laboratories, Lille. Co-supervision by Daniel Hissel (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alain Bouscayrol (PU at L2EP laboratory) and Marie-Célie Péra (PU at FEMTO-ST laboratory) Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loïc Boulon, Contrat doctoral (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Audience: Research

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  • Authors: Morando, Simon; Pahon, Élodie; Pahon, Élodie;

    Le projet PHM-PAC vise principalement le développement de méthodes intelligentes de détection, diagnostic et pronostic des défaillances de piles à combustibles. Ce projet doit permettre l'optimisation des performances des systèmes pile à combustible ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électrochimiques en affectant la durabilité. The PHM-PAC project is mainly aimed at developing intelligent methods for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of fuel cell failures. This project should allow the optimization of the performance of fuel cell systems as well as a better understanding of the electrochemical phenomena affecting the durability. Données expérimentales: 2 800 heures de fonctionnement à charge constante sur une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons d'une puissance de 500W Experimental data: 2,800 hours of operation at constant load on a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell Project: PHM PAC, Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Audience: University: master, Research, University: licence Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Label: Plateforme UBFC (Plateforme UBFC) UpdatePeriodicity: no update

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Saulnier, Jean Baptiste;

    This work focuses on the refinement of sea-states spectral characterisation in the frame of the development of wave energy converters (WECs). Until now, this characterisation has been limited to the consideration of basic global parameters such as the significant wave height and mean wave period. The present work namely underlines - thanks to simplified numerical models - that such a description is not sufficient to account for the performance of WECs, for they still exhibit a large variability in terms of mean production while wave energy and period are fixed. It is therefore needed to refine this description by introducing new wave characteristics, such as the wave groupiness, which is itself related to the sea-state's spectral bandwidth. The classical - spectral - approaches, allowing a statistical analysis of wave groups along with other works in the literature, permit to draw a set of relevant spectral parameters. The sensitivity of simplified offshore WEC models (linear in the frequency domain) to these parameters is then observed. The question of deterministic mean power estimation - namely in the case of non-linear models - is also raised, for it is also related somehow to the bandwidth of the wave field. A sea-state is actually made of a superimposition of various wave systems (as swells and wind-sea). It is then possible to refine even more its description, namely through the multi-system approach. The latter enables indeed to track in time and space the wave systems independently of each other. An algorithm for the automatic spatiotemporal analysis is proposed and illustrated to this end. Lastly, the influence of such description refinements (wave groupiness and multi-system approach) is observed at several locations (Portugal, North Sea, California) by considering various WEC models (linear axi-symmetric heaving devices, 3D SEAREV with non-linear hydrodynamics): in all cases, it is shown that both extended descriptions allow for a better characterisation of the mean WEC performance at both short and long term. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation spectrale des états de mer dans le cadre du développement de systèmes récupérateurs de l'énergie des vagues (SREVs). Jusqu'alors, cette caractérisation s'est limitée à des paramètres globaux basiques tels que la hauteur significative et la période moyenne des vagues. Les présents travaux soulignent notamment, à l'aide de modèles simplifiés, que cette description est insuffisante car un SREV montre encore une grande variabilité en termes de production moyenne, ces deux paramètres étant fixés par ailleurs. On s'intéresse donc à raffiner cette description en considérant des caractéristiques de vagues nouvelles, comme le groupement de vagues, lui-même lié à la largeur de bande de l'état de mer. Les approches classiques - spectrales - sur l'étude descriptive des groupes de vagues et la littérature permettent de dégager un certain nombre de paramètres spectraux. On observe ensuite la sensibilité de modèles de SREVs offshore simplifiés (modèles fréquentiels linéaires) à ces paramètres de largeur globale. La question de l'estimation déterministe de performance moyenne (dans le cas de convertisseurs non-linéaires) est également abordée, étant elle-même liée à cette caractéristique. Un état de mer étant constitué de plusieurs systèmes de vagues (houles, mer de vent), il est encore possible de raffiner sa description grâce à une approche multisystème. Celle-ci permet en outre de suivre ces systèmes indépendamment dans le temps et l'espace. Un algorithme d'analyse spatio-temporelle est proposé et illustré à cet égard. Enfin, l'influence de ces raffinements est observée en différents sites (Portugal, Mer du Nord, Californie) sur des cas de SREVs divers (systèmes axi-symétriques linéaires, SEAREV 3D d'hydrodynamique non-linéaire), et montre que dans tous les cas, le raffinement apporté permet de mieux caractériser la production à court et long terme de ces dispositifs.

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  • Authors: Vichard, Loic;

    Ces modélisations, sont associées au projet AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). Le projet souhaite s’appuyer sur une démarche menée autour d’un travail de thèse visant à comprendre le comportement dynamique, d’étudier le vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé des composants énergétiques, batterie et pile à combustible en usage réel. Cette démarche est basée sur l’analyse des données enregistrées sur ces composants dans le projet Mobypost (flotte de 10 véhicules Hydrogènes). La mise en œuvre des compétences et des outils d’analyse numériques développés notamment pour les batteries par le laboratoire Ampère et l’IFSTTAR vise à comprendre et à reproduire les phénomènes de dégradation des composants étudiés. Ces modèles permettent de contribuer à l’étude du vieillissement et d’estimer l’état de santé en usage réel des batteries et des piles à combustible. These models are associated with the project AsDeCoEUR (Analyses De Composants Energétiques en Usage Réel). The project is based on a thesis work aiming at understanding the dynamic behavior, to study the aging and to estimate the health status of the battery and fuel cell energy components in real use. This approach is based on the analysis of data recorded on these components in the Mobypost project (fleet of 10 hydrogen vehicles). The implementation of skills and numerical analysis tools developed in particular for batteries by the Ampère laboratory and IFSTTAR aims to understand and reproduce the degradation phenomena of the components studied. These models contribute to the study of ageing and estimate the state of health of batteries and fuel cells in real use. AdditionnalInformation: Model produced within the framework of Loic Vichard's thesis in electrical engineering (Contribution to the study of the aging of battery and fuel cell components in real use), under the supervision of Daniel Hissel (PU at the FEMTO-ST laboratory), Alexandre Ravey (MCF at UTBM) and Pascal Venet (PU at the Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University). AdditionnalInformation: Modèle produit dans le cadre de la thèse en génie électrique de Loic Vichard (Contribution à l'étude du vieillissement des composantes batteries et pile à combustible en usage réel), sous la direction de Daniel Hissel (PU au laboratoire FEMTO-ST), Alexandre Ravey (MCF à l'UTBM) et Pascal Venet (PU à l'université Claude Bernard Lyon 1). Données computationnelles ou de simulation: - Langage de programmation : Langage Matlab et Python - Plate-forme/OS : Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version : MATLAB R2018a - Statut de développement : Actif Simulation or computational data: - Programming language: Matlab language et Python language - Platform/OS: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux,... - Version: MATLAB R2018a - Development status: Active Project: Thèse de doctorat en génie électrique - Loic Vichard, Contrat doctoral - Projet AsDeCoEUR (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) UpdatePeriodicity: no update Audience: Research

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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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  • Authors: Zeitoun, Wael; Lin, Jian; Siroux, Monica;

    To facilitate the energy transition, it is necessary to develop sustainable energy technologies. The Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) is such technology, which can reduce energy consumption by a building significantly. The Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) is an air-soil exchanger buried under the ground that permits the use of shallow ground temperatures to decrease building's heating and cooling demands. As any energy system, EAHE is subject to the first and second law of thermodynamics. The first law well describes the performance of the system from an energetic point of view however the real behavior of the system is also related to entropy that determines energy availability (or exergy) in the system. The exergy analysis which results from combing both the first and second law of thermodynamics helps to analyze the performance of the system at its reversible limit and to estimate the departure from this limit. This leads to determining the exergetic efficiency of the system which assesses the system in reference to its best situation (reversible case). In this paper, an exergetic analysis will be carried out on the EAHE installed at ICUBE, Illkirch-Graffenstaden campus of University of Strasbourg. The EAHE is composed of a polyethylene pipe buried under the ground up to a depth of 1.2 m with a total length of 29 m. The horizontal part of the EAHE is composed of three different sections where each section is coated by a different type of coating soils; (1) sand, (2) sand-bent: a mix between sand and bentonite (3\%), and (3) initial natural earth soil. The system is equipped with thermal sensors to measures the soil and air temperature with an uncertainty of 0.1$^{\circ}$C. The objective is to assess the system and identify the parts that dissipates energy the most to optimize the system. The experimental EAHE and the measurements taken are presented in this paper as well as the equations used in the analysis and finally the derived results are analyzed.

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  • Authors: Christophe Revelli; Thomas Lagoarde-Segot;

    This article sheds light on the issue of financing the 2030 Agenda. First of all, we highlight the analytical inconsistency of market financing strategies based on neoclassical theory. We then put forward the elements of an alternative strategy based on the issuance of a new category of financial instruments: the ecological sovereign security (ESS). Then, we develop "Philia 1.1", a new 32-equation stock-flow coherent model (SFC) to analyze the effects of issuing TSE on macroeconomic dynamics and the ecological transition process. Simulations suggest that the issuance of TSEs could help to drive an expansionary macroeconomic dynamic beneficial to employees, while embedding the additional activity in new ecological and social criteria. TSE emissions could therefore play a driving role in the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cet article apporte l’éclairage de la Théorie Financière Écologique sur la question du financement de l’Agenda 2030. Nous mettons en évidence l’incohérence analytique du financement par les marchés, fondé sur la théorie néoclassique. Nous avançons une stratégie alternative reposant sur l’émission d’une nouvelle catégorie d’instruments financiers : le titre souverain écologique (TSE). Puis, nous développons « Philia 1.1 » un nouveau modèle stock-flux cohérent. Les simulations suggèrent que l’émission de TSE pourrait impulser une dynamique macroéconomique expansionniste bénéfique aux salariés tout en encastrant le surcroit d’activité dans de nouveaux critères écologiques et sociaux. L’émission de TSE pourrait jouer un rôle moteur dans la poursuite des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD).

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  • Authors: Yehya, Alissar; Adebayo, Philip; Naji, Hassane;

    In phase-change materials (PCMs) applications, melting occurs at nearly constant temperature,thus avoiding ambient temperature fluctuations. Thereby, the melting time control can be useful to maintain thermal comfort at lower energy demand. This experimental and numerical study deals with the impact of using a uniform magnetic field on the melting rate of an organic PCM placed in an aluminum enclosure. The effect of magnetic field is modeled by including the Lorentz force as a source term in the momentum equations, which are fully coupled with the energy equations [1, 2]. From the numerical simulations, it turned out that a substantial reduction in the liquid fraction can be obtained for high Hartmann numbers, controlled by the magnetic field intensity and the enclosure aspect ratio, and when the direction of the applied Lorentz force is opposite to the buoyant force. On the other hand, experimentally, the PCM was placed inside an aluminum enclosure and permanent magnets of different dimensions and strengths were added to the bottom of it. The enclosure was subjected to a thermal load through heat exchanger plates controlled by a thermoregulating bath [3]. Analyzing the experimental data, retrieved from embedded heat flux sensors and thermocouples, demonstrates that the effect of increasing the magnetic field on heat flux is in accordance with the numerical results. A reduction in the time for fusion is obtained when the magnetic field is applied vertically opposing buoyancy. Keywords: Phase change materials (PCM), magnetic field, latent heat, fusion, heat flux, Lorentz force. References [1] Doostani A., Ghalambaz M., Chamkha A.J. MHD natural convection phase-change heat transfer in a cavity: analysis of the magnetic field effect. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 39, 2831-2846, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0722-z [2] Adebayo P., Yehya A. The effect of combining magnetic field and high-conductivity nanoparticles on the fusion rate of a phase change material. Energy Convers. Manag. 16, 100314, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100314 [3] Yehya A., Naji H., Zalewski L. Experimental and numerical characterization of an impure phase change material using a thermal lattice Boltzmann method. Appl. Therm. Eng. 154, 738-750, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.026

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  • Authors: F. CAZIER; P. GENEVRAY; D. DEWAELE; C. VANDENBILCKE; +2 Authors

    L'étude, réalisée porte sur la caractérisation, en situation réelle, des émissions de neuf petites chaudières polycombustible (>300 kW). Les chaufferies étudiées appartiennent en majorité à des mairies et des exploitations agricoles et utilisent des plaquettes forestières ou bocagères produites localement. Des analyses ont été réalisées sur les combustibles, les émissions particulaires et gazeuses ainsi que sur les cendres. Ce type de caractérisation analytique fine n'est que très peu documenté en situation réelle et encore moins sur des petites installations. Des tests en plateforme d'essai ont également été réalisés sur les combustibles afin de comparer les résultats. The study concerns the characterization of the emissions, in real situation, of nine small multifuel boilers (>300 kW). The boilers studied mostly belong to town halls and farms and use locally produced wood chips. Analyzes were carried out on fuels, particulate and gaseous emissions as well as on ash. This type of detailled analytical characterization is only very poorly documented in real situations and even less in small installations. Analyzes on a test platform were also carried out on fuels in order to compare the results.

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