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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Steel is an indispensable material for the sustainable maintenance and progress of modern civilization. Its versatility in terms of mechanical and thermal characteristics, corrosion resistance, raw material availability, energy consumption and recyclability provides a clear advantage in a fast-changing technological landscape. In order to adapt to the changing needs, steel production methods have been evolving and improving over time. One such improvement opportunity in terms of energy efficient production is the ”heat pipe assisted annealing” concept. The cold rolling of steel is a process where the steel strip is cold-worked by means of rolls to achieve thickness reduction and better uniformity. This results in the strain hardening of steel. To reduce the hardness of steel and to render it more workable, it is thermally treated by heating it to a target soaking temperature and then cooling it down. This process is called annealing and it is an energy intensive process. Conventionally, heating is achieved with natural gas fired furnaces, whereas cooling is done using convective gas cooling. With this setting, the thermal energy extracted from the steel strip during the cooling stage is not used in any way. Moreover, none of the energy that is introduced during the heating stage is retained in the final product.An alternative technology for the annealing of steel was developed at Tata Steel IJmuiden R&D with the objective of recovering and using some of the heat removed during the cooling stage and thus, achieving more energy efficient annealing. With this technology called heat pipe assisted annealing, the cooling strip is thermally linked to the heating strip with multiple rotating heat pipes. In this way, each heat pipe transfers a certain amount of heat from the cooling strip to the heating strip. Only final heating and cooling of the steel strip is carried out in a conventional way. This concept is applicable to relatively low temperature (sub-critical) annealing where the cooling rate is not crucial. Therefore, packaging steel is a good candidate for the application of this technology.A rotating heat pipe is a highly efficient heat transfer device which is a wickless hollow cylindrical vessel rotating around its symmetric axis and containing a fixed amount of working fluid. The working fluid acts as a thermal energy carrier, transporting heat from one end of the heat pipe to the other. This basically occurs in four steps: (i) heat added to the evaporator part of the heat pipe causes the evaporation of the liquid, (ii) vapor travels to the condenser end of the heat pipe due to pressure difference, (iii) vapor condenses in the condenser section where heat is removed from the heat pipe, (iv) liquid returns to the evaporator with the help of the static pressure head and the centrifugal force induced by rotation. The heat pipe assisted annealing concept has been patented and subsequently further studied by Tata Steel Europe R&D. A water-filled rotating heat pipe test rig integrated with steel strips provided the bulk of the prior work. This test rig served as the proof-of-principle installation and it showed that heat can be transported from a hot strip to a cold one with a rotating heat pipe. In this context, several gaps have been identified to further acquire the knowledge on the system components, the concept performance and feasibility.This thesis focuses on four main aspects of the fundamentals and the feasibility of the heat pipe assisted annealing concept: (i) contact heat transfer between the steel strip and the rotating heat pipe, (ii) computationally efficient modelling of the interior dynamics of a rotating heat pipe, (iii) applicable working fluids for the high temperature range, (iv) behavior of the heat pipe assisted annealing system as a whole. These aspects are studied through a thermal engineering perspective. The heat pipe assisted annealing concept relies on the effective transfer of heat from the strip to the rotating heat pipe and vice versa. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying physics governing this heat transfer and to be able to predict the heat transfer rate for possible configurations. In this context, in Chapter 2 of this thesis, the contact heat transfer between a steel strip and a rotating heat pipe is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The numerical model is based on first principles. It finds the thickness and the pressure of the gas layer between the strip and the heat pipe and subsequently considers different heat transfer mechanisms. The experimental work was carried out on the proof of- principle test rig. The model is validated with the experimental results. The contact heat transfer coefficient in the uniform region varied between 4,000 to 20,000 W/(m2.K). It showed an increase in the contact heat transfer with decreasing strip velocity and increasing radial stress. For the considered cases, conduction through the gas layer was the dominant heat transfer mechanism. Additionally, a simplified expression has been developed for the calculation of contact heat transfer through multiple regression analysis. The modelling of a rotating heat pipe is a crucial step for the detailed study of the heat pipe assisted annealing technology. Although modelling of rotating heat pipes has been the subject of many studies in the literature, these models are not computationally efficient enough to allow for the simultaneous modelling of multiple heat pipes linked to each other with strips. On this ground, in Chapter 3, a novel computationally efficient engineering model describing the transient behavior of the heat pipe is developed. In this model, the liquid and the vapor cells are allowed to change size radially in order to allow for the tracking of the liquid / vapor interface without the need for fine meshing or re-meshing. The model is also adapted to capillary-driven heat pipes. The model is validated with experimental and numerical studies from the literature. The deviation is computed to be around 2% with the numerical and analytical studies and around 6% with the experimental study.The heat pipe assisted annealing concept requires the operation of heat pipes within a temperature range of 25 °C to 700 °C. In order to operate within this range, different working fluids need to be used for different temperature ranges due to constraints of vapor pressure, life time, performance and safety. These working fluids are studied in Chapter 4. First, a selection of the working fluids is made based on a literature review. This selection yielded water, Dowtherm A, phenanthrene and cesium. Then, a life time test has been carried out with thermosyphons to test the stability of phenanthrene. At the end of a 3 months long test at 460 °C, thermal decomposition of phenanthrene was observed. However, these tests should be repeated with better initial vacuum and at multiple temperatures. Finally, Dowtherm A has been used in a rotating heat pipe setup to test its applicability and performance. It has been shown that Dowtherm A is suitable to be used in a rotating heat pipe at the designated temperature range in terms of performance, provided that annular flow is avoided. With the knowledge gathered from the previous chapters of this thesis, a model of the heat pipe assisted annealing line has been developed in Chapter 5. The aim of this model is to quantify the energy efficiency advantage brought by the concept for different number of heat pipes and to understand the behavior of the system as a whole. The simulations were run for a fixed plant layout with varying number of heat pipes and an average wrap angle of 104°. The energy recoveries for the simulations run for a strip of 0.25 mm and a line speed of 6.133 m/s were 76.5%, 73.4%, 69.4% and 63.9% for a total number of 90, 75, 60 and 45 heat pipes, respectively. From the simulation results it follows that cesium heat pipes are more efficient than organic heat pipes. Finally, the simulation results showed that the thermal cycle requirements can be satisfied with this new technology. Large Scale Energy Storage

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.4233/uui...
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    TU Delft Repository
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.4233/uui...
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      TU Delft Repository
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Allaoui, Hamid; Guo, Yuhan; Choudhary, Alok; Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M.;

    Sustainability of agro-food supply chains has recently become the subject of greater interest from consumers, firms, governmental organizations and academia as the environment continues to deteriorate. One of the most critical factors influencing the sustainability of an agro-food supply chain is its network design. A particularly challenging aspect in this context is the broad range of influencing indicators associated with the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) of sustainability that need to be considered. However, many of these indicators could not be fully integrated or measured by single-step optimization problems. This paper presents a critical literature review of operational research methods for the design of sustainable supply chains. A novel two-stage hybrid solution methodology is proposed. In the first stage, a partner selection is performed using a hybrid multi criteria decision making based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) aggregation method. The result obtained in the first stage is used in the second stage to develop a multi-objective mathematical model to optimize the design of the supply chain network. This approach allows the simultaneous consideration of all three dimensions of sustainability including carbon footprint, water footprint, number of jobs created and the total cost of the supply chain design. The proposed approach generates a Pareto frontier to aid users in making decisions. Numerical experiments are completed utilizing data from an agro-food company to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solution methodology. The analyzes of the numerical results provide important organizational, practical and policy insights on (1) the impact of financial and environmental sustainability on supply chain network design (2) the tradeoff analysis between environmental emission, water footprint, societal implications and associated cost for making informed decision on supply chain investment.

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    Computers & Operations Research
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Research@WUR
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2017
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    Computers & Operations Research
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Hal
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal
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      Computers & Operations Research
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR
      Article . 2018
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2017
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      Computers & Operations Research
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Hal
      Article . 2018
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    Authors: Minasny, Budiman; Malone, Brendan P.; Mcbratney, Alex B.; Angers, Denis A.; +30 Authors

    The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha− 1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year− 1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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    Geoderma
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Geoderma
    Article . 2017
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    HAL-IRD
    Article . 2017
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    HAL-UPMC
    Article . 2017
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    HAL Descartes
    Article . 2017
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    Article . 2017
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    Article . 2017
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2017
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    Research@WUR
    Other literature type . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY ND
    Data sources: HAL INRAE
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2017
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2017
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    Access Routes
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Geoderma
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geoderma
      Article
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Geoderma
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-IRD
      Article . 2017
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      HAL-UPMC
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Descartes
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-CEA
      Article . 2017
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      HAL-INSU
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research@WUR
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL INRAE
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2017
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pal, Sudip Kumar; Takano, Atsushi; Alanne, Kari; Palonen, Matti; +2 Authors

    Abstract This study demonstrates the possibility to use energy-cost optimal building designs based on life cycle approach. There is a lack of studies that cover the comprehensive assessment of both embodied energy (EE) and operational energy (OE) in a single optimization problem. The primary goal of the current study is to compare the optimized results of using OE+EE together and OE only. The optimization is performed on a case study building (townhouse) in Finland with three structural alternatives (i.e., reinforced concrete (RC); cross-laminated timber (CLT) and Steel). Different options for insulation thickness of external wall, roof, floor and window types were considered as decision variables as the scope of the present study is on building envelope. The objectives of the optimization are to minimize life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle costs (LCC). The LCE difference between the most and least energy efficient solution on the pareto front is greater in case of the OE optimization, compared to OE+EE optimization. For all studied structures, the EE of the optimal solutions from OE+EE optimization ranges 16%–23% of LCE. Many of the non-dominated optimal solutions obtained from the OE+EE optimization shows a higher U-value for the building envelope components compared to the optimal solutions from the OE optimization. A relationship between both OE and EE with the overall thermal resistance of the building envelope is discussed to obtain a deeper understanding of such differences in U-value for the optimal solutions obtained from the OE+EE and OE optimization.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cleaner P...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cleaner Production
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cleaner Production
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cleaner P...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cleaner Production
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cleaner Production
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ville Uusitalo; Suvi Konsti-Laakso; Sanna Pekkola; Maija Leino; +1 Authors

    Improvements in energy efficiency and production of renewable energy hold significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of housing, which accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In our research, we focused on the willingness of owners of detached houses to adopt renewable energy production systems of their own, and we examined perceived barriers to adopting these systems. The research was conducted using a survey and a life cycle assessment model. The survey covered three residential areas in Lahti, Finland, and the potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions were estimated using a life cycle assessment model based on the survey results. The barriers to transformation were identified as a lack of knowledge in the following three areas: (1) the possible annual savings attained; (2) the costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy production solutions; and (3) the technologies used in renewable energy production. The greenhouse gas emission reductions in the residential areas surveyed would amount to approximately 15% if the consumers implemented the solutions they considered.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      addClaim

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    Authors: Mohsen H. Farhangi; Margherita E. Turvani; Arnold van der Valk; Gerrit J. Carsjens;

    The agriculture and horticulture sector in the Netherlands is one of the most productive in the world. Although the sector is one of the most advanced and intense agricultural production systems worldwide, it faces challenges, such as climate change and environmental and social unsustainability of industrial production. To overcome these challenges, alternative food production initiatives have emerged, especially in large cities such as Amsterdam. Some initiatives involve producing food in the urban environment, supported by new technologies and practices, so-called high-tech urban agriculture (HTUA). These initiatives make cultivation of plants inside and on top of buildings possible and increase green spaces in urban areas. The emerging agricultural technologies are creating new business environments that are shape d by technology developers (e.g., suppliers of horticultural light emitting diodes (LED) and control environment systems) and developers of alternative food production practices (e.g., HTUA start-ups). However, research shows that the uptake of these technological innovations in urban planning processes is problematic. Therefore, this research analyzes the barriers that local government planners and HTUA developers are facing in the embedding of HTUA in urban planning processes, using the city of Amsterdam as a case study. This study draws on actor-network theory (ANT) to analyze the interactions between planners, technologies, technology developers and developers of alternative food production practices. Several concepts of ANT are integrated into a multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions (MLP) to create a new theoretical framework that can explain how interactions between technologies and planning actors transform the incumbent social–technical regime. The configuration of interactions between social and material entities in technology development and adoption processes in Amsterdam is analyzed through the lens of this theoretical framework. The data in this study were gathered by tracing actors and their connections by using ethnographic research methods. In the course of the integration of new technologies into urban planning practices, gaps between technologies, technology developers, and planning actors have been identified. The results of this study show a lacking connection between planning actors and technology developers, although planning actors do interact with developers of alternative food production practices. These interactions are influenced by agency of artefacts such as visualizations of the future projects. The paper concludes that for the utilization of emerging technologies for sustainability transition of cities, the existing gap between technology developers and planning actors needs to be bridged through the integration of technology development visions in urban agendas and planning processes.

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    Biomass is a sustainable energy source which, through thermo-chemical processes of biomass gasification, is able to be converted from a solid biomass fuel into a gas mixture, known as syngas or biosyngas. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel to electricity. Therefore, biomass-powered SOFCs could be highly efficient. Typically, in addition to carbon dioxide and water vapor, the major components of syngas produced from biomass gasification include hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane which are potential fuels for SOFCs, which make integration possible between SOFCs and biomass gasifiers. However, the syngas is also comprised of trace species such as tars, H2S, HCl, and alkali compounds, among others, which could be detrimental to SOFCs if they are contained within the feeding syngas stream. Therefore, the syngas must be pretreated in order to reduce these trace species to a level that SOFCs are able to tolerate. With various gas treatments, the overall system performance would fluctuate, and therefore, the influence of the gas treatment methods on the system performance must be understood. The most prominent among the trace species is tar. The effect of tars on the performance of SOFCs has yet to be studied, however, it is known that, even though tar can possibly poison the fuel cell through carbon deposition, it may also become a fuel for SOFCs. Furthermore, SOFC systems are currently designed in general for employing natural gas. Due to the fact that SOFC systems are very sensitive to the fuel types, it is necessary to completely understand the system response when switching from natural gas to biosyngas to enable a better controllability for future experiments. The research scope of this thesis is limited to the aforementioned issues. The objective of this thesis is to provide a fundamental study to ensure a safe and efficient system integration. The study is limited to an existing downdraft fixed-bed gasifier and a 5 kWe SOFC CHP system due to these two units entering the commercial market. The approach utilized, however, could be further adopted for the large scale power plants based on biomass gasifiers and SOFCs. The research begins with the evaluation of technologies involved biomass-powered SOFCs in chapter 2. Technologies regarding biomass gasification, gas cleanup and fuel cells are discussed based on literature surveys. The review begins by briefly summarizing conventional gasifiers including fixed-bed and fluidized bed gasifiers, which are implented for biomass gasification. Following that, details are indicated for SOFC performance affected by the trace species such as particulates, H2S and available cleaning technologies. The combination of biomass gasifiers with fuel cells including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), and SOFCs is then reviewed with an emphasis on the development of SOFC technology and the study of integration between biomass gaisifers and SOFCs. Chapter 3 presents a thermodynamic study of the influence of cleaning technology on the energetic and exergetic performance of the integrated gasifier–SOFC system with distinctive system configurations. Two gas cleaning systems, specifically, a combined high and low temperature gas cleaning system and a high temperature gas cleaning system are considered to connect the gasifier with the SOFC system. The influence of the steam addition for the suppression of carbon deposition and various heat sources for steam generation on the system performance is evaluated. The performance of the SOFC system operating with natural gas and biosyngas is also compared. The installed SOFC system, particularly the embedded pre-reformer and anode off-gas recirculation was initially designed for natural gas. This design is desirable as it effectively uses the steam in the anode off-gas and the heat generated in the stack. As SOFC performance is very sensitive to gas composition and operating conditions, both of which are affected by the anode recirculation, an evaluation of the recirculation behavior on safety issues regarding carbon deposition and nickel oxidation and system performance are presented in chapter 4. An important finding is that, by not implementing the recirculation, the biosyngas-fueled SOFC system effectuates a much higher net electrical efficiency, less initial investment and simpler system configuration in comparison to that when recirculation is implemented. Tolerance of SOFCs to the trace species from biomass gasification is not yet fully understood. The influence of biomass gasification tars on SOFC performance and mitigation of carbon deposition are experimentally evaluated in chapter 5&6. Well-controlled operational conditions assist in the suppression of carbon deposition. Chapter 5 presents the influence of operating conditions including steam levels, current density and time on stream on the performance of SOFCs with Ni–YSZ anodes fueled by tar-containing biosyngas at 800 °C. Changes in impedance spectra and polarization curves of SOFCs following tar exposure were analyzed to assess the cell performance. The biosyngas composition and the tar concentration employed in these measurements were identical to those measured from the commercial air-blown biomass gasifier that is to be connected to the studied SOFC system. Operating this type of SOFC with the tar concentrations could result in severe damage to the cell due to carbon formation on the anodes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated carbon deposition which affected the performance of the SOFC, as is exhibited by the impedance spectra and anode polarization curves of the cells after exposure to tars. However, the risk of carbon deposition could be alleviated by increasing steam levels and current loads. Chapter 6 presents a similar study of the effects of tar on SOFC performance, but possesses a focus on Ni–GDC anodes and various operating temperatures levels (700, 800 and 900 °C) under both dry and wet conditions. Polarization behavior, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cell voltage degradation were analyzed to evaluate the cell performance. It is most likely that the cells with Ni–GDC anodes did not suffer from carbon deposition under the wet conditions studied. Dry tar-containing syngas for SOFCs is unlikely to cause carbon formation under a mild current load; however, it may induce carbon formation at open circuit. The effect of carbon dioxide that is capable of suppressing carbon deposition was experimentally investigated, and an enhanced performance was observed under the conditions studied. Under carbon risk-free operating conditions, the cell voltage increases when raising the feeding tar concentration, indicating that tar performs as fuel for SOFCs. Numerical simulation is an efficient tool for the evaluation of SOFCs’ response when switching fuels. Chapter 7 presents such a numerical study with the focus on the evaluation of kinetic models for methane steam reforming for SOFCs operation with multiple fuels. Three frequently employed kinetic models were selected in order to examine their impacts on the performance of a tubular SOFC. The resulting thermo-electrochemical behaviors derived from these models were compared. It was discovered that all three kinetic models are reasonably accurate in terms of the polarization behavior, but they significantly affected the local thermo-electrochemical performance. A more rapid kinetic model was adopted based on the evaluation of these three kinetic models in order to evaluate the performance of the tubular SOFC in terms of local electrochemical performance, anode oxygen partial pressure and overall SOFC performance when performing with multiple fuels. Chapter 8 draws the conclusions regarding the work presented in this dissertation, and recommendations are suggested for future research activities.

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    Authors: Sánchez Diéguez Manuel; Taminau Floris; West Kira; Sijm Jos; +1 Authors

    Owing to the complexity of the sector, industrial activities are often represented with limited technological resolution in integrated energy system models. In this study, we enriched the technological description of industrial activities in the integrated energy system analysis optimisation (IESA-Opt) model, a peer-reviewed energy system optimisation model that can simultaneously provide optimal capacity planning for the hourly operation of all integrated sectors. We used this enriched model to analyse the industrial decarbonisation of the Netherlands for four key activities: high-value chemicals, hydrocarbons, ammonia, and steel production. The analyses performed comprised 1) exploring optimality in a reference scenario; 2) exploring the feasibility and implications of four extreme industrial cases with different technological archetypes, namely a bio-based industry, a hydrogen-based industry, a fully electrified industry, and retrofitting of current assets into carbon capture utilisation and storage; and 3) performing sensitivity analyses on key topics such as imported biomass, hydrogen, and natural gas prices, carbon storage potentials, technological learning, and the demand for olefins. The results of this study show that it is feasible for the energy system to have a fully bio-based, hydrogen-based, fully electrified, and retrofitted industry to achieve full decarbonisation while allowing for an optimal technological mix to yield at least a 10% cheaper transition. We also show that owing to the high predominance of the fuel component in the levelled cost of industrial products, substantial reductions in overnight investment costs of green technologies have a limited effect on their adoption. Finally, we reveal that based on the current (2022) energy prices, the energy transition is cost-effective, and fossil fuels can be fully displaced from industry and the national mix by 2050.

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    Advances in Applied Energy
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      Advances in Applied Energy
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Stadler, K; Wood, R.; Bulavskaya, T.; Sodersten, C.J.; +18 Authors

    SummaryEnvironmentally extended multiregional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Norwegian Open Resea...arrow_drop_down
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    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: NTNU Open
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    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Journal of Industrial Ecology
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    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: WU Research
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2018
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    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
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      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: WU Research
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: UCL Discovery
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: NTNU Open
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kuenzer, Claudia; Heimhuber, Valentin; Day, John; Varis, Olli; +7 Authors

    River deltas and estuaries are disproportionally-significant coastal landforms that are inhabited by nearly 600 M people globally. In recent history, rapid socio-economic development has dramatically changed many of the World's mega deltas, which have typically undergone agricultural intensification and expansion, land-use change, urbanization, water resources engineering and exploitation of natural resources. As a result, mega deltas have evolved into complex and potentially vulnerable socio-ecological systems with unique threats and coping capabilities. The goal of this research was to establish a holistic understanding of threats, resilience, and adaptation for four mega deltas of variable geography and levels of socio-economic development, namely the Mekong, Yellow River, Yangtze, and Rhine deltas. Compiling this kind of information is critical for managing and developing these complex coastal areas sustainably but is typically hindered by a lack of consistent quantitative data across the ecological, social and economic sectors. To overcome this limitation, we adopted a qualitative approach, where delta characteristics across all sectors were assessed through systematic expert surveys. This approach enabled us to generate a comparative assessment of threats, resilience, and resilience-strengthening adaptation across the four deltas. Our assessment provides novel insights into the various components that dominate the overall risk situation in each delta and, for the first time, illustrates how each of these components differ across the four mega deltas. As such, our findings can guide a more detailed, sector specific, risk assessment or assist in better targeting the implementation of risk mitigation and adaptation strategies.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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    CORE
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: CORE
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    Ocean & Coastal Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Ocean & Coastal Management
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      CORE
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      Ocean & Coastal Management
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Steel is an indispensable material for the sustainable maintenance and progress of modern civilization. Its versatility in terms of mechanical and thermal characteristics, corrosion resistance, raw material availability, energy consumption and recyclability provides a clear advantage in a fast-changing technological landscape. In order to adapt to the changing needs, steel production methods have been evolving and improving over time. One such improvement opportunity in terms of energy efficient production is the ”heat pipe assisted annealing” concept. The cold rolling of steel is a process where the steel strip is cold-worked by means of rolls to achieve thickness reduction and better uniformity. This results in the strain hardening of steel. To reduce the hardness of steel and to render it more workable, it is thermally treated by heating it to a target soaking temperature and then cooling it down. This process is called annealing and it is an energy intensive process. Conventionally, heating is achieved with natural gas fired furnaces, whereas cooling is done using convective gas cooling. With this setting, the thermal energy extracted from the steel strip during the cooling stage is not used in any way. Moreover, none of the energy that is introduced during the heating stage is retained in the final product.An alternative technology for the annealing of steel was developed at Tata Steel IJmuiden R&D with the objective of recovering and using some of the heat removed during the cooling stage and thus, achieving more energy efficient annealing. With this technology called heat pipe assisted annealing, the cooling strip is thermally linked to the heating strip with multiple rotating heat pipes. In this way, each heat pipe transfers a certain amount of heat from the cooling strip to the heating strip. Only final heating and cooling of the steel strip is carried out in a conventional way. This concept is applicable to relatively low temperature (sub-critical) annealing where the cooling rate is not crucial. Therefore, packaging steel is a good candidate for the application of this technology.A rotating heat pipe is a highly efficient heat transfer device which is a wickless hollow cylindrical vessel rotating around its symmetric axis and containing a fixed amount of working fluid. The working fluid acts as a thermal energy carrier, transporting heat from one end of the heat pipe to the other. This basically occurs in four steps: (i) heat added to the evaporator part of the heat pipe causes the evaporation of the liquid, (ii) vapor travels to the condenser end of the heat pipe due to pressure difference, (iii) vapor condenses in the condenser section where heat is removed from the heat pipe, (iv) liquid returns to the evaporator with the help of the static pressure head and the centrifugal force induced by rotation. The heat pipe assisted annealing concept has been patented and subsequently further studied by Tata Steel Europe R&D. A water-filled rotating heat pipe test rig integrated with steel strips provided the bulk of the prior work. This test rig served as the proof-of-principle installation and it showed that heat can be transported from a hot strip to a cold one with a rotating heat pipe. In this context, several gaps have been identified to further acquire the knowledge on the system components, the concept performance and feasibility.This thesis focuses on four main aspects of the fundamentals and the feasibility of the heat pipe assisted annealing concept: (i) contact heat transfer between the steel strip and the rotating heat pipe, (ii) computationally efficient modelling of the interior dynamics of a rotating heat pipe, (iii) applicable working fluids for the high temperature range, (iv) behavior of the heat pipe assisted annealing system as a whole. These aspects are studied through a thermal engineering perspective. The heat pipe assisted annealing concept relies on the effective transfer of heat from the strip to the rotating heat pipe and vice versa. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying physics governing this heat transfer and to be able to predict the heat transfer rate for possible configurations. In this context, in Chapter 2 of this thesis, the contact heat transfer between a steel strip and a rotating heat pipe is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The numerical model is based on first principles. It finds the thickness and the pressure of the gas layer between the strip and the heat pipe and subsequently considers different heat transfer mechanisms. The experimental work was carried out on the proof of- principle test rig. The model is validated with the experimental results. The contact heat transfer coefficient in the uniform region varied between 4,000 to 20,000 W/(m2.K). It showed an increase in the contact heat transfer with decreasing strip velocity and increasing radial stress. For the considered cases, conduction through the gas layer was the dominant heat transfer mechanism. Additionally, a simplified expression has been developed for the calculation of contact heat transfer through multiple regression analysis. The modelling of a rotating heat pipe is a crucial step for the detailed study of the heat pipe assisted annealing technology. Although modelling of rotating heat pipes has been the subject of many studies in the literature, these models are not computationally efficient enough to allow for the simultaneous modelling of multiple heat pipes linked to each other with strips. On this ground, in Chapter 3, a novel computationally efficient engineering model describing the transient behavior of the heat pipe is developed. In this model, the liquid and the vapor cells are allowed to change size radially in order to allow for the tracking of the liquid / vapor interface without the need for fine meshing or re-meshing. The model is also adapted to capillary-driven heat pipes. The model is validated with experimental and numerical studies from the literature. The deviation is computed to be around 2% with the numerical and analytical studies and around 6% with the experimental study.The heat pipe assisted annealing concept requires the operation of heat pipes within a temperature range of 25 °C to 700 °C. In order to operate within this range, different working fluids need to be used for different temperature ranges due to constraints of vapor pressure, life time, performance and safety. These working fluids are studied in Chapter 4. First, a selection of the working fluids is made based on a literature review. This selection yielded water, Dowtherm A, phenanthrene and cesium. Then, a life time test has been carried out with thermosyphons to test the stability of phenanthrene. At the end of a 3 months long test at 460 °C, thermal decomposition of phenanthrene was observed. However, these tests should be repeated with better initial vacuum and at multiple temperatures. Finally, Dowtherm A has been used in a rotating heat pipe setup to test its applicability and performance. It has been shown that Dowtherm A is suitable to be used in a rotating heat pipe at the designated temperature range in terms of performance, provided that annular flow is avoided. With the knowledge gathered from the previous chapters of this thesis, a model of the heat pipe assisted annealing line has been developed in Chapter 5. The aim of this model is to quantify the energy efficiency advantage brought by the concept for different number of heat pipes and to understand the behavior of the system as a whole. The simulations were run for a fixed plant layout with varying number of heat pipes and an average wrap angle of 104°. The energy recoveries for the simulations run for a strip of 0.25 mm and a line speed of 6.133 m/s were 76.5%, 73.4%, 69.4% and 63.9% for a total number of 90, 75, 60 and 45 heat pipes, respectively. From the simulation results it follows that cesium heat pipes are more efficient than organic heat pipes. Finally, the simulation results showed that the thermal cycle requirements can be satisfied with this new technology. Large Scale Energy Storage

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.4233/uui...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.4233/uui...
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    Authors: Allaoui, Hamid; Guo, Yuhan; Choudhary, Alok; Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M.;

    Sustainability of agro-food supply chains has recently become the subject of greater interest from consumers, firms, governmental organizations and academia as the environment continues to deteriorate. One of the most critical factors influencing the sustainability of an agro-food supply chain is its network design. A particularly challenging aspect in this context is the broad range of influencing indicators associated with the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) of sustainability that need to be considered. However, many of these indicators could not be fully integrated or measured by single-step optimization problems. This paper presents a critical literature review of operational research methods for the design of sustainable supply chains. A novel two-stage hybrid solution methodology is proposed. In the first stage, a partner selection is performed using a hybrid multi criteria decision making based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) aggregation method. The result obtained in the first stage is used in the second stage to develop a multi-objective mathematical model to optimize the design of the supply chain network. This approach allows the simultaneous consideration of all three dimensions of sustainability including carbon footprint, water footprint, number of jobs created and the total cost of the supply chain design. The proposed approach generates a Pareto frontier to aid users in making decisions. Numerical experiments are completed utilizing data from an agro-food company to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solution methodology. The analyzes of the numerical results provide important organizational, practical and policy insights on (1) the impact of financial and environmental sustainability on supply chain network design (2) the tradeoff analysis between environmental emission, water footprint, societal implications and associated cost for making informed decision on supply chain investment.

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    Computers & Operations Research
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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2018
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    Other literature type . 2017
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    Computers & Operations Research
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hal
    Article . 2018
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      Research@WUR
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      Computers & Operations Research
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Minasny, Budiman; Malone, Brendan P.; Mcbratney, Alex B.; Angers, Denis A.; +30 Authors

    The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha− 1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year− 1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.

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    Geoderma
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Geoderma
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Horizon / Pleins textes
    Other literature type . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Geoderma
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Geoderma
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Geoderma
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-IRD
      Article . 2017
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      HAL-UPMC
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      HAL Descartes
      Article . 2017
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      HAL-INSU
      Article . 2017
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      Research@WUR
      Article . 2017
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      Research@WUR
      Other literature type . 2017
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      HAL INRAE
      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Wageningen Staff Publications
      Article . 2017
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      Horizon / Pleins textes
      Other literature type . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pal, Sudip Kumar; Takano, Atsushi; Alanne, Kari; Palonen, Matti; +2 Authors

    Abstract This study demonstrates the possibility to use energy-cost optimal building designs based on life cycle approach. There is a lack of studies that cover the comprehensive assessment of both embodied energy (EE) and operational energy (OE) in a single optimization problem. The primary goal of the current study is to compare the optimized results of using OE+EE together and OE only. The optimization is performed on a case study building (townhouse) in Finland with three structural alternatives (i.e., reinforced concrete (RC); cross-laminated timber (CLT) and Steel). Different options for insulation thickness of external wall, roof, floor and window types were considered as decision variables as the scope of the present study is on building envelope. The objectives of the optimization are to minimize life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle costs (LCC). The LCE difference between the most and least energy efficient solution on the pareto front is greater in case of the OE optimization, compared to OE+EE optimization. For all studied structures, the EE of the optimal solutions from OE+EE optimization ranges 16%–23% of LCE. Many of the non-dominated optimal solutions obtained from the OE+EE optimization shows a higher U-value for the building envelope components compared to the optimal solutions from the OE optimization. A relationship between both OE and EE with the overall thermal resistance of the building envelope is discussed to obtain a deeper understanding of such differences in U-value for the optimal solutions obtained from the OE+EE and OE optimization.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cleaner P...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cleaner Production
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Cleaner Production
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Cleaner P...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cleaner Production
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Cleaner Production
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: VIRTA
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ville Uusitalo; Suvi Konsti-Laakso; Sanna Pekkola; Maija Leino; +1 Authors

    Improvements in energy efficiency and production of renewable energy hold significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of housing, which accounts for 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In our research, we focused on the willingness of owners of detached houses to adopt renewable energy production systems of their own, and we examined perceived barriers to adopting these systems. The research was conducted using a survey and a life cycle assessment model. The survey covered three residential areas in Lahti, Finland, and the potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions were estimated using a life cycle assessment model based on the survey results. The barriers to transformation were identified as a lack of knowledge in the following three areas: (1) the possible annual savings attained; (2) the costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy production solutions; and (3) the technologies used in renewable energy production. The greenhouse gas emission reductions in the residential areas surveyed would amount to approximately 15% if the consumers implemented the solutions they considered.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohsen H. Farhangi; Margherita E. Turvani; Arnold van der Valk; Gerrit J. Carsjens;

    The agriculture and horticulture sector in the Netherlands is one of the most productive in the world. Although the sector is one of the most advanced and intense agricultural production systems worldwide, it faces challenges, such as climate change and environmental and social unsustainability of industrial production. To overcome these challenges, alternative food production initiatives have emerged, especially in large cities such as Amsterdam. Some initiatives involve producing food in the urban environment, supported by new technologies and practices, so-called high-tech urban agriculture (HTUA). These initiatives make cultivation of plants inside and on top of buildings possible and increase green spaces in urban areas. The emerging agricultural technologies are creating new business environments that are shape d by technology developers (e.g., suppliers of horticultural light emitting diodes (LED) and control environment systems) and developers of alternative food production practices (e.g., HTUA start-ups). However, research shows that the uptake of these technological innovations in urban planning processes is problematic. Therefore, this research analyzes the barriers that local government planners and HTUA developers are facing in the embedding of HTUA in urban planning processes, using the city of Amsterdam as a case study. This study draws on actor-network theory (ANT) to analyze the interactions between planners, technologies, technology developers and developers of alternative food production practices. Several concepts of ANT are integrated into a multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions (MLP) to create a new theoretical framework that can explain how interactions between technologies and planning actors transform the incumbent social–technical regime. The configuration of interactions between social and material entities in technology development and adoption processes in Amsterdam is analyzed through the lens of this theoretical framework. The data in this study were gathered by tracing actors and their connections by using ethnographic research methods. In the course of the integration of new technologies into urban planning practices, gaps between technologies, technology developers, and planning actors have been identified. The results of this study show a lacking connection between planning actors and technology developers, although planning actors do interact with developers of alternative food production practices. These interactions are influenced by agency of artefacts such as visualizations of the future projects. The paper concludes that for the utilization of emerging technologies for sustainability transition of cities, the existing gap between technology developers and planning actors needs to be bridged through the integration of technology development visions in urban agendas and planning processes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2020
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    Biomass is a sustainable energy source which, through thermo-chemical processes of biomass gasification, is able to be converted from a solid biomass fuel into a gas mixture, known as syngas or biosyngas. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel to electricity. Therefore, biomass-powered SOFCs could be highly efficient. Typically, in addition to carbon dioxide and water vapor, the major components of syngas produced from biomass gasification include hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane which are potential fuels for SOFCs, which make integration possible between SOFCs and biomass gasifiers. However, the syngas is also comprised of trace species such as tars, H2S, HCl, and alkali compounds, among others, which could be detrimental to SOFCs if they are contained within the feeding syngas stream. Therefore, the syngas must be pretreated in order to reduce these trace species to a level that SOFCs are able to tolerate. With various gas treatments, the overall system performance would fluctuate, and therefore, the influence of the gas treatment methods on the system performance must be understood. The most prominent among the trace species is tar. The effect of tars on the performance of SOFCs has yet to be studied, however, it is known that, even though tar can possibly poison the fuel cell through carbon deposition, it may also become a fuel for SOFCs. Furthermore, SOFC systems are currently designed in general for employing natural gas. Due to the fact that SOFC systems are very sensitive to the fuel types, it is necessary to completely understand the system response when switching from natural gas to biosyngas to enable a better controllability for future experiments. The research scope of this thesis is limited to the aforementioned issues. The objective of this thesis is to provide a fundamental study to ensure a safe and efficient system integration. The study is limited to an existing downdraft fixed-bed gasifier and a 5 kWe SOFC CHP system due to these two units entering the commercial market. The approach utilized, however, could be further adopted for the large scale power plants based on biomass gasifiers and SOFCs. The research begins with the evaluation of technologies involved biomass-powered SOFCs in chapter 2. Technologies regarding biomass gasification, gas cleanup and fuel cells are discussed based on literature surveys. The review begins by briefly summarizing conventional gasifiers including fixed-bed and fluidized bed gasifiers, which are implented for biomass gasification. Following that, details are indicated for SOFC performance affected by the trace species such as particulates, H2S and available cleaning technologies. The combination of biomass gasifiers with fuel cells including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), and SOFCs is then reviewed with an emphasis on the development of SOFC technology and the study of integration between biomass gaisifers and SOFCs. Chapter 3 presents a thermodynamic study of the influence of cleaning technology on the energetic and exergetic performance of the integrated gasifier–SOFC system with distinctive system configurations. Two gas cleaning systems, specifically, a combined high and low temperature gas cleaning system and a high temperature gas cleaning system are considered to connect the gasifier with the SOFC system. The influence of the steam addition for the suppression of carbon deposition and various heat sources for steam generation on the system performance is evaluated. The performance of the SOFC system operating with natural gas and biosyngas is also compared. The installed SOFC system, particularly the embedded pre-reformer and anode off-gas recirculation was initially designed for natural gas. This design is desirable as it effectively uses the steam in the anode off-gas and the heat generated in the stack. As SOFC performance is very sensitive to gas composition and operating conditions, both of which are affected by the anode recirculation, an evaluation of the recirculation behavior on safety issues regarding carbon deposition and nickel oxidation and system performance are presented in chapter 4. An important finding is that, by not implementing the recirculation, the biosyngas-fueled SOFC system effectuates a much higher net electrical efficiency, less initial investment and simpler system configuration in comparison to that when recirculation is implemented. Tolerance of SOFCs to the trace species from biomass gasification is not yet fully understood. The influence of biomass gasification tars on SOFC performance and mitigation of carbon deposition are experimentally evaluated in chapter 5&6. Well-controlled operational conditions assist in the suppression of carbon deposition. Chapter 5 presents the influence of operating conditions including steam levels, current density and time on stream on the performance of SOFCs with Ni–YSZ anodes fueled by tar-containing biosyngas at 800 °C. Changes in impedance spectra and polarization curves of SOFCs following tar exposure were analyzed to assess the cell performance. The biosyngas composition and the tar concentration employed in these measurements were identical to those measured from the commercial air-blown biomass gasifier that is to be connected to the studied SOFC system. Operating this type of SOFC with the tar concentrations could result in severe damage to the cell due to carbon formation on the anodes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated carbon deposition which affected the performance of the SOFC, as is exhibited by the impedance spectra and anode polarization curves of the cells after exposure to tars. However, the risk of carbon deposition could be alleviated by increasing steam levels and current loads. Chapter 6 presents a similar study of the effects of tar on SOFC performance, but possesses a focus on Ni–GDC anodes and various operating temperatures levels (700, 800 and 900 °C) under both dry and wet conditions. Polarization behavior, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cell voltage degradation were analyzed to evaluate the cell performance. It is most likely that the cells with Ni–GDC anodes did not suffer from carbon deposition under the wet conditions studied. Dry tar-containing syngas for SOFCs is unlikely to cause carbon formation under a mild current load; however, it may induce carbon formation at open circuit. The effect of carbon dioxide that is capable of suppressing carbon deposition was experimentally investigated, and an enhanced performance was observed under the conditions studied. Under carbon risk-free operating conditions, the cell voltage increases when raising the feeding tar concentration, indicating that tar performs as fuel for SOFCs. Numerical simulation is an efficient tool for the evaluation of SOFCs’ response when switching fuels. Chapter 7 presents such a numerical study with the focus on the evaluation of kinetic models for methane steam reforming for SOFCs operation with multiple fuels. Three frequently employed kinetic models were selected in order to examine their impacts on the performance of a tubular SOFC. The resulting thermo-electrochemical behaviors derived from these models were compared. It was discovered that all three kinetic models are reasonably accurate in terms of the polarization behavior, but they significantly affected the local thermo-electrochemical performance. A more rapid kinetic model was adopted based on the evaluation of these three kinetic models in order to evaluate the performance of the tubular SOFC in terms of local electrochemical performance, anode oxygen partial pressure and overall SOFC performance when performing with multiple fuels. Chapter 8 draws the conclusions regarding the work presented in this dissertation, and recommendations are suggested for future research activities.

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    Authors: Sánchez Diéguez Manuel; Taminau Floris; West Kira; Sijm Jos; +1 Authors

    Owing to the complexity of the sector, industrial activities are often represented with limited technological resolution in integrated energy system models. In this study, we enriched the technological description of industrial activities in the integrated energy system analysis optimisation (IESA-Opt) model, a peer-reviewed energy system optimisation model that can simultaneously provide optimal capacity planning for the hourly operation of all integrated sectors. We used this enriched model to analyse the industrial decarbonisation of the Netherlands for four key activities: high-value chemicals, hydrocarbons, ammonia, and steel production. The analyses performed comprised 1) exploring optimality in a reference scenario; 2) exploring the feasibility and implications of four extreme industrial cases with different technological archetypes, namely a bio-based industry, a hydrogen-based industry, a fully electrified industry, and retrofitting of current assets into carbon capture utilisation and storage; and 3) performing sensitivity analyses on key topics such as imported biomass, hydrogen, and natural gas prices, carbon storage potentials, technological learning, and the demand for olefins. The results of this study show that it is feasible for the energy system to have a fully bio-based, hydrogen-based, fully electrified, and retrofitted industry to achieve full decarbonisation while allowing for an optimal technological mix to yield at least a 10% cheaper transition. We also show that owing to the high predominance of the fuel component in the levelled cost of industrial products, substantial reductions in overnight investment costs of green technologies have a limited effect on their adoption. Finally, we reveal that based on the current (2022) energy prices, the energy transition is cost-effective, and fossil fuels can be fully displaced from industry and the national mix by 2050.

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    Advances in Applied Energy
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    Advances in Applied Energy
    Article . 2022
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    Authors: Stadler, K; Wood, R.; Bulavskaya, T.; Sodersten, C.J.; +18 Authors

    SummaryEnvironmentally extended multiregional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.

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    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
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    Journal of Industrial Ecology
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    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: WU Research
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: NTNU Open
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
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      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: WU Research
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: UCL Discovery
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      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
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    Authors: Kuenzer, Claudia; Heimhuber, Valentin; Day, John; Varis, Olli; +7 Authors

    River deltas and estuaries are disproportionally-significant coastal landforms that are inhabited by nearly 600 M people globally. In recent history, rapid socio-economic development has dramatically changed many of the World's mega deltas, which have typically undergone agricultural intensification and expansion, land-use change, urbanization, water resources engineering and exploitation of natural resources. As a result, mega deltas have evolved into complex and potentially vulnerable socio-ecological systems with unique threats and coping capabilities. The goal of this research was to establish a holistic understanding of threats, resilience, and adaptation for four mega deltas of variable geography and levels of socio-economic development, namely the Mekong, Yellow River, Yangtze, and Rhine deltas. Compiling this kind of information is critical for managing and developing these complex coastal areas sustainably but is typically hindered by a lack of consistent quantitative data across the ecological, social and economic sectors. To overcome this limitation, we adopted a qualitative approach, where delta characteristics across all sectors were assessed through systematic expert surveys. This approach enabled us to generate a comparative assessment of threats, resilience, and resilience-strengthening adaptation across the four deltas. Our assessment provides novel insights into the various components that dominate the overall risk situation in each delta and, for the first time, illustrates how each of these components differ across the four mega deltas. As such, our findings can guide a more detailed, sector specific, risk assessment or assist in better targeting the implementation of risk mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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    CORE
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: CORE
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Ocean & Coastal Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Ocean & Coastal Management
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      CORE
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Ocean & Coastal Management
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Article . 2020
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