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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Javed Iqbal; Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob; Iqra Atif;

    The Upper Indus basin (UIB) is characterized by contrasting hydrometeorological behaviors; therefore, it has become pertinent to understand hydrometeorological trends at the sub-watershed level. Many studies have investigated the snow cover and hydrometeorological modeling at basin level but none have reported the spatial variability of trends and their magnitude at a sub-basin level. This study was conducted to analyze the trends in the contrasting hydrological regimes of the snow and glacier-fed river catchments of the Hunza and Astore sub-basins of the UIB. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to study the main trends and their magnitude using MODIS snow cover information (2001–2015) and hydrometeorological data. The results showed that in the Hunza basin, the river discharge and temperature were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with a Sen’s slope value of −2.541 m3·s−1·year−1 and −0.034 °C·year−1, respectively, while precipitation data showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increasing trend with a Sen’s slope value of 0.023 mm·year−1. In the Astore basin, the river discharge and precipitation are increasing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with a Sen’s slope value of 1.039 m3·s−1·year−1 and 0.192 mm·year−1, respectively. The snow cover analysis results suggest that the Western Himalayas (the Astore basin) had a stable trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.07% year−1 and the Central Karakoram region (the Hunza River basin) shows a slightly increasing trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.394% year−1. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that since both sub-basins are influenced by different climatological systems (monsoon and westerly), the results of those studies that treat the Upper Indus basin as one unit in hydrometeorological modeling should be used with caution. Furthermore, it is suggested that similar studies at the sub-basin level of the UIB will help in a better understanding of the Karakoram anomaly.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Atmospherearrow_drop_down
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    Atmosphere
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Atmosphere
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    Atmosphere
    Article . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Atmospherearrow_drop_down
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      Atmosphere
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Atmosphere
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      Atmosphere
      Article . 2018
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    Authors: Rike Becker; Christoph Schüth; Ralf Merz; Tasneem Khaliq; +4 Authors

    Gefördert durch den Publikationsfonds der Universität Kassel

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    Agricultural Water Management
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17170/ko...
    Article . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25673/10...
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publication Database...arrow_drop_down
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      Agricultural Water Management
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.17170/ko...
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    La contamination microbienne de l'eau est un risque pour la santé humaine, car elle provoque des maladies d'origine hydrique comme la diarrhée. E. coli est un micro-organisme indicateur fécal. Les variables climatiques, telles que la température et les précipitations, influencent les concentrations d'E. coli dans les ressources en eau de surface et en eau potable. Nous mesurons et analysons statistiquement les concentrations d'E. coli dans l'eau potable et de surface du bassin de la rivière Kaboul. Les concentrations d'E. coli sont très élevées dans le bassin. Les normes relatives à l'eau potable et à l'eau de baignade sont violées. La température de l'eau, la température de l'air de surface, les rejets et les précipitations étaient en corrélation positive avec les concentrations d'E. coli. Les précipitations ont provoqué le transport d'E. coli par ruissellement des terres agricoles à la rivière Kaboul et les températures élevées coïncident avec des précipitations et des rejets élevés. Un modèle de régression linéaire a été développé pour évaluer l'effet net des variables climatiques sur les concentrations d'E. coli. Nous avons constaté que les variables climatiques représentaient plus de la moitié de la variation observée des concentrations d'E. coli en surface (R2 = 0,61) et dans l'eau potable (R2 = 0,55). Cette étude indique qu'une augmentation des précipitations ainsi qu'une augmentation de la température de l'air à la surface, comme prévu dans cette région avec le changement climatique, étaient significativement corrélées avec une augmentation des concentrations d'E. coli à l'avenir. On s'attend à ce que les agents pathogènes d'origine hydrique réagissent de la même manière aux changements hydroclimatiques, ce qui indique que les épidémies pourraient bien devenir plus fréquentes et plus graves. La contaminación microbiana del agua es un riesgo para la salud humana, ya que causa enfermedades transmitidas por el agua como la diarrea. E. coli es un microorganismo indicador fecal. Las variables climáticas, como la temperatura y la precipitación, influyen en las concentraciones de E. coli en la superficie y en los recursos de agua potable. Medimos y analizamos estadísticamente las concentraciones de E. coli en agua potable y superficial en la cuenca del río Kabul. Las concentraciones de E. coli son muy altas en la cuenca. Se violan los estándares de agua potable y de baño. La temperatura del agua, la temperatura del aire superficial, la descarga y la precipitación se correlacionaron positivamente con las concentraciones de E. coli. La precipitación indujo transportes de escorrentía de E. coli desde tierras agrícolas hasta el río Kabul y la alta temperatura coincide con altas precipitaciones y descargas. Se desarrolló un modelo de regresión lineal para evaluar el efecto neto de las variables climáticas sobre las concentraciones de E. coli. Encontramos que las variables climáticas representaron más de la mitad de la variación observada en las concentraciones de E. coli en la superficie (R2 = 0.61) y el agua potable (R2 = 0.55). Este estudio indica que el aumento de la precipitación junto con una mayor temperatura del aire en la superficie, como se esperaba en esta región con el cambio climático, se correlacionó significativamente con el aumento de las concentraciones de E. coli en el futuro. Se espera que los patógenos transmitidos por el agua respondan de manera similar a los cambios hidroclimáticos, lo que indica que los brotes de enfermedades podrían volverse más frecuentes y graves. Microbial water contamination is a risk for human health, as it causes waterborne diseases like diarrhea. E. coli is a faecal indicator microorganism. Climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation, influence E. coli concentrations in surface and drinking water resources. We measure and statistically analyse E. coli concentrations in drinking and surface water in the Kabul River Basin. E. coli concentrations are very high in the basin. Drinking and bathing water standards are violated. Water temperature, surface air temperature, discharge and precipitation were positively correlated with E. coli concentrations. Precipitation induced runoff transports of E. coli from agricultural lands to Kabul River and high temperature coincides with high precipitation and discharge. A linear regression model was developed to assess the net effect of the climate variables on E. coli concentrations. We found that climate variables accounted for more than half of the observed variation in E. coli concentrations in surface (R2 = 0.61) and drinking water (R2 = 0.55). This study indicates that increased precipitation together with higher surface air temperature, as expected in this region with climate change, were significantly correlated with increased E. coli concentrations in the future. Waterborne pathogens are expected to respond similarly to hydro-climatic changes, indicating that disease outbreaks could well become more frequent and severe. تلوث المياه الميكروبية يشكل خطرا على صحة الإنسان، لأنه يسبب الأمراض المنقولة عن طريق المياه مثل الإسهال. الإشريكية القولونية هي كائن دقيق ذو مؤشر برازي. تؤثر المتغيرات المناخية، مثل درجة الحرارة وهطول الأمطار، على تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في موارد المياه السطحية ومياه الشرب. نقيس ونحلل إحصائيًا تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في مياه الشرب والمياه السطحية في حوض نهر كابول. تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية عالية جدا في الحوض. يتم انتهاك معايير مياه الشرب والاستحمام. ارتبطت درجة حرارة الماء ودرجة حرارة الهواء السطحي والتفريغ وهطول الأمطار ارتباطًا إيجابيًا بتركيزات الإشريكية القولونية. تتزامن الجريان السطحي الناجم عن هطول الأمطار للإشريكية القولونية من الأراضي الزراعية إلى نهر كابول وارتفاع درجة الحرارة مع ارتفاع هطول الأمطار والتفريغ. تم تطوير نموذج انحدار خطي لتقييم التأثير الصافي للمتغيرات المناخية على تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية. وجدنا أن المتغيرات المناخية تمثل أكثر من نصف التباين الملحوظ في تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في السطح (R2 = 0.61) ومياه الشرب (R2 = 0.55). تشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن زيادة هطول الأمطار مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة الهواء السطحي، كما هو متوقع في هذه المنطقة مع تغير المناخ، كانت مرتبطة بشكل كبير بزيادة تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في المستقبل. ومن المتوقع أن تستجيب مسببات الأمراض التي تنقلها المياه على نحو مماثل للتغيرات المناخية المائية، مما يشير إلى أن تفشي الأمراض يمكن أن يصبح أكثر تواترا وشدة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ AIMS Environmental S...arrow_drop_down
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    AIMS Environmental Science
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2017
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      AIMS Environmental Science
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Norris, Jesse; Carvalho, Leila MV; Jones, Charles; Cannon, Forest; +3 Authors

    The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation over central Asia over the year April 2005 through March 2006. Experiments are performed at 6.7 km horizontal grid spacing, with an emphasis on winter and summer precipitation over the Himalaya. The model and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission show a similar inter-seasonal cycle of precipitation, from extratropical cyclones to monsoon precipitation, with agreement also in the diurnal cycle of monsoon precipitation. In winter months, WRF compares better in timeseries of daily precipitation to stations below than above 3-km elevation, likely due to inferior measurement of snow than rain by the stations, highlighting the need for reliable snowfall measurements at high elevations in winter. In summer months, the nocturnal precipitation cycle in the foothills and valleys of the Himalaya is captured by this 6.7-km WRF simulation, while coarser simulations with convective parameterization show near zero nocturnal precipitation. In winter months, higher resolution is less important, serving only to slightly increase precipitation magnitudes due to steeper slopes. However, even in the 6.7-km simulation, afternoon precipitation is overestimated at high elevations, which can be reduced by even higher-resolution (2.2-km) simulations. These results indicate that WRF provides skillful simulations of precipitation relevant for studies of water resources over the complex terrain in the Himalaya.

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    CNR ExploRA
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    Climate Dynamics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate Dynamics
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    Authors: Sajjad Ali Haider; Shahzada Adnan;

    Due to rapid growth of population, massive deforestation and anthropogenic activities, noticeable change in climate conditions is being observed in Pakistan. Increased aridity due to climate change is a growing environmental problem of the agricultural country like Pakistan. It is essential to assess and monitor aridity to combat the probable land degradation and drought desertification. Identification of arid and semi arid regions on climatic basis is the first essential step in any project of land reclamation for agricultural and other purposes. A geographic information system is used in this paper for the assessment of aridity in Pakistan from long term climatic data of fifty years (1960-2009) collected from fifty four stations situated in the country. In the delineation of climatic zones and delimitation of their boundaries, five well known aridity models viz. De Martonne Aridity index, Erinc Aridity index, Thornthwaite Precipitation Effectiveness index, UNESCO Aridity index and Thornthwaite Moisture index are utilized for this purpose. The study shows that southern parts of the country are dry and more vulnerable to drought while the northern parts have variable types of climate. Almost 75 to 85% of the total area of the country is arid in which most part lies in the south while less than 10% area is humid lies in the north of the country. This study will be a good predicator for agricultural scientist, agronomist and hydrologist to plan according the climate of the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11728International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-3, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2014Page : 24-35 

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    International Journal of Environment
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      International Journal of Environment
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      International Journal of Environment
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    Authors: Aminjon Gulakhmadov; Xi Chen; Nekruz Gulahmadov; Tie Liu; +2 Authors

    Millions of people in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are dependent on the freshwater supply of the Vakhsh River system. Sustainable management of the water resources of the Vakhsh River Basin (VRB) requires comprehensive assessment regarding future climate change and its implications for streamflow. In this study, we assessed the potential impacts of projected climate change scenarios on the streamflow in the VRB for two future periods (2022–2060 and 2061–2099). The probable changes in the regional climate system were assessed using the outputs of five global climate models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The probable streamflow was simulated using a semi-distributed hydrological model, namely the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Evidence of a significant increase in the annual average temperature by the end of the 21st century was found, ranging from 2.25 to 4.40 °C under RCP4.5 and from 4.40 to 6.60 °C under RCP8.5. The results of three GCMs indicated a decreasing tendency of annual average precipitation (from −1.7% to −16.0% under RCP4.5 and from −3.4% to −29.8% under RCP8.5). Under RCP8.5, two GCMs indicated an increase (from 2.3% to 5.3%) in the average annual precipitation by the end of 2099. The simulated results of the hydrological model reported an increasing tendency of average annual streamflow, from 17.5% to 52.3% under both RCPs, by the end of 2099. A shift in the peak flow month was also found, i.e., from July to June, under both RCPs. It is expected that in the future, median and high flows might increase, whereas low flow might decrease by the end of 2099. It is concluded that the future seasonal streamflow in the VRB are highly uncertain due to the probable alterations in temperature and precipitation. The findings of the present study could be useful for understanding the future hydrological behavior of the Vakhsh River, for the planning of sustainable regional irrigation systems in the downstream countries, i.e., Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and for the construction of hydropower plants in the upstream countries.

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    Water
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    La práctica actual en el análisis de la frecuencia de las inundaciones supone que las propiedades estocásticas de las inundaciones extremas siguen las de las condiciones estacionarias. A medida que la intervención humana y las influencias antropogénicas del cambio climático en las variables hidrometeorológicas se hacen evidentes en algunos lugares, se ha sugerido que las estadísticas no estacionarias serían mejores para representar las propiedades estocásticas de las inundaciones extremas. La estimación probabilística de los modelos no estacionarios, sin embargo, está rodeada de incertidumbre relacionada con la escasez de observaciones y las complejidades de los modelos, de ahí la dificultad de proyectar la condición futura. Ante el futuro incierto y la subjetividad de las opciones de modelo, este estudio intenta demostrar las implicaciones prácticas de aplicar un modelo no estacionario y lo compara con un modelo estacionario en la evaluación del riesgo de inundación. De este modo, se desarrolla un marco totalmente integrado para simular el comportamiento de los responsables de la toma de decisiones en el análisis de la frecuencia de las inundaciones. El marco se aplica a las decisiones hipotéticas de gestión del riesgo de inundación y los resultados se comparan con los de las condiciones futuras subyacentes conocidas. La incertidumbre del rendimiento económico de las decisiones basadas en el riesgo se evalúa a través de simulaciones de Monte Carlo. La sensibilidad de los resultados también se prueba variando la posible magnitud de los cambios futuros. La aplicación proporciona resultados comparativos cuantitativos y cualitativos que satisfacen un análisis preliminar de si la complejidad del modelo no estacionario debe aplicarse para mejorar el rendimiento económico de las decisiones. Los resultados obtenidos del estudio de caso muestran que las diferencias relativas de los modelos competidores para todos los posibles cambios futuros considerados son pequeñas, lo que sugiere que se prefieren los supuestos estacionarios a un cambio a las estadísticas no estacionarias para la aplicación práctica de la gestión del riesgo de inundación. Sin embargo, también se debe considerar la suposición no estacionaria durante una etapa de planificación, además de la suposición estacionaria, especialmente para áreas donde el cambio futuro en los flujos extremos es plausible. Tales evaluaciones comparativas serían valiosas en los procesos de toma de decisiones de gestión del riesgo de inundaciones. La pratique actuelle dans l'analyse de la fréquence des inondations suppose que les propriétés stochastiques des inondations extrêmes suivent celles des conditions stationnaires. Alors que l'intervention humaine et les influences anthropiques du changement climatique sur les variables hydrométéorologiques deviennent évidentes dans certains endroits, il a été suggéré que des statistiques non stationnaires seraient mieux à même de représenter les propriétés stochastiques des inondations extrêmes. L'estimation probabiliste des modèles non stationnaires, cependant, est entourée d'incertitude liée à la rareté des observations et à la complexité de la modélisation, d'où la difficulté de projeter l'état futur. Face à un avenir incertain et à la subjectivité des choix de modèles, cette étude tente de démontrer les implications pratiques de l'application d'un modèle non stationnaire et le compare à un modèle stationnaire dans l'évaluation des risques d'inondation. Un cadre entièrement intégré pour simuler le comportement des décideurs dans l'analyse de la fréquence des inondations est ainsi développé. Le cadre est appliqué aux décisions hypothétiques de gestion des risques d'inondation et les résultats sont comparés à ceux des conditions futures sous-jacentes connues. L'incertitude de la performance économique des décisions basées sur le risque est évaluée à l'aide de simulations Monte Carlo. La sensibilité des résultats est également testée en faisant varier l'ampleur possible des changements futurs. L'application fournit des résultats comparatifs quantitatifs et qualitatifs qui satisfont une analyse préliminaire de la question de savoir si la complexité du modèle non stationnaire doit être appliquée pour améliorer la performance économique des décisions. Les résultats obtenus à partir de l'étude de cas montrent que les différences relatives des modèles concurrents pour tous les changements futurs possibles envisagés sont faibles, ce qui suggère que les hypothèses stationnaires sont préférées à un passage à des statistiques non stationnaires pour l'application pratique de la gestion des risques d'inondation. Néanmoins, une hypothèse non stationnaire doit également être envisagée au cours d'une phase de planification en plus de l'hypothèse stationnaire, en particulier pour les zones où une modification future des débits extrêmes est plausible. De telles évaluations comparatives seraient utiles dans les processus décisionnels de gestion des risques d'inondation. Current practice in flood frequency analysis assumes that the stochastic properties of extreme floods follow that of stationary conditions. As human intervention and anthropogenic climate change influences in hydrometeorological variables are becoming evident in some places, there have been suggestions that nonstationary statistics would be better to represent the stochastic properties of the extreme floods. The probabilistic estimation of non-stationary models, however, is surrounded with uncertainty related to scarcity of observations and modelling complexities hence the difficulty to project the future condition. In the face of uncertain future and the subjectivity of model choices, this study attempts to demonstrate the practical implications of applying a nonstationary model and compares it with a stationary model in flood risk assessment. A fully integrated framework to simulate decision makers' behaviour in flood frequency analysis is thereby developed. The framework is applied to hypothetical flood risk management decisions and the outcomes are compared with those of known underlying future conditions. Uncertainty of the economic performance of the risk-based decisions is assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. Sensitivity of the results is also tested by varying the possible magnitude of future changes. The application provides quantitative and qualitative comparative results that satisfy a preliminary analysis of whether the nonstationary model complexity should be applied to improve the economic performance of decisions. Results obtained from the case study shows that the relative differences of competing models for all considered possible future changes are small, suggesting that stationary assumptions are preferred to a shift to nonstationary statistics for practical application of flood risk management. Nevertheless, nonstationary assumption should also be considered during a planning stage in addition to stationary assumption especially for areas where future change in extreme flows is plausible. Such comparative evaluations would be of valuable in flood risk management decision-making processes. تفترض الممارسة الحالية في تحليل تكرار الفيضانات أن الخصائص العشوائية للفيضانات الشديدة تتبع تلك الخاصة بالظروف الثابتة. نظرًا لأن التدخل البشري وتأثيرات تغير المناخ البشرية المنشأ في متغيرات الأرصاد الجوية المائية أصبحت واضحة في بعض الأماكن، فقد كانت هناك اقتراحات بأن الإحصاءات غير الثابتة ستكون أفضل لتمثيل الخصائص العشوائية للفيضانات الشديدة. ومع ذلك، فإن التقدير الاحتمالي للنماذج غير الثابتة محاط بعدم اليقين المتعلق بندرة الملاحظات وتعقيدات النمذجة وبالتالي صعوبة توقع الحالة المستقبلية. في مواجهة المستقبل غير المؤكد وموضوعية خيارات النموذج، تحاول هذه الدراسة إظهار الآثار العملية لتطبيق نموذج غير ثابت ومقارنته بنموذج ثابت في تقييم مخاطر الفيضانات. وبالتالي يتم تطوير إطار متكامل تمامًا لمحاكاة سلوك صانعي القرار في تحليل تكرار الفيضانات. يتم تطبيق الإطار على القرارات الافتراضية لإدارة مخاطر الفيضانات وتتم مقارنة النتائج مع تلك الخاصة بالظروف المستقبلية الأساسية المعروفة. يتم تقييم عدم اليقين في الأداء الاقتصادي للقرارات القائمة على المخاطر من خلال محاكاة مونت كارلو. كما يتم اختبار حساسية النتائج من خلال تغيير الحجم المحتمل للتغيرات المستقبلية. يوفر التطبيق نتائج مقارنة كمية ونوعية تلبي تحليلًا أوليًا لما إذا كان ينبغي تطبيق تعقيد النموذج غير الثابت لتحسين الأداء الاقتصادي للقرارات. تُظهر النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من دراسة الحالة أن الاختلافات النسبية للنماذج المتنافسة لجميع التغييرات المستقبلية المحتملة صغيرة، مما يشير إلى أن الافتراضات الثابتة مفضلة على التحول إلى الإحصاءات غير الثابتة للتطبيق العملي لإدارة مخاطر الفيضانات. ومع ذلك، ينبغي أيضًا النظر في الافتراض غير الثابت خلال مرحلة التخطيط بالإضافة إلى الافتراض الثابت خاصة بالنسبة للمناطق التي يكون فيها التغيير المستقبلي في التدفقات الشديدة معقولاً. ستكون هذه التقييمات المقارنة ذات قيمة في عمليات صنع القرار بشأن إدارة مخاطر الفيضانات.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Abdus Samie; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Masood Azeem; Sidra Hamid; +3 Authors

    Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) significantly affect the climate at regional and global levels through different biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. However, the effects of biogeophysical aspects of LULCC on climate have been often ignored, which may overestimate the biogeochemical effects on climate change. Thus, understanding the biogeophysical influence of land use changes on climate change in future potential scenarios is crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanism and land use change impacts on future climate under different scenarios through changes in underlying surface and surface energy balance. In order to fill this research gap, three simulations are performed by Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model for the year 2010-2030 under Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, Rapid Economic Growth (REG) scenario, and Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario to evaluate the influence of future LULCC on temperature projections for the Punjab province in Pakistan. Results show that land use conversions under three scenarios induce overall climate cooling in the region. The decrease in annual average temperature in CES scenario (- 0.02 °C) is slightly greater than that in BAU and REG scenarios (- 0.01 °C). The responses of temperature to future LULCC vary in different months in all scenarios, with greater responses in warmer months, causing climate cooling. In each scenario, the response of temperature is found to be sensitive to different land transitions. The findings of the study can be a reference for policy makers, researchers, and development practitioners in their pursuit to understand the effects of land use change on climate.

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    Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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    Authors: Nazeer, A. (author); Maskey, Shreedhar (author); Skaugen, Thomas (author); McClain, M.E. (author);

    AbstractThe Upper Indus Basin (UIB) heavily depends on its frozen water resources, and an accelerated melt due to the projected climate change may significantly alter future water availability. The future hydro-climatic regime and water availability of the Hunza basin (a sub-basin of UIB) were analysed using the newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate projections. A data and parameter parsimonious precipitation-runoff model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD) model, was used with energy balance-based subroutines for snowmelt, glacier melt and evapotranspiration. The DDD model was set up for baseline (1991–2010), mid-century (2041–2060) and end-century (2081–2100) climates projections from two global circulation models (GCM), namely EC-Earth3 and MPI-ESM. The projections indicate a substantial increase in temperature (1.1–8.6 °C) and precipitation (12–32%) throughout the twenty-first century. The simulations show the future flow increase between 23–126% and the future glacier melt increase between 30–265%, depending on the scenarios and GCMs used. Moreover, the simulations suggest an increasing glacier melt contribution from all elevations with a significant increase from the higher elevations. The findings provide a basis for planning and modifying reservoir operation strategies with respect to hydropower generation, irrigation withdrawals, flood control, and drought management.

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    Scientific Reports
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      Scientific Reports
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    Authors: Safi Ullah; Qinglong You; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; +5 Authors

    Abstract Climate change has significantly increased the frequency and intensity of human thermal stress, with relatively more severe impacts than those of pure temperature extremes. Despite its major threats to public health, limited studies have assessed spatiotemporal changes in human thermal stress in densely populated regions, like South Asia (SAS). The present study assessed spatiotemporal changes in human thermal stress characteristics in SAS, based on daily minimum, maximum, and mean Universal Thermal Climate Indices (i.e. UTCImin, UTCImax, and UTCImean) using the newly developed high-spatial-resolution database of the thermal-stress Indices over South and East Asia for the period 1981–2019. This study is the first of its kind to assess spatiotemporal changes in UTCI indices over the whole of SAS. The study also carried out extreme events analysis of the UTCI indices and explored their nexus with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. Results revealed a significant increase in heat stress in SAS, with the highest human thermal stress in western Afghanistan, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and southeastern, and central parts. The extreme event analysis showed that the study region is likely to observe more frequent and intense heat extremes in the coming decades. The correlation of UTCI indices with ENSO exhibited a robust positive coherence in southeastern and central India, southern Pakistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. The findings of the study are critical in understanding human thermal stress and adopting effective risk reduction strategies against heat extremes in SAS. To better understand the dynamic mechanism of thermal extremes, the study recommends a detailed investigation of the underlying drivers of UTCI variability in SAS.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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    Authors: Javed Iqbal; Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob; Iqra Atif;

    The Upper Indus basin (UIB) is characterized by contrasting hydrometeorological behaviors; therefore, it has become pertinent to understand hydrometeorological trends at the sub-watershed level. Many studies have investigated the snow cover and hydrometeorological modeling at basin level but none have reported the spatial variability of trends and their magnitude at a sub-basin level. This study was conducted to analyze the trends in the contrasting hydrological regimes of the snow and glacier-fed river catchments of the Hunza and Astore sub-basins of the UIB. Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to study the main trends and their magnitude using MODIS snow cover information (2001–2015) and hydrometeorological data. The results showed that in the Hunza basin, the river discharge and temperature were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with a Sen’s slope value of −2.541 m3·s−1·year−1 and −0.034 °C·year−1, respectively, while precipitation data showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increasing trend with a Sen’s slope value of 0.023 mm·year−1. In the Astore basin, the river discharge and precipitation are increasing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with a Sen’s slope value of 1.039 m3·s−1·year−1 and 0.192 mm·year−1, respectively. The snow cover analysis results suggest that the Western Himalayas (the Astore basin) had a stable trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.07% year−1 and the Central Karakoram region (the Hunza River basin) shows a slightly increasing trend with a Sen’s slope of 0.394% year−1. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that since both sub-basins are influenced by different climatological systems (monsoon and westerly), the results of those studies that treat the Upper Indus basin as one unit in hydrometeorological modeling should be used with caution. Furthermore, it is suggested that similar studies at the sub-basin level of the UIB will help in a better understanding of the Karakoram anomaly.

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    Atmosphere
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    Authors: Rike Becker; Christoph Schüth; Ralf Merz; Tasneem Khaliq; +4 Authors

    Gefördert durch den Publikationsfonds der Universität Kassel

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    Agricultural Water Management
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      Agricultural Water Management
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    La contamination microbienne de l'eau est un risque pour la santé humaine, car elle provoque des maladies d'origine hydrique comme la diarrhée. E. coli est un micro-organisme indicateur fécal. Les variables climatiques, telles que la température et les précipitations, influencent les concentrations d'E. coli dans les ressources en eau de surface et en eau potable. Nous mesurons et analysons statistiquement les concentrations d'E. coli dans l'eau potable et de surface du bassin de la rivière Kaboul. Les concentrations d'E. coli sont très élevées dans le bassin. Les normes relatives à l'eau potable et à l'eau de baignade sont violées. La température de l'eau, la température de l'air de surface, les rejets et les précipitations étaient en corrélation positive avec les concentrations d'E. coli. Les précipitations ont provoqué le transport d'E. coli par ruissellement des terres agricoles à la rivière Kaboul et les températures élevées coïncident avec des précipitations et des rejets élevés. Un modèle de régression linéaire a été développé pour évaluer l'effet net des variables climatiques sur les concentrations d'E. coli. Nous avons constaté que les variables climatiques représentaient plus de la moitié de la variation observée des concentrations d'E. coli en surface (R2 = 0,61) et dans l'eau potable (R2 = 0,55). Cette étude indique qu'une augmentation des précipitations ainsi qu'une augmentation de la température de l'air à la surface, comme prévu dans cette région avec le changement climatique, étaient significativement corrélées avec une augmentation des concentrations d'E. coli à l'avenir. On s'attend à ce que les agents pathogènes d'origine hydrique réagissent de la même manière aux changements hydroclimatiques, ce qui indique que les épidémies pourraient bien devenir plus fréquentes et plus graves. La contaminación microbiana del agua es un riesgo para la salud humana, ya que causa enfermedades transmitidas por el agua como la diarrea. E. coli es un microorganismo indicador fecal. Las variables climáticas, como la temperatura y la precipitación, influyen en las concentraciones de E. coli en la superficie y en los recursos de agua potable. Medimos y analizamos estadísticamente las concentraciones de E. coli en agua potable y superficial en la cuenca del río Kabul. Las concentraciones de E. coli son muy altas en la cuenca. Se violan los estándares de agua potable y de baño. La temperatura del agua, la temperatura del aire superficial, la descarga y la precipitación se correlacionaron positivamente con las concentraciones de E. coli. La precipitación indujo transportes de escorrentía de E. coli desde tierras agrícolas hasta el río Kabul y la alta temperatura coincide con altas precipitaciones y descargas. Se desarrolló un modelo de regresión lineal para evaluar el efecto neto de las variables climáticas sobre las concentraciones de E. coli. Encontramos que las variables climáticas representaron más de la mitad de la variación observada en las concentraciones de E. coli en la superficie (R2 = 0.61) y el agua potable (R2 = 0.55). Este estudio indica que el aumento de la precipitación junto con una mayor temperatura del aire en la superficie, como se esperaba en esta región con el cambio climático, se correlacionó significativamente con el aumento de las concentraciones de E. coli en el futuro. Se espera que los patógenos transmitidos por el agua respondan de manera similar a los cambios hidroclimáticos, lo que indica que los brotes de enfermedades podrían volverse más frecuentes y graves. Microbial water contamination is a risk for human health, as it causes waterborne diseases like diarrhea. E. coli is a faecal indicator microorganism. Climate variables, such as temperature and precipitation, influence E. coli concentrations in surface and drinking water resources. We measure and statistically analyse E. coli concentrations in drinking and surface water in the Kabul River Basin. E. coli concentrations are very high in the basin. Drinking and bathing water standards are violated. Water temperature, surface air temperature, discharge and precipitation were positively correlated with E. coli concentrations. Precipitation induced runoff transports of E. coli from agricultural lands to Kabul River and high temperature coincides with high precipitation and discharge. A linear regression model was developed to assess the net effect of the climate variables on E. coli concentrations. We found that climate variables accounted for more than half of the observed variation in E. coli concentrations in surface (R2 = 0.61) and drinking water (R2 = 0.55). This study indicates that increased precipitation together with higher surface air temperature, as expected in this region with climate change, were significantly correlated with increased E. coli concentrations in the future. Waterborne pathogens are expected to respond similarly to hydro-climatic changes, indicating that disease outbreaks could well become more frequent and severe. تلوث المياه الميكروبية يشكل خطرا على صحة الإنسان، لأنه يسبب الأمراض المنقولة عن طريق المياه مثل الإسهال. الإشريكية القولونية هي كائن دقيق ذو مؤشر برازي. تؤثر المتغيرات المناخية، مثل درجة الحرارة وهطول الأمطار، على تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في موارد المياه السطحية ومياه الشرب. نقيس ونحلل إحصائيًا تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في مياه الشرب والمياه السطحية في حوض نهر كابول. تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية عالية جدا في الحوض. يتم انتهاك معايير مياه الشرب والاستحمام. ارتبطت درجة حرارة الماء ودرجة حرارة الهواء السطحي والتفريغ وهطول الأمطار ارتباطًا إيجابيًا بتركيزات الإشريكية القولونية. تتزامن الجريان السطحي الناجم عن هطول الأمطار للإشريكية القولونية من الأراضي الزراعية إلى نهر كابول وارتفاع درجة الحرارة مع ارتفاع هطول الأمطار والتفريغ. تم تطوير نموذج انحدار خطي لتقييم التأثير الصافي للمتغيرات المناخية على تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية. وجدنا أن المتغيرات المناخية تمثل أكثر من نصف التباين الملحوظ في تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في السطح (R2 = 0.61) ومياه الشرب (R2 = 0.55). تشير هذه الدراسة إلى أن زيادة هطول الأمطار مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة الهواء السطحي، كما هو متوقع في هذه المنطقة مع تغير المناخ، كانت مرتبطة بشكل كبير بزيادة تركيزات الإشريكية القولونية في المستقبل. ومن المتوقع أن تستجيب مسببات الأمراض التي تنقلها المياه على نحو مماثل للتغيرات المناخية المائية، مما يشير إلى أن تفشي الأمراض يمكن أن يصبح أكثر تواترا وشدة.

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    Authors: Norris, Jesse; Carvalho, Leila MV; Jones, Charles; Cannon, Forest; +3 Authors

    The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation over central Asia over the year April 2005 through March 2006. Experiments are performed at 6.7 km horizontal grid spacing, with an emphasis on winter and summer precipitation over the Himalaya. The model and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission show a similar inter-seasonal cycle of precipitation, from extratropical cyclones to monsoon precipitation, with agreement also in the diurnal cycle of monsoon precipitation. In winter months, WRF compares better in timeseries of daily precipitation to stations below than above 3-km elevation, likely due to inferior measurement of snow than rain by the stations, highlighting the need for reliable snowfall measurements at high elevations in winter. In summer months, the nocturnal precipitation cycle in the foothills and valleys of the Himalaya is captured by this 6.7-km WRF simulation, while coarser simulations with convective parameterization show near zero nocturnal precipitation. In winter months, higher resolution is less important, serving only to slightly increase precipitation magnitudes due to steeper slopes. However, even in the 6.7-km simulation, afternoon precipitation is overestimated at high elevations, which can be reduced by even higher-resolution (2.2-km) simulations. These results indicate that WRF provides skillful simulations of precipitation relevant for studies of water resources over the complex terrain in the Himalaya.

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    Climate Dynamics
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      Climate Dynamics
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    Authors: Sajjad Ali Haider; Shahzada Adnan;

    Due to rapid growth of population, massive deforestation and anthropogenic activities, noticeable change in climate conditions is being observed in Pakistan. Increased aridity due to climate change is a growing environmental problem of the agricultural country like Pakistan. It is essential to assess and monitor aridity to combat the probable land degradation and drought desertification. Identification of arid and semi arid regions on climatic basis is the first essential step in any project of land reclamation for agricultural and other purposes. A geographic information system is used in this paper for the assessment of aridity in Pakistan from long term climatic data of fifty years (1960-2009) collected from fifty four stations situated in the country. In the delineation of climatic zones and delimitation of their boundaries, five well known aridity models viz. De Martonne Aridity index, Erinc Aridity index, Thornthwaite Precipitation Effectiveness index, UNESCO Aridity index and Thornthwaite Moisture index are utilized for this purpose. The study shows that southern parts of the country are dry and more vulnerable to drought while the northern parts have variable types of climate. Almost 75 to 85% of the total area of the country is arid in which most part lies in the south while less than 10% area is humid lies in the north of the country. This study will be a good predicator for agricultural scientist, agronomist and hydrologist to plan according the climate of the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i4.11728International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-3, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2014Page : 24-35 

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    International Journal of Environment
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      International Journal of Environment
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    Authors: Aminjon Gulakhmadov; Xi Chen; Nekruz Gulahmadov; Tie Liu; +2 Authors

    Millions of people in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are dependent on the freshwater supply of the Vakhsh River system. Sustainable management of the water resources of the Vakhsh River Basin (VRB) requires comprehensive assessment regarding future climate change and its implications for streamflow. In this study, we assessed the potential impacts of projected climate change scenarios on the streamflow in the VRB for two future periods (2022–2060 and 2061–2099). The probable changes in the regional climate system were assessed using the outputs of five global climate models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The probable streamflow was simulated using a semi-distributed hydrological model, namely the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Evidence of a significant increase in the annual average temperature by the end of the 21st century was found, ranging from 2.25 to 4.40 °C under RCP4.5 and from 4.40 to 6.60 °C under RCP8.5. The results of three GCMs indicated a decreasing tendency of annual average precipitation (from −1.7% to −16.0% under RCP4.5 and from −3.4% to −29.8% under RCP8.5). Under RCP8.5, two GCMs indicated an increase (from 2.3% to 5.3%) in the average annual precipitation by the end of 2099. The simulated results of the hydrological model reported an increasing tendency of average annual streamflow, from 17.5% to 52.3% under both RCPs, by the end of 2099. A shift in the peak flow month was also found, i.e., from July to June, under both RCPs. It is expected that in the future, median and high flows might increase, whereas low flow might decrease by the end of 2099. It is concluded that the future seasonal streamflow in the VRB are highly uncertain due to the probable alterations in temperature and precipitation. The findings of the present study could be useful for understanding the future hydrological behavior of the Vakhsh River, for the planning of sustainable regional irrigation systems in the downstream countries, i.e., Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and for the construction of hydropower plants in the upstream countries.

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    Water
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    La práctica actual en el análisis de la frecuencia de las inundaciones supone que las propiedades estocásticas de las inundaciones extremas siguen las de las condiciones estacionarias. A medida que la intervención humana y las influencias antropogénicas del cambio climático en las variables hidrometeorológicas se hacen evidentes en algunos lugares, se ha sugerido que las estadísticas no estacionarias serían mejores para representar las propiedades estocásticas de las inundaciones extremas. La estimación probabilística de los modelos no estacionarios, sin embargo, está rodeada de incertidumbre relacionada con la escasez de observaciones y las complejidades de los modelos, de ahí la dificultad de proyectar la condición futura. Ante el futuro incierto y la subjetividad de las opciones de modelo, este estudio intenta demostrar las implicaciones prácticas de aplicar un modelo no estacionario y lo compara con un modelo estacionario en la evaluación del riesgo de inundación. De este modo, se desarrolla un marco totalmente integrado para simular el comportamiento de los responsables de la toma de decisiones en el análisis de la frecuencia de las inundaciones. El marco se aplica a las decisiones hipotéticas de gestión del riesgo de inundación y los resultados se comparan con los de las condiciones futuras subyacentes conocidas. La incertidumbre del rendimiento económico de las decisiones basadas en el riesgo se evalúa a través de simulaciones de Monte Carlo. La sensibilidad de los resultados también se prueba variando la posible magnitud de los cambios futuros. La aplicación proporciona resultados comparativos cuantitativos y cualitativos que satisfacen un análisis preliminar de si la complejidad del modelo no estacionario debe aplicarse para mejorar el rendimiento económico de las decisiones. Los resultados obtenidos del estudio de caso muestran que las diferencias relativas de los modelos competidores para todos los posibles cambios futuros considerados son pequeñas, lo que sugiere que se prefieren los supuestos estacionarios a un cambio a las estadísticas no estacionarias para la aplicación práctica de la gestión del riesgo de inundación. Sin embargo, también se debe considerar la suposición no estacionaria durante una etapa de planificación, además de la suposición estacionaria, especialmente para áreas donde el cambio futuro en los flujos extremos es plausible. Tales evaluaciones comparativas serían valiosas en los procesos de toma de decisiones de gestión del riesgo de inundaciones. La pratique actuelle dans l'analyse de la fréquence des inondations suppose que les propriétés stochastiques des inondations extrêmes suivent celles des conditions stationnaires. Alors que l'intervention humaine et les influences anthropiques du changement climatique sur les variables hydrométéorologiques deviennent évidentes dans certains endroits, il a été suggéré que des statistiques non stationnaires seraient mieux à même de représenter les propriétés stochastiques des inondations extrêmes. L'estimation probabiliste des modèles non stationnaires, cependant, est entourée d'incertitude liée à la rareté des observations et à la complexité de la modélisation, d'où la difficulté de projeter l'état futur. Face à un avenir incertain et à la subjectivité des choix de modèles, cette étude tente de démontrer les implications pratiques de l'application d'un modèle non stationnaire et le compare à un modèle stationnaire dans l'évaluation des risques d'inondation. Un cadre entièrement intégré pour simuler le comportement des décideurs dans l'analyse de la fréquence des inondations est ainsi développé. Le cadre est appliqué aux décisions hypothétiques de gestion des risques d'inondation et les résultats sont comparés à ceux des conditions futures sous-jacentes connues. L'incertitude de la performance économique des décisions basées sur le risque est évaluée à l'aide de simulations Monte Carlo. La sensibilité des résultats est également testée en faisant varier l'ampleur possible des changements futurs. L'application fournit des résultats comparatifs quantitatifs et qualitatifs qui satisfont une analyse préliminaire de la question de savoir si la complexité du modèle non stationnaire doit être appliquée pour améliorer la performance économique des décisions. Les résultats obtenus à partir de l'étude de cas montrent que les différences relatives des modèles concurrents pour tous les changements futurs possibles envisagés sont faibles, ce qui suggère que les hypothèses stationnaires sont préférées à un passage à des statistiques non stationnaires pour l'application pratique de la gestion des risques d'inondation. Néanmoins, une hypothèse non stationnaire doit également être envisagée au cours d'une phase de planification en plus de l'hypothèse stationnaire, en particulier pour les zones où une modification future des débits extrêmes est plausible. De telles évaluations comparatives seraient utiles dans les processus décisionnels de gestion des risques d'inondation. Current practice in flood frequency analysis assumes that the stochastic properties of extreme floods follow that of stationary conditions. As human intervention and anthropogenic climate change influences in hydrometeorological variables are becoming evident in some places, there have been suggestions that nonstationary statistics would be better to represent the stochastic properties of the extreme floods. The probabilistic estimation of non-stationary models, however, is surrounded with uncertainty related to scarcity of observations and modelling complexities hence the difficulty to project the future condition. In the face of uncertain future and the subjectivity of model choices, this study attempts to demonstrate the practical implications of applying a nonstationary model and compares it with a stationary model in flood risk assessment. A fully integrated framework to simulate decision makers' behaviour in flood frequency analysis is thereby developed. The framework is applied to hypothetical flood risk management decisions and the outcomes are compared with those of known underlying future conditions. Uncertainty of the economic performance of the risk-based decisions is assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. Sensitivity of the results is also tested by varying the possible magnitude of future changes. The application provides quantitative and qualitative comparative results that satisfy a preliminary analysis of whether the nonstationary model complexity should be applied to improve the economic performance of decisions. Results obtained from the case study shows that the relative differences of competing models for all considered possible future changes are small, suggesting that stationary assumptions are preferred to a shift to nonstationary statistics for practical application of flood risk management. Nevertheless, nonstationary assumption should also be considered during a planning stage in addition to stationary assumption especially for areas where future change in extreme flows is plausible. Such comparative evaluations would be of valuable in flood risk management decision-making processes. تفترض الممارسة الحالية في تحليل تكرار الفيضانات أن الخصائص العشوائية للفيضانات الشديدة تتبع تلك الخاصة بالظروف الثابتة. نظرًا لأن التدخل البشري وتأثيرات تغير المناخ البشرية المنشأ في متغيرات الأرصاد الجوية المائية أصبحت واضحة في بعض الأماكن، فقد كانت هناك اقتراحات بأن الإحصاءات غير الثابتة ستكون أفضل لتمثيل الخصائص العشوائية للفيضانات الشديدة. ومع ذلك، فإن التقدير الاحتمالي للنماذج غير الثابتة محاط بعدم اليقين المتعلق بندرة الملاحظات وتعقيدات النمذجة وبالتالي صعوبة توقع الحالة المستقبلية. في مواجهة المستقبل غير المؤكد وموضوعية خيارات النموذج، تحاول هذه الدراسة إظهار الآثار العملية لتطبيق نموذج غير ثابت ومقارنته بنموذج ثابت في تقييم مخاطر الفيضانات. وبالتالي يتم تطوير إطار متكامل تمامًا لمحاكاة سلوك صانعي القرار في تحليل تكرار الفيضانات. يتم تطبيق الإطار على القرارات الافتراضية لإدارة مخاطر الفيضانات وتتم مقارنة النتائج مع تلك الخاصة بالظروف المستقبلية الأساسية المعروفة. يتم تقييم عدم اليقين في الأداء الاقتصادي للقرارات القائمة على المخاطر من خلال محاكاة مونت كارلو. كما يتم اختبار حساسية النتائج من خلال تغيير الحجم المحتمل للتغيرات المستقبلية. يوفر التطبيق نتائج مقارنة كمية ونوعية تلبي تحليلًا أوليًا لما إذا كان ينبغي تطبيق تعقيد النموذج غير الثابت لتحسين الأداء الاقتصادي للقرارات. تُظهر النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من دراسة الحالة أن الاختلافات النسبية للنماذج المتنافسة لجميع التغييرات المستقبلية المحتملة صغيرة، مما يشير إلى أن الافتراضات الثابتة مفضلة على التحول إلى الإحصاءات غير الثابتة للتطبيق العملي لإدارة مخاطر الفيضانات. ومع ذلك، ينبغي أيضًا النظر في الافتراض غير الثابت خلال مرحلة التخطيط بالإضافة إلى الافتراض الثابت خاصة بالنسبة للمناطق التي يكون فيها التغيير المستقبلي في التدفقات الشديدة معقولاً. ستكون هذه التقييمات المقارنة ذات قيمة في عمليات صنع القرار بشأن إدارة مخاطر الفيضانات.

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    Authors: Abdus Samie; Azhar Abbas; Muhammad Masood Azeem; Sidra Hamid; +3 Authors

    Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) significantly affect the climate at regional and global levels through different biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. However, the effects of biogeophysical aspects of LULCC on climate have been often ignored, which may overestimate the biogeochemical effects on climate change. Thus, understanding the biogeophysical influence of land use changes on climate change in future potential scenarios is crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanism and land use change impacts on future climate under different scenarios through changes in underlying surface and surface energy balance. In order to fill this research gap, three simulations are performed by Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model for the year 2010-2030 under Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, Rapid Economic Growth (REG) scenario, and Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario to evaluate the influence of future LULCC on temperature projections for the Punjab province in Pakistan. Results show that land use conversions under three scenarios induce overall climate cooling in the region. The decrease in annual average temperature in CES scenario (- 0.02 °C) is slightly greater than that in BAU and REG scenarios (- 0.01 °C). The responses of temperature to future LULCC vary in different months in all scenarios, with greater responses in warmer months, causing climate cooling. In each scenario, the response of temperature is found to be sensitive to different land transitions. The findings of the study can be a reference for policy makers, researchers, and development practitioners in their pursuit to understand the effects of land use change on climate.

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    Environmental Science and Pollution Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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    Authors: Nazeer, A. (author); Maskey, Shreedhar (author); Skaugen, Thomas (author); McClain, M.E. (author);

    AbstractThe Upper Indus Basin (UIB) heavily depends on its frozen water resources, and an accelerated melt due to the projected climate change may significantly alter future water availability. The future hydro-climatic regime and water availability of the Hunza basin (a sub-basin of UIB) were analysed using the newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate projections. A data and parameter parsimonious precipitation-runoff model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD) model, was used with energy balance-based subroutines for snowmelt, glacier melt and evapotranspiration. The DDD model was set up for baseline (1991–2010), mid-century (2041–2060) and end-century (2081–2100) climates projections from two global circulation models (GCM), namely EC-Earth3 and MPI-ESM. The projections indicate a substantial increase in temperature (1.1–8.6 °C) and precipitation (12–32%) throughout the twenty-first century. The simulations show the future flow increase between 23–126% and the future glacier melt increase between 30–265%, depending on the scenarios and GCMs used. Moreover, the simulations suggest an increasing glacier melt contribution from all elevations with a significant increase from the higher elevations. The findings provide a basis for planning and modifying reservoir operation strategies with respect to hydropower generation, irrigation withdrawals, flood control, and drought management.

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    Authors: Safi Ullah; Qinglong You; Guojie Wang; Waheed Ullah; +5 Authors

    Abstract Climate change has significantly increased the frequency and intensity of human thermal stress, with relatively more severe impacts than those of pure temperature extremes. Despite its major threats to public health, limited studies have assessed spatiotemporal changes in human thermal stress in densely populated regions, like South Asia (SAS). The present study assessed spatiotemporal changes in human thermal stress characteristics in SAS, based on daily minimum, maximum, and mean Universal Thermal Climate Indices (i.e. UTCImin, UTCImax, and UTCImean) using the newly developed high-spatial-resolution database of the thermal-stress Indices over South and East Asia for the period 1981–2019. This study is the first of its kind to assess spatiotemporal changes in UTCI indices over the whole of SAS. The study also carried out extreme events analysis of the UTCI indices and explored their nexus with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. Results revealed a significant increase in heat stress in SAS, with the highest human thermal stress in western Afghanistan, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and southeastern, and central parts. The extreme event analysis showed that the study region is likely to observe more frequent and intense heat extremes in the coming decades. The correlation of UTCI indices with ENSO exhibited a robust positive coherence in southeastern and central India, southern Pakistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. The findings of the study are critical in understanding human thermal stress and adopting effective risk reduction strategies against heat extremes in SAS. To better understand the dynamic mechanism of thermal extremes, the study recommends a detailed investigation of the underlying drivers of UTCI variability in SAS.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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