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In European documents, practice and policies of regional and spatial development, functional urban regions (FURs) are recognized as the regions with one or more urban settlements and their in (direct) impact zone(s). The historical connection of the city and its surroundings, as well as the contemporary trends in networking of cities and their hinterland, imply the issues of better modalities for the establishment of such FURs that would be economically more productive, socially inclusive and more environmentally sustainable. The concept of urban governance, along with supporting segments, is proposed as the model for future planning of resistant FURs. It was considered what cities and their functional areas should take in order to prospectively enable an establishing the sustainable spatial and regional development of the Republic of Serbia. The paper tries to answer how much are FURs adjustable, what is their “threshold” of vulnerability, to which they can face the side effects of climate change.

In European documents, practice and policies of regional and spatial development, functional urban regions (FURs) are recognized as the regions with one or more urban settlements and their in (direct) impact zone(s). The historical connection of the city and its surroundings, as well as the contemporary trends in networking of cities and their hinterland, imply the issues of better modalities for the establishment of such FURs that would be economically more productive, socially inclusive and more environmentally sustainable. The concept of urban governance, along with supporting segments, is proposed as the model for future planning of resistant FURs. It was considered what cities and their functional areas should take in order to prospectively enable an establishing the sustainable spatial and regional development of the Republic of Serbia. The paper tries to answer how much are FURs adjustable, what is their “threshold” of vulnerability, to which they can face the side effects of climate change.

Insects have a pivotal role in ecosystem function, thus the decline of more than 75% in insect biomass in protected areas over recent decades in Central Europe1 and elsewhere2,3 has alarmed the public, pushed decision-makers4 and stimulated research on insect population trends. However, the drivers of this decline are still not well understood. Here, we reanalysed 27 years of insect biomass data from Hallmann et al.1, using sample-specific information on weather conditions during sampling and weather anomalies during the insect life cycle. This model explained variation in temporal decline in insect biomass, including an observed increase in biomass in recent years, solely on the basis of these weather variables. Our finding that terrestrial insect biomass is largely driven by complex weather conditions challenges previous assumptions that climate change is more critical in the tropics5,6 or that negative consequences in the temperate zone might only occur in the future7. Despite the recent observed increase in biomass, new combinations of unfavourable multi-annual weather conditions might be expected to further threaten insect populations under continuing climate change. Our findings also highlight the need for more climate change research on physiological mechanisms affected by annual weather conditions and anomalies.

Insects have a pivotal role in ecosystem function, thus the decline of more than 75% in insect biomass in protected areas over recent decades in Central Europe1 and elsewhere2,3 has alarmed the public, pushed decision-makers4 and stimulated research on insect population trends. However, the drivers of this decline are still not well understood. Here, we reanalysed 27 years of insect biomass data from Hallmann et al.1, using sample-specific information on weather conditions during sampling and weather anomalies during the insect life cycle. This model explained variation in temporal decline in insect biomass, including an observed increase in biomass in recent years, solely on the basis of these weather variables. Our finding that terrestrial insect biomass is largely driven by complex weather conditions challenges previous assumptions that climate change is more critical in the tropics5,6 or that negative consequences in the temperate zone might only occur in the future7. Despite the recent observed increase in biomass, new combinations of unfavourable multi-annual weather conditions might be expected to further threaten insect populations under continuing climate change. Our findings also highlight the need for more climate change research on physiological mechanisms affected by annual weather conditions and anomalies.

Yield and morphological traits of soybean depend on the variety, soil fertility, cultivation practice as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The aim of this research is to test the influence of different plant densities on yield, biomass, pod height and a number of mainstem nodes for three different soybean varieties. Variety Valjevka has achieved the highest yield with crop canopy of 500,000 plants, variety Sava at 450,000 plants and the variety Rubin with 400,000 plants per hectare. By increasing the density of crops the biomass is reduced and the first pod on the plant is higher in these three varieties. Prinos i morfološke osobine soje zavise od sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, agrotehničkih mera, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se sagleda uticaj različitih gustina setve na prinos, masu biljaka, visinu mahuna i broj kolenaca na stablu za tri različite sorte soje. Sorta Valjevka je najviši prinos ostvarila pri sklopu od 500000 biljaka, sorta Sava pri 450000 biljaka, a sorta Rubin pri sklopu od 400000 biljaka po hektaru. Povećanjem gustine useva kod sve tri sorte soje smanjuje se masa biljaka i povećava se visina prvih mahuna na stablu soje.

Yield and morphological traits of soybean depend on the variety, soil fertility, cultivation practice as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The aim of this research is to test the influence of different plant densities on yield, biomass, pod height and a number of mainstem nodes for three different soybean varieties. Variety Valjevka has achieved the highest yield with crop canopy of 500,000 plants, variety Sava at 450,000 plants and the variety Rubin with 400,000 plants per hectare. By increasing the density of crops the biomass is reduced and the first pod on the plant is higher in these three varieties. Prinos i morfološke osobine soje zavise od sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, agrotehničkih mera, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se sagleda uticaj različitih gustina setve na prinos, masu biljaka, visinu mahuna i broj kolenaca na stablu za tri različite sorte soje. Sorta Valjevka je najviši prinos ostvarila pri sklopu od 500000 biljaka, sorta Sava pri 450000 biljaka, a sorta Rubin pri sklopu od 400000 biljaka po hektaru. Povećanjem gustine useva kod sve tri sorte soje smanjuje se masa biljaka i povećava se visina prvih mahuna na stablu soje.

Due to its ability to grow in different agroecological conditions and its moderate drought tolerance, sunflower may become the oil crop of preference in the future, especially in the light of global environmental changes. In the field conditions, sunflower crop is often simultaneously challenged by different biotic and abiotic stresses, and understanding the shared mechanisms contributing to two or more stresses occurring individually or simultaneously is important to improve crop productivity under foreseeable complex stress situations. Exploitation of the available plant genetic resources in combination with the use of modern molecular tools for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and application of genomic selection (GS) could lead to considerable improvements in sunflower, especially with regard to different stresses and better adaptation to the climate change. In this chapter we present a review of climate-smart (CS) traits and respective genetic resources and tools for their introduction into the cultivated sunflower, thus making it the oil crop resilient to the extreme climatic conditions and well-known and emerging pests and diseases.

Due to its ability to grow in different agroecological conditions and its moderate drought tolerance, sunflower may become the oil crop of preference in the future, especially in the light of global environmental changes. In the field conditions, sunflower crop is often simultaneously challenged by different biotic and abiotic stresses, and understanding the shared mechanisms contributing to two or more stresses occurring individually or simultaneously is important to improve crop productivity under foreseeable complex stress situations. Exploitation of the available plant genetic resources in combination with the use of modern molecular tools for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and application of genomic selection (GS) could lead to considerable improvements in sunflower, especially with regard to different stresses and better adaptation to the climate change. In this chapter we present a review of climate-smart (CS) traits and respective genetic resources and tools for their introduction into the cultivated sunflower, thus making it the oil crop resilient to the extreme climatic conditions and well-known and emerging pests and diseases.

Wheat (mainly common, soft wheat Triticum aestivum but also durum, hard wheat Triticum turgidum) ranks third in the global annual production of commodities. It is the world’s largest crop in terms of harvested area (FAO, 2012) and considered as the most important field crops in the world. It provides more than 20% of the calorific intake for almost two-thirds of the human population. Wheat also contributes to nearly 30% of the world grain production and 50% of the world grain trade (Akter & Rafiqul Islam, 2017). Underutilized cereal crops such as oat, hull-less barley, triticale, and the pseudocereal buckwheat are getting more attention in recent years due to their ability to better cope with abiotic/biotic stresses. Underutilized cereal crops also have potentials to provide important health-promoting compounds and quality traits for sustainable food and feed production.