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We researched China's climate and sustainable development goal with relevant and susceptible instruments capable of inducing and mitigating carbon emissions. Amidst the contributor to the global carbon emissions, China is caught in between mitigating its carbon emission and aiming towards placing its national contribution of emissions to the acceptable levels of 1.5 °C and below 2 °C. Following the intricacies surrounding China's sustainable development as it contains its economic and environmental performance, we adopt China's data of 1980 and 2018 with different scientific approaches (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), dynamic ordinary least square test, and bootstrap Granger causality) with different instruments (such as economic growth, financial development, renewable energy, and innovation policies) to research China's sustainable development. For clear exposition and insight into our findings with policies attached, we draw a conclusion from the outcomes of the mentioned approaches. From NARDL and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), we find that economic growth through economic activities is statistically significant in determining the trend (increase) of carbon emissions in China in both periods (short run and long run). However, other selected instruments (financial, renewable, and innovation policies) tend towards controlling and moderating the carbon emissions in China. Thus, China has good prospects to mitigate its carbon emissions if considered tailoring its policies towards favorable instruments. From bootstrap Granger causality, we find similar inferential results that support previous findings thereby confirming the positive implication of the selected instruments to China's sustainable development. Hence, the nexus that is established among the selected instruments clearly show the importance of technological innovation and renewable energy in mitigating carbon emissions.

Global warming has become one of the most critical factors affecting the world, especially in the last decade. Therefore, it is of great importance to analyze the impact of global warming and take measures. The main factor leading to global warming is considered to be people’s consumption and production behaviors. The primary indicator of this is greenhouse gases. Relevant policy changes need to be made to control greenhouse gases. In this context, it is necessary to determine the differences in greenhouse gas emissions at the national level. To identify these differences, this study applies the convergence hypothesis, which has been the subject of numerous researchers since the 1980s. In this study, we analyzed the greenhouse gas intensity convergence for countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) using linear and nonlinear panel unit root tests. The results of this study show that the greenhouse gas emissions in the OECD countries do not converge to the OECD average.

The Paris Agreement (PA), which is an important step toward mitigating climate change, has ascribed new responsibilities to the signatory parties that differ from those of the Kyoto Protocol (KP). This study is focused on the new responsibilities and the reasons why Turkey has not yet assigned the agreement into its own domestic law, although it was signed on April 22, 2016. There are several political and legal reasons for this, but the most important is Turkey's membership in the OECD as a developed country. Besides, developing countries shall be supported by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) at a $100 billion budget per year. Turkey needs GCF support in terms of technology transfer, capacity building, and financial in order to achieve the agreement's goals. Turkey has demanded privileged status similar to the one in the KP, i.e., whether or not to be deemed as a developed country.The core aim of the PA is to keep global temperature increases below 20 °C by the year 2030, insomuch as to limit temperature increases even further to 1.50 °C. This goal depends on the mitigation of CO2 levels, which means that countries should mitigate GHG emissions caused by deforestation and take further actions by primarily abandoning fossil fuels, improving/attaching importance to energy efficiency, and changing/improving land use planning. Within this context, the second part of the study analyzes the efficiency level of forestry legislation and Turkey's climate policies in terms of the responsibilities to be assigned by the PA. The analysis is based on the question as to what extent the Turkish forestry legislation fulfills the responsibilities ascribed by the PA for preventing deforestation. Consequently, it has been concluded that eight criteria determined by the PA are not adequately included in the Turkish forestry legislation and shall require an amendment on a large scale, particularly when Turkey is deemed as a developed country.

In recent years, a growing body of research has investigated the factors influencing land surface temperature (LST) in different cities, employing diverse methodologies. Our study aims to be one of the few to examine the socio-environmental variables (SV) of LST with a holistic approach, especially in primate cities in developing countries, which are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In this context, the study preliminarily identifies the SV of LST while investigating the most vulnerable areas related to extreme LST at the neighborhood level. The combined 11 variables are analyzed using spatial modeling methods (GWR and MGWR). The MGWR model outperforms the GWR model with an adjusted R2 of 0.96. The results showed that: (1) the 65+ population is negatively associated with LST in 95% of neighborhoods; the socioeconomic index–LST relationship is negative in 65% of neighborhoods. (2) In 90% of the neighborhoods where the relationship between LST and the built environment ratio is positive, the socioeconomic level decreases while household size increases in 98% of the neighborhoods. (3) In 62% of the neighborhoods where the relationship between the 65+ population and LST is negative, the relationship between the socioeconomic level and LST is negative. This study aids decision-makers and planners in managing urban resources to reduce extreme LST exposure region by region and recommending multiscale policies to control determinant influences on LST.

Abstract The recent historical increase in energy-related CO2 emissions globally have put the United States of America’s (USA) transportation sector in the spotlight, courtesy of the significantly high pollutant emissions from this particular sector. Taking a cue from this, this paper follows sustainable development goals of the United Nations, and investigates the impact of biomass energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, and economic growth (GDP) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the transportation sector of the USA. In doing so, this study also employs the Gregory-Hansen cointegration, Hatemi-J cointegration, cointegration regression (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR), and Spectral Breitung-Candelon causality test for the period between 1981Q1 and 2019Q4. The findings reveal that (i) a significant nonlinear cointegration among the environmental quality determinants is observed, using the threshold cointegration test. This test determines the structural breaks endogenously and combines two cointegration tests, namely the Gregory-Hansen Cointegration and Hatemi-J Cointegration tests; (ii) while the use of biomass energy consumption and real GDP have a negative effect on CO2 emissions in the transportation sector, the rising fossil fuel energy consumption is associated with increasing the CO2 emissions that are stemming from the transportation sector; (iii) in the long-run, biomass energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, and real GDP cause CO2 emissions to stem from the transportation sector in the USA at different frequency levels. In general, the current study offers policy insights for the transportation sector of the USA and other similar economies that replicate the same conditions.

The transition of most economies especially heavily industrialized nations like China, Turkey, Russia, India, Indonesia, Brazil, and Mexico fondly known as E7 are fast emerging economies with its impact on economic growth and ecosystem. On the above highlight, the present study explores the dynamic interaction between hydroelectricity energy, renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption on economic growth over annual time frequency data from 1990 to 2018. To this end, Kao co-integration technique is adopted in conjunction with panel ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, and fully modified ordinary least square estimators over the identified blocs while the heterogeneous causality test of Dumitrescu and Hurlin is employed to detect the direction of causality among the variables. Empirical result shows long-run analysis reveals long-run equilibrium relationship between the examined variables. Furthermore, a one-way causality relationship is observed between economic growth and nonrenewable energy, economic growth and renewable energy, and economic growth and pollutant emission. The present study identifies a U-shaped pattern among nonrenewable energy consumption and economic growth in the long-run. These findings suggest that as economic growth increases, there is less strengthening of energy from the nonrenewable energy consumption hence, portentous deterioration in nonrenewable usage while authenticating the proficiency of nonrenewable energy consumption in the E7 countries. Further policy prescriptions are rendered in the concluding section.

This paper examines the causal relationship between oil consumption and the real GDP for Turkey, using annual data covering the period 1970-2007. Our estimation results show that while oil consumption has a negative effect on economic growth in the long run, no short run relationship exists between the variables.

Abstract Renewable energy technologies are promising, yet, very little is known about its role as a limiting factor in fossil fuel-attributable environmental degradation — especially in high-income countries. This study investigated the dynamic effect of renewable energy consumption, economic growth, biocapacity and trade policy on environmental degradation in the United States from 1985Q1 to 2014Q4. To achieve this objective, the study applied an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to obtain the long-run and short-run dynamic coefficients. Toda-Yamamoto causality test was used to examine the direction of causality while Cholesky decomposition test was for innovative accounting to validate the estimated models. The empirical results divulged that a decline in environmental degradation can be attributed to an increase in renewable energy consumption through its negative effects on ecological footprint. Economic growth and biocapacity were found to exert upward pressure on ecological footprint; however, trade policy exerts downward pressure on ecological footprint. A two-sided causal relationship was established between economic growth and ecological footprint as well as economic growth and biocapacity. In contrast, a one-way causality was confirmed running from trade policy to renewable energy consumption and from renewable energy consumption to biocapacity. The innovative accounting revealed that 14.79% and 8.41% of renewable energy consumption and trade policy caused 0.60% and 9.88% deterioration in the environment. Hence, country-specific energy policies that increase the share of renewable energy in the energy portfolio are recommended.

Reconnaissant les conséquences dévastatrices de la détérioration de l'environnement, les membres méditerranéens se sont engagés à adopter les plans d'action du traité de 2015 de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat (COP21) alors que les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) augmentent dans la région méditerranéenne, ce qui semble être un grave défi pour l'environnement mondial. À cette fin, notre étude a examiné l'impact des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) sur la dégradation de l'environnement des membres méditerranéens pour la période allant de 1995 à 2016. Cependant, des variables telles que le développement financier, la croissance économique, les énergies renouvelables et les combustibles fossiles ont été examinées plus en détail par la méthodologie de retard réparti auto-régressif groupé par panneaux transversaux, le groupe à moyenne augmentée (AMG) et le test de causalité par panneaux Dumitrescu et Hurlin ont été utilisés pour l'analyse de causalité. Les résultats de la co-intégration de Westerlund (2007) montrent une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre les variables mises en évidence. Le résultat empirique a révélé une relation négative entre les IDE et l'hypothèse Hallo du polluant indicateur de CO2 (PHH). De plus, le revenu et son carré montrent une courbe en forme de U inversé indiquant l'hypothèse de la courbe de Kuznets environnementale (EKC). Tant le développement financier que les énergies renouvelables ont indiqué une association négative avec les émissions de CO2, tandis que les combustibles fossiles avaient une relation positive avec les émissions. Cependant, il y avait une causalité de rétroaction entre le revenu et les émissions de carbone ainsi que le développement financier et les émissions de carbone. En outre, nous observons que les IDE et les émissions de carbone, les énergies renouvelables et les émissions de carbone, ainsi que les émissions de combustibles fossiles et de carbone ont une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude suggère certaines prescriptions politiques, notamment la mise en œuvre d'initiatives de conservation et la mise en place d'une réglementation et de stratégies en matière d'énergie propre pour le bloc étudié. Reconociendo las devastadoras consecuencias del deterioro ambiental, los miembros mediterráneos se comprometen a adoptar los planes de acción del tratado de 2015 del Acuerdo Climático de París (COP21), ya que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) están aumentando en la región mediterránea, lo que parece ser un grave desafío para el medio ambiente de nuestro mundo. Con este fin, nuestro estudio examinó el impacto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en la degradación ambiental de los miembros mediterráneos durante el período comprendido entre 1995 y 2016. Sin embargo, variables como el desarrollo financiero, el crecimiento económico, las energías renovables y los combustibles fósiles se examinaron más a fondo mediante la metodología de retardo distribuido autorregresivo agrupado de panel transversal de uso, el Grupo de media aumentada (AMG) y la prueba de causalidad de panel de Dumitrescu y Hurlin para el análisis de causalidad. Los resultados de la cointegración de Westerlund (2007) muestran una relación de equilibrio a largo plazo entre las variables resaltadas. El resultado empírico reveló una relación negativa entre la IED y el CO2, lo que indica la hipótesis del hallo contaminante (PHH). Además, el ingreso y su cuadrado muestran una curva en forma de U invertida que indica la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC). Tanto el desarrollo financiero como las energías renovables indicaron una asociación adversa con las emisiones de CO2, mientras que los combustibles fósiles tuvieron una relación positiva con las emisiones. Sin embargo, hubo una causalidad de retroalimentación entre los ingresos y las emisiones de carbono, así como el desarrollo financiero y las emisiones de carbono. Además, observamos que la IED y las emisiones de carbono, las energías renovables y las emisiones de carbono, así como los combustibles fósiles y las emisiones de carbono, tenían una relación causal unidireccional. En general, el estudio sugiere algunas prescripciones de políticas, incluida la implementación de iniciativas de conservación y el establecimiento de regulaciones y estrategias de energía limpia para el bloque investigado. In acknowledgment of the devastating consequences of environmental deterioration, the Mediterranean members are committed to adopt the 2015 treaty action plans of the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21) as carbon dioxide emission (CO2) are on the rise in the Mediterranean region, which seems to be a serious challenge to our world's environment. To this end, our study examined the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on environmental degradation for the Mediterranean members for the period between 1995 to 2016. However, variables such as, financial development, economic growth, renewable energy and fossil fuel were further examined by the use cross-sectional-Panel pooled Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test was used for causality analysis. The co-integration results from Westerlund (2007) shows a long-run equilibrium relationship between highlighted variables. The empirical result revealed a negative relation between FDI and CO2 indicating pollutant Hallo Hypothesis (PHH). Moreover, income and its square show an inverted U-Shaped curve indicating environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Both financial development and renewable energy indicated an adverse association with CO2 emission whereas fossil fuel had a positive relationship with emissions. However, there was a feedback causality among income and carbon emission as well as financial development and carbon emission. Furthermore, we observe that FDI and carbon emission, renewable energy and carbon emission, as well as fossil fuel and carbon emission were found to have one-way causal relationship. Overall, the study suggests some policy prescriptions including the implementation of conservation initiatives and the establishment of clean energy regulation and strategies for the investigated bloc. اعترافاً بالعواقب المدمرة للتدهور البيئي، يلتزم أعضاء البحر الأبيض المتوسط باعتماد خطط عمل اتفاقية باريس للمناخ لعام 2015 (COP21) مع ارتفاع انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO2) في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط، والتي يبدو أنها تشكل تحدياً خطيراً لبيئة عالمنا. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، درست دراستنا تأثير الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر على التدهور البيئي لأعضاء منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط للفترة من 1995 إلى 2016. ومع ذلك، تم فحص متغيرات مثل التنمية المالية والنمو الاقتصادي والطاقة المتجددة والوقود الأحفوري بشكل أكبر من خلال استخدام منهجية التأخر الموزع الانحداري التلقائي المجمعة باللوحة المقطعية، وتم استخدام مجموعة المتوسط المعزز (AMG) واختبار سببية لوحة دوميتريسكو وهيرلين لتحليل السببية. تُظهر نتائج التكامل المشترك من ويسترلوند (2007) علاقة توازن طويلة المدى بين المتغيرات البارزة. كشفت النتيجة التجريبية عن وجود علاقة سلبية بين الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وثاني أكسيد الكربون مما يشير إلى فرضية هالو الملوثة (PHH). علاوة على ذلك، يُظهر الدخل ومربعه منحنى مقلوب على شكل حرف U يشير إلى فرضية منحنى كوزنتس البيئي (EKC). وأشار كل من التطور المالي والطاقة المتجددة إلى وجود ارتباط سلبي بانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في حين أن الوقود الأحفوري له علاقة إيجابية بالانبعاثات. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك علاقة ارتجاعية بين الدخل وانبعاثات الكربون وكذلك التنمية المالية وانبعاثات الكربون. علاوة على ذلك، نلاحظ أن الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وانبعاثات الكربون والطاقة المتجددة وانبعاثات الكربون، وكذلك الوقود الأحفوري وانبعاثات الكربون، لها علاقة سببية أحادية الاتجاه. بشكل عام، تقترح الدراسة بعض الوصفات السياسية بما في ذلك تنفيذ مبادرات الحفظ ووضع لوائح واستراتيجيات للطاقة النظيفة للكتلة التي تم التحقيق فيها.