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Abstract The growth of barrier anodic film is considered theoretically with regard to the migration of three ionic carriers: oxygen and metal ions and electrolyte anions. It is shown that the consideration of anion transport leads to the conclusion that the film grows at three interfaces: the metal/oxide and oxide/electrolyte interfaces and the interface between an oxide layer containing electrolyte anions (contaminated layer) and the oxide layer free of them (“pure” layer). The error in the measured transport numbers of metal and oxygen, which is caused by ignoring a contribution of electrolyte anions to the total charge transport, is maximum in the absence of anion motion.

Nowadays, there is a growing consumer interest in food products, made from vegeta-ble raw materials. The article is devoted to an actual topic related to the choice of plant mate-rials, based on its nutritional and biological value, in order to create functional beverages. The analysis of the world market of vegetable analogues of milk was implemented. Based on the literature, the following raw materials were analyzed: cashew nuts, cannabis fruits, sesame and poppy seeds, almond kernels, buckwheat seeds and oats, soybeans. The data on nutritional value, vitamin-mineral and amino acid composition, as well as the composition of fatty acids of the specified raw materials was presented. The conclusion is made about the perspective of its use for the manufacture of drinks, alternative cow’s milk. The article reflects the results of research work on the creation of a functional drink based on sesame seeds, provides information about the nutritional value and biochemical composition of the drink, made on the basis of this raw material. Sesame milk when used regularly can help prevent diseases of the car-diovascular system, the gastrointestinal tract, the musculoskeletal system.

One of the main sources of water pollution is industry, including food production enterprises. Wastewater of this industry is intensively polluted with easily decomposable organic substances, which can cause great damage to water bodies. Existing wastewater treatment technologies are extremely energy-consuming due to deficiencies in the analysis of the composition of liquid media, which can reveal an excess of maximum permissible concentrations of not more than ten percent of the total amount of normalized pollution. In the present paper, data on the existing wastewater discharge obtained by the laboratory method are presented, and the level of their pollution is estimated. Information about the developed Microbiological Treatment System and its ability to reduce pollutant concentrations is presented: for suspended solids by 17 times, for mass concentration of fats by 17 times, for BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) by 45 times, for COD (chemical oxygen demand) by 10 times, in artificially created storage ponds.

Addition of ethanol and some other primary alcohols, except methanol, to cells and protoplasts (but not membrane particles) considerably stimulated the rate of oxygen consumption. This additional respiration was strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM KCN. The cyanide inhibition curve of endogenous substrate oxidation was slightly biphasic while in the presence of ethanol it became clearly biphasic having Ki values of approx. 0.1 and 0.5 mM. Based on the steady-state cytochrome spectra in the presence of 0.1 mM KCN, we attributed the lower Ki to cytochrome a602. Proteolysis of protoplasts external membrane proteins did not change the rate of endogeneous substrate oxidation but prevented the inhibition of this respiration by low concentrations of KCN and stimulation of oxygen consumption by ethanol. The activity of NAD(+)-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm was found to be 520 nmol NADH- x min-1 x mg-1 protein. Proteolysis of external membrane proteins apparently inhibits the operation of the cytochrome a602-containing electron transport branch inducing the suppression of electron flow from NADH to oxygen.

Road traffic crashes represent a substantial global public health issue. In Saudi Arabia, which is the focus area of this research, road traffic crashes kill over 130,000 people annually, accounting for almost 5% of deaths in that country. A cross-sectional study with 316 participants holding a valid Saudi driver’s license was conducted via the internet from December 2019 to March 2020 to collect information about the prevalence of risky driving habits among Saudi drivers. The sample was predominantly men and aged between 20 and 39, which is representative of the population of drivers in Saudi Arabia. Drivers generally reported engaging in safe behaviors, although they did state that they drove above the legal speed limit, drove aggressively around slow drivers, and became distracted while driving with some frequency. Multivariate analyses suggested men took more risks than women and younger drivers took more risks than older ones. We conclude that the behavior among drivers in Saudi Arabia generally matches those in other cultures and countries, with men and young adults taking the most risks while driving. Preventative strategies should be developed and implemented in Saudi Arabia.

ObjectivesHeavy alcohol use can cause somatic and mental diseases, affects patients’ social life and is associated with social isolation, unemployment and reduced quality of life. Therefore, societal costs of alcohol dependence are expected to be high. The aim of this study was to estimate excess costs of patients with alcohol dependence diagnosed using theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria compared with individuals without alcohol dependence in Germany.DesignIn a secondary analysis, baseline data of patients with alcohol dependence enrolled in a randomised controlled trial (German Clinical Trials Register DRS00005035) were compared with data collected via a telephone survey from individuals without alcohol dependence and that had been matched by entropy balancing. Health service use was evaluated retrospectively for a 6-month period.SettingsFour German psychiatric university clinics (patients with alcohol dependence) and the German general adult population (individuals without alcohol dependence).Participantsn=236 adult patients with alcohol dependence and n=4687 adult individuals without alcohol dependence.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe excess costs of health service use, absenteeism and unemployment of patients with alcohol dependence were calculated and compared with individuals without alcohol dependence. In subgroup analyses, the associations between excess cost and gender, comorbidities and the duration of disease were investigated.ResultsTotal 6-month excess costs of €11 839 (95% CI €11 529 to €12 147) were caused by direct excess costs of €4349 (95% CI €4129 to €4566) and indirect costs of €7490 (95% CI €5124 to €9856). In particular, costs of inpatient treatment, formal long-term care, absenteeism and unemployment were high.ConclusionsAlcohol dependence causes substantial direct and indirect excess costs. Cost-effective interventions to prevent and treat alcohol dependence are urgently needed.Trial registration numberDRKS00005035.

The main goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of population mobility on electricity generation in Russian cities in the conditions of the spread of COVID-19, and identify hotspots. Furthermore, the evaluation is also conducted using hybrid fuzzy decision-making modelling. In this context, q-ROF DEMATEL and TOPSIS methods are taken into consideration. Additionally, a comparative evaluation is also performed with the help of Intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The results are quite similar that allows to conclude that the findings are reliable and coherent. The study proves the hypothesis that human behavior changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and electricity consumption is declining in major cities around the world. The biggest fall in energy generation was in Moscow and Yekaterinburg. In St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod, the fall in energy generation is no so crucial because these cities have low building density. The study uses Long Short-Term Memory models with many different parameters. The Q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets model forecasts new COVID-19 using ten parameters. This study identifies factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 based on the theory of "broken windows" and outlines directions in limiting population mobility, which can form the basis of state policy. According to the analysis the air temperature is the variable that most affects this process.

The article examines the impact of new economic conditions against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trade enterprises competitiveness using the example of the market of building and finishing materials. The aim of the study is to identify the qualities that a manager, who is able to bring an enterprise out of a crisis state with the least consequences for it, should possess, to develop a model for managing the competitiveness of trade enterprises by forming a set of corrective measures aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of services accompanying the trade in construction and finishing materials. Theoretical studies were carried out using the methods of system analysis and generalization of the existing scientific developments in the field of managing the trade enterprises’ competitiveness [1]. The methods of statistical analysis were used to determine the crisis impact assessment on the competitiveness of trade enterprises and to identify the competitive advantages of the industrial analyzed segment. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained.: - analysis of trends in the retail industry revealed the main problems of trade enterprises in the context of the crisis caused by the spread of a new coronavirus infection; - the use of the fundamental principles of the formation and maintenance of the organization’s competitive advantages made it possible to determine the competitive advantages of trading enterprises in the market of building and finishing materials, using digital technologies in business, allowing to maintain a stable position in industrial market; - relying on a system of long-term competitive advantages, the main activity areas of trade enterprises were identified, which, thanks to corrective solutions, are able to ensure sustainable development in the context of overcoming the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.