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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aydoğan, Bilal;

    Biyodizel yakıtlar sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlar olarak incelemeye alınmaktadır. Biyodizel yakıtlar farklı oranlarda sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda değişiklik yapılmadan kullanılabilir yakıtlardır. Biyodizel ile dizel yakıt No.2 arasında önemli bir yapısal fark biyodizelin kütlesel bazda %10-12 arasında oksijen içermesidir. Bu da motorun tork ve gücünü azaltmaya sebep olacak yakıtın ısıl değerinin düşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yakıt içerisindeki oksijen yanmanın iyileşmesine ve dolayısı ile is, CO ve HC gibi emisyonların azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bitkisel yağların içersinde dizel yakıta göre çok az kükürt bulunmasından dolayı, karışımdaki biyodizel oranına bağlı olarak SO2 emisyonunda azalma olmaktadır. Biyodizelin emisyonlar açısından en önemli dezavantajı NOx ile ilgilidir. NOx emisyonları motor yakıt sistemi, motor tipi ve motor yükü gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak değişse de genel olarak biyodizel kullanımı ile yakıt içerisindeki oksijenden ve yanma odasındaki yüksek sıcaklıktan dolayı NOx emisyonlarında artma olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kanola, atık bitkisel yağlar, tütün tohumu yağı ve sabun stoklarından katalizör olarak sodyum hidroksit/ sülfürik asit, alkol olarak metanol kullanılarak laboratuar ortamında biyodizel üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen biyodizeller farklı oranlarda oda sıcaklığında düşük kükürtlü dizel yakıt ile karıştırılmıştır. Karışımlar ve dizel yakıt No.2, ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorda tam yükte farklı dönme sayılarında test edilmiştir. Dizel Yakıt No.2'ye biyodizel ilavesinin NOx, CO, SO2, is ve performans parametrelerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda NOx azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biodiesels have been considered as alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel can be used in different proportions in CI engines without any modification. There is an important compositional difference between biodiesels and the diesel fuel. Biodiesels contain approximately 10?12% oxygen in weight basis. This leads to reduction in the energy content of the fuel resulting in lower engine torque and power. However, the oxygen in the fuel helps to reduce exhaust emissions such as smoke, CO and HC mainly due to the effect of complete combustion. Since vegetable oils includes very little sulphur compared to the diesel fuel No.2, some reduction in SO2 emission is obtained depending on the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel. The main disadvantage of biodiesel on emissions is related to NOx. Although NOx emissions mainly depend on the engine fuelling system, engine type and engine loading, in general biodiesel usage increases NOx emissions due to oxygen content of the fuel and higher temperatures of combustion chamber. In this study, biodiesels were produced from canola oil, tobacco seed oil, soap stocks and waste vegetable oils using sodium hydroxide/sulphuric acid as catalyst and methanol as alcohol in laboratory conditions. The produced biodiesels were blended with low sulphur diesel fuel No.2 in different proportions at the room temperature. The blends and diesel fuel No.2 were tested in an indirect injection turbocharged diesel engine at full load and different engine speeds. The effects of the biodiesel addition to diesel fuel No.2 on NOx, CO, SO2, smoke and performance parameters were investigated. In addition, different NOx reduction techniques in compression ignition engines were examined. 81

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aydoğan, Bilal;

    Biyodizel yakıtlar sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlar olarak incelemeye alınmaktadır. Biyodizel yakıtlar farklı oranlarda sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda değişiklik yapılmadan kullanılabilir yakıtlardır. Biyodizel ile dizel yakıt No.2 arasında önemli bir yapısal fark biyodizelin kütlesel bazda %10-12 arasında oksijen içermesidir. Bu da motorun tork ve gücünü azaltmaya sebep olacak yakıtın ısıl değerinin düşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yakıt içerisindeki oksijen yanmanın iyileşmesine ve dolayısı ile is, CO ve HC gibi emisyonların azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bitkisel yağların içersinde dizel yakıta göre çok az kükürt bulunmasından dolayı, karışımdaki biyodizel oranına bağlı olarak SO2 emisyonunda azalma olmaktadır. Biyodizelin emisyonlar açısından en önemli dezavantajı NOx ile ilgilidir. NOx emisyonları motor yakıt sistemi, motor tipi ve motor yükü gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak değişse de genel olarak biyodizel kullanımı ile yakıt içerisindeki oksijenden ve yanma odasındaki yüksek sıcaklıktan dolayı NOx emisyonlarında artma olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kanola, atık bitkisel yağlar, tütün tohumu yağı ve sabun stoklarından katalizör olarak sodyum hidroksit/ sülfürik asit, alkol olarak metanol kullanılarak laboratuar ortamında biyodizel üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen biyodizeller farklı oranlarda oda sıcaklığında düşük kükürtlü dizel yakıt ile karıştırılmıştır. Karışımlar ve dizel yakıt No.2, ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorda tam yükte farklı dönme sayılarında test edilmiştir. Dizel Yakıt No.2'ye biyodizel ilavesinin NOx, CO, SO2, is ve performans parametrelerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda NOx azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biodiesels have been considered as alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel can be used in different proportions in CI engines without any modification. There is an important compositional difference between biodiesels and the diesel fuel. Biodiesels contain approximately 10?12% oxygen in weight basis. This leads to reduction in the energy content of the fuel resulting in lower engine torque and power. However, the oxygen in the fuel helps to reduce exhaust emissions such as smoke, CO and HC mainly due to the effect of complete combustion. Since vegetable oils includes very little sulphur compared to the diesel fuel No.2, some reduction in SO2 emission is obtained depending on the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel. The main disadvantage of biodiesel on emissions is related to NOx. Although NOx emissions mainly depend on the engine fuelling system, engine type and engine loading, in general biodiesel usage increases NOx emissions due to oxygen content of the fuel and higher temperatures of combustion chamber. In this study, biodiesels were produced from canola oil, tobacco seed oil, soap stocks and waste vegetable oils using sodium hydroxide/sulphuric acid as catalyst and methanol as alcohol in laboratory conditions. The produced biodiesels were blended with low sulphur diesel fuel No.2 in different proportions at the room temperature. The blends and diesel fuel No.2 were tested in an indirect injection turbocharged diesel engine at full load and different engine speeds. The effects of the biodiesel addition to diesel fuel No.2 on NOx, CO, SO2, smoke and performance parameters were investigated. In addition, different NOx reduction techniques in compression ignition engines were examined. 81

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: AKASLAN, Yaşar;

    Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nüzûlüyle birlikte başlayan Kur’ân eğitim tarihinin önemli bir boyutunu kıraat faaliyetleri oluşturur. Gerek Hz. Peygamber döneminde gerekse onun vefatından sonraki süreçte, Müslümanların Kur’ân kıraatlerini yaymaya yönelik eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda müesseseler kurulmuş, kıraat ilmi eğitimine dönük eserler yazılmış ve metotlar geliştirilerek kıraat ilminin yayılmasına katkıda bulunulmuştur. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, -ülkemiz adına- bir fetret dönemi yaşanmıştır. Uzun yıllar devletin gözetiminde ve resmî kurumları vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretimi, Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu’nun çıkarılmasından sonra Türkiye’de gayr-ı resmî olarak yürütülmüş, bu ilmi okutan ehil hocaların azalmasıyla kıraat ilmine yönelik faaliyetler zamanla yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ülkemizde, son yıllarda aşere-takrîb-tayyibe tedrisine yönelik ihtisas kurslarının ve buralarda yetişenlerin sayısının hızla artması, üzerinde müstakil bir çalışmayı hak etmektedir. Özetİslâm eğitim tarihinde, kıraat ilmi sahasında pek çok âlim yetişmiş, çok sayıda eser kaleme alınmış ve pratik tarafıyla bu ilmin tedrisine devam edilegelmiştir. Kur’ân kelimelerinin telaffuz farklılıklarını konu edinen bu köklü ilmin tahsiline yönelik, zamanla birtakım müesseseler kurulmuş ve kıraat ilmi eğitiminin tarihsel sürecinde birtakım metotlar geliştirilmiştir.Kaynaklarda, kıraat ilminin Anadolu’ya ne zaman ve kimin vasıtasıyla geldiği tam olarak belli değildir. Osmanlı coğrafyasının kıraat ilmiyle tanışması, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin öğrencisi Hatîb Abdulmü’min Rûmî’nin Bursa’daki kıraat eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerine başlamasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı’da, kıraat ilmi tedrisatının İbnü’l-Cezerî ile müesses bir yapı arz ettiği ve resmiyet kazandığı ifade edilir. Dolayısıyla Türkler’in kıraat ilmiyle tanışmaları, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin Bursa’ya gelişinin öncesine tekabül eder.Osmanlı coğrafyasında, XI-XIII. asırlar arasında kıraat ilmi ve tedrisatı en parlak dönemini yaşamış, yedi ve on kıraat olmak üzere eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri yürütülmüştür. Yine Dânî, Şâtıbî ve İbnü’l-Cezerî gibi âlimlerin eserleri esas alınarak birçok müellif, tedrisata dönük yardımcı kaynaklar telif ederek uygulamaya koymuşlardır. Bu sayede kıraat eğitim-öğretimi daha pratik hale getirilmiş ve belirli usûller çerçevesinde okutulmaya başlanmıştır. XIII. asır sonları, aynı zamanda yedi kıraati esas alan seb‘a tarîki tedrisatının ülkemizde yavaş yavaş yerini on kıraati temel alan aşere tarîkine bıraktığı dönemdir. Böylece kıraat müfredatında, seb‘a tarîki okunmadan doğrudan aşere tarîkine geçilmiştir.Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretimi, 3 Mart 1924’te Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile birlikte medreselerin ilgâsına kadar dâru’l-kurrâ denilen ihtisas merkezlerinde yapılırken, medreselerin kapanmasıyla resmî olarak kesintiye uğramıştır. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1968 yılına kadar kıraat ilmi, kurumsal seviyede tedris edilememiş ancak özverili üstâdların şahsî gayretleriyle okutulmuştur. Bu tarihe kadar kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretiminin devlet eliyle yürütülmemesi ya da bu ilme ilgi duyanların teşvik edilmemesi gibi sebeplerle kıraat ilmini okuyup-okutanların sayısı gün geçtikçe azalarak neredeyse bu ilim yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. 1968 yılında ise dönemin Diyanet İşleri Başkan Yardımcısı Tayyar Altıkulaç’ın girişimiyle Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu riyâsetinde resmî olarak kıraat ilmi yeniden tahsil edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tarihte, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının görevlendirmesiyle kurumun bazı personeli, hizmet içi eğitim kapsamında, Aşıkkutlu’dan kıraat derslerini tahsil etmek üzere Trabzon’un Of ilçesine bağlı Çifaruksa/Uğurlu beldesine gönderilmiştir.İstanbul Haseki Eğitim Merkezi’nin 1976 yılında Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından açılmasıyla birlikte Aşere-Takrîb-Tayyibe İhtisas Kursu, eğitim merkezi düzeyinde hizmete giren ilk kurs olmuştur. Burada Aşıkkutlu Mısır tarîkini, Gürses ise İstanbul tarîkini temsil etmek üzere her iki tarîkle birlikte kıraat tedrisatı sürdürülmüştür. Bu ihtisas kurslarının üçer yıllık dönemler halinde yapılması öngörülmüş ve sınavla kursiyer kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. 1976-1979 yılları arasındaki ilk dönem sonunda kurs her iki tarîkten de ilk mezunlarını vermiştir.Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı önceden belirlediği tarihlerde, teşkilat bünyesinde veya diğer kurumlarda görev yapan yahut özel sektörde çalışan, kendi imkânları ve özel gayretleriyle aşere-takrîb eğitimini tamamlamış ve icâzet almış olan kimseler için hizmet içi eğitim belgesi sınavı düzenlemektedir. Yazılı ve sözlü olmak üzere iki aşamalı bu sınavda başarılı olanlara, söz konusu belge verilmektedir. Başkanlığın ilk defa 2010 yılında ve iki yılda bir defa olacak şekilde gerçekleştirdiği “Aşere-Takrîb Kursunu Dışarıdan Okuyanlar İçin Belge Sınavı” adlı sınavla -2018 yılı itibariyle- 184 kişi bu belgeyi almaya hak kazanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki kıraat eğitiminde, öğrencilerin aşerenin temel kâidelerini öğrendiklerinde, rivâyetleri birbirinden ayırt etme alışkanlığı kazanmasına yönelik infirâd yöntemiyle, Kur’ân’ın ilk 5-10 sayfası her öğrenciye aşere tarîki üzere yazdırılır ve okutulur. Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, infirâd yöntemiyle bir süre okuyan öğrenciye kıraat kavramları, kâideleri, imam ve râvî sıralaması gibi hususlarda alışkanlık kazandırdıktan sonra, indirâc yöntemiyle tüm Kur’ân’ın aşere sûreti her bir öğrenciye yazdırılıp okutulur. Kıraat ilmi tedrisatıyla uğraşan âlimlerin, öğretimde takip ettikleri kaynaklar ve metotlar, bulundukları bölgelerde yaygınlaşarak o bölgenin adıyla bilinir olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı coğrafyasında kıraat ilmi, İstanbul ve Mısır tarîkleri olmak üzere iki usûlle okutulagelmiştir. Günümüz Türkiye’sinde, aynı şekilde bu iki tarîk üzere tahsil edilmeye devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde hâlihazırda yürütülen kıraat tedrisatında, İstanbul tarîkini Sûfî mesleği temsil etmekte ve başta İstanbul olmak üzere birçok merkezde kıraat eğitimi bu mesleğe göre yürütülmektedir. Halen Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali, Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses Eğitim Merkezleri’nde bu meslek okutulmaktadır. Ülkemizdeki son devir kıraat âlimlerinden Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu ve Gönenli Mehmed Öğütçü, Mısır tarîkinin temsilcileridir. Ülkemizde Mısır tarîki, takip edilen ve yaygın olarak benimsenip uygulanmasıyla günümüzde Atâullah mesleğiyle temsil edilmektedir.Günümüzde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, özellikle ilk başlarda edâ yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Böylece öğrenci, hocasından kıraatin uygulamasını bizzat işitmiş ve hocasına dersi sunmuş olur. Eğitim sürecinin ilerleyen aşamalarında, öğrenci dersi icrâda meleke kesbettikten sonra semâ‘ uygulamasının yoğunluğu azaltılır ve arz uygulamasına ağırlık verilir. Kıraat eğitiminde takip edilen programa gelince, klasik usûlde olduğu gibi günümüzde de ülkemizde takip edilen program aynı şekildedir. Buna göre tedriste aşere, takrîb ve tayyibe olmak üzere üç program takip edilir. Öte yandan kıraat okumaya başlayan kişinin sağlam hâfız olması ve Âsım kıraatinin Hafs rivâyetine göre tecvîd ilmini iyi bilip uygulayabilmesi şarttır. Böyle olmakla birlikte tecvîd ilmindeki uygulamaların pekişmesine yönelik müfredatta tecvîd dersi yer alır. Qur’ān Recitation (qirā’āt) activities constitute a good part of the Qur’ān education history starting with the revealation of the Qur’ān. In Prophet Muḥammad’s era and after his death, education and teaching activities for spreading the Qur’ān recitations were maintained by muslims. Several institutions were built for this purpose, and many works are written for qirā’ātscience education and methods developed made a big contribution to the spreading of qur’ān recitation science. An Interregnum period for qirā’ātscience has happened at the last period of Ottomans and first years of Republic of Turkey. Qirā’ātScience, under the state supervision and by formal institutions for many years, were sustained in an informal way after the law on unification of education were introduced. With the decrease of teachers, the education of the Qur’ān recitation faced a difficult time and almost nearly ceased. In our country, increasing of the expertness courses and number of men who trained in this places in recent years deserve a separate study, particularly on this subject. SummaryThere are many scholars who have studied the recitation of the Qur’ān (qirā’āt), and many papers that have been written on this subject analysing it by means of practice. Some institutions are founded with the purpose of teaching qirā’ātand a number of different methods have been developed in the historical process of qirā’āt.It is not clear when the knowledge of qur’ānic recitation first emerged in the region of Anatolia. In the Ottoman Empire, Khaṭīb ‘Abdulmu’min Rūmī who was tutee of Ibn al-Cezerī started to accept students for teaching qirā’ātin Bursa. Since then, qirā’ātbecame an official discipline of Islamic sciences. Evidently, the time Turks learned qirā’ātshould be before Ibn al-Cezerī’s arrival to Bursa.The brightest era of the qirā’ātand its institutionalisation was between XI-XIII centuries during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. Not only did training and teaching activities took place as seven and ten recitations, but authors also wrote books as supplementary references by depending on the works of the scholars such as Dānī, Shāṭıbī and Ibn al-Cezerī. Thus, the scholars made education practical and started to teach it as part of certain methods. The end of the 13th century was the time when sab‘a(seven) method based on seven recitations was superseded by ‘ashara(ten) method based on ten recitations. That is, the sab‘amethod was replaced by the ‘asharamethod in the country.The education of qirā’ātwhich were taught in expert institutions known as dār al-qurrāuntill the closure of madrasas was officially interrupted with the the law on unification of education on 3rd March 1924 in Turkey. The education of qirā’ātwas not officially given from the Republic of Turkey to 1968, but it was taught by self-abnegating scholars with their own efforts. The teaching of qirā’ātalmost disappeared due to some reasons such as education which wasn’t officially given by the state and the lack of encouragement for people interested in qirā’ātuntil 1968. The education of qirā’ātlater became official with the initiation of Tayyar Altıkulaç who was the vice president of religious affairs under the presidency of Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu in 1968. At that time, a number of staffs were sent to the town Çifaruksa/Uğurlu in Of /Trabzon for the job training with the appointment of the presidency of religious affairs in order to get education from Aşıkkutlu. The specialized training course named as ‘Ashera-Taqrīb-Ṭayyibah’ was the first course about qirā’ātwith the opening of Istanbul Haseki Training Center by the presidency of religious affairs in 1976. The education of qirā’ātwas carried out by Aşıkkutlu who used Egypt method and Gürses used Istanbul method. These specialized training courses were made as periods of 3 years and trainees were begun to be admitted by taking an exam. The first students graduated who learned both methods at the end of the first period which was between 1976 and 1979. The presidency of religious affairs held the exam at a predetermined time for issuing in-service training certification to people, who have worked within its own institution, other institutions and in the private sector, and completed the education on ‘asharamethod with their own efforts and got a degree. This certification has been given to people who succeeded in the written and oral examinations. 184 people got the certification after taking the exam entitled as ‘the exam for external students in the ‘ashara-taqrībcourse’ which was taken place biennially and for the first time in 2010. When students have learned the fundamental principles of ‘ashara method, the first five-ten pages of the Qur’ān were read and indited with regard to distinguish narratives from each other with infirād method. ‘Asheraanalysis of the Qur’ān was indited and read with indirāc method for each student after being taught about certain issues such as the concepts of qirā’āt, its principles, and the grading of the imāmand rāvito students who get education with infirād method in qirā’āteducation in the country. Sources and methods used by scholars who are engaged in qirā’āteducation have become widespread in regions; and these methods have gone under the name of those regions.In this context, the science of qirā’ātwas taught with Istanbul and Egypt methods in the Ottoman Empire. These methods have still been valid in today’s Turkey. Sūfī profession stands for Istanbul method and qirā’āteducation is given with regard to this profession in notably Istanbul and several centers. The education of this profession is given in Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali and Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses training centers. Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu who was one of the latest period scholars and Gönenli Mehmed are representatives of Egypt method. At the present time, Egypt method is represented as Atāullah profession by reason of the fact that it is commonly followed, adopted and conducted in the country.Nowadays, the edāmethod is used especially at the beginning of qirā’āteducation. Thus, student hears what instructor reads and gives a presentation. Instructors concentrate on the practice arzin the ongoing process and ease off on practice samʿaafter student implemented the lesson. At the present time, the curriculum followed in the qirā’āteducation is the same as the classic method in the country. The ‘Ashera, Taqrīb and Ṭayyibah’ methods were used in education. On the other hand, the person who recites should be a decent ḥāfiẓand know the science of tajweedwell in compliance with Hafs narrative of Asım and implement it. Notwithstanding that, there is the tajweedlesson in curriculum in order to strengthen implementations of the science of tajweed.

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    Authors: AKASLAN, Yaşar;

    Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nüzûlüyle birlikte başlayan Kur’ân eğitim tarihinin önemli bir boyutunu kıraat faaliyetleri oluşturur. Gerek Hz. Peygamber döneminde gerekse onun vefatından sonraki süreçte, Müslümanların Kur’ân kıraatlerini yaymaya yönelik eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda müesseseler kurulmuş, kıraat ilmi eğitimine dönük eserler yazılmış ve metotlar geliştirilerek kıraat ilminin yayılmasına katkıda bulunulmuştur. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, -ülkemiz adına- bir fetret dönemi yaşanmıştır. Uzun yıllar devletin gözetiminde ve resmî kurumları vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretimi, Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu’nun çıkarılmasından sonra Türkiye’de gayr-ı resmî olarak yürütülmüş, bu ilmi okutan ehil hocaların azalmasıyla kıraat ilmine yönelik faaliyetler zamanla yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ülkemizde, son yıllarda aşere-takrîb-tayyibe tedrisine yönelik ihtisas kurslarının ve buralarda yetişenlerin sayısının hızla artması, üzerinde müstakil bir çalışmayı hak etmektedir. Özetİslâm eğitim tarihinde, kıraat ilmi sahasında pek çok âlim yetişmiş, çok sayıda eser kaleme alınmış ve pratik tarafıyla bu ilmin tedrisine devam edilegelmiştir. Kur’ân kelimelerinin telaffuz farklılıklarını konu edinen bu köklü ilmin tahsiline yönelik, zamanla birtakım müesseseler kurulmuş ve kıraat ilmi eğitiminin tarihsel sürecinde birtakım metotlar geliştirilmiştir.Kaynaklarda, kıraat ilminin Anadolu’ya ne zaman ve kimin vasıtasıyla geldiği tam olarak belli değildir. Osmanlı coğrafyasının kıraat ilmiyle tanışması, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin öğrencisi Hatîb Abdulmü’min Rûmî’nin Bursa’daki kıraat eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerine başlamasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı’da, kıraat ilmi tedrisatının İbnü’l-Cezerî ile müesses bir yapı arz ettiği ve resmiyet kazandığı ifade edilir. Dolayısıyla Türkler’in kıraat ilmiyle tanışmaları, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin Bursa’ya gelişinin öncesine tekabül eder.Osmanlı coğrafyasında, XI-XIII. asırlar arasında kıraat ilmi ve tedrisatı en parlak dönemini yaşamış, yedi ve on kıraat olmak üzere eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri yürütülmüştür. Yine Dânî, Şâtıbî ve İbnü’l-Cezerî gibi âlimlerin eserleri esas alınarak birçok müellif, tedrisata dönük yardımcı kaynaklar telif ederek uygulamaya koymuşlardır. Bu sayede kıraat eğitim-öğretimi daha pratik hale getirilmiş ve belirli usûller çerçevesinde okutulmaya başlanmıştır. XIII. asır sonları, aynı zamanda yedi kıraati esas alan seb‘a tarîki tedrisatının ülkemizde yavaş yavaş yerini on kıraati temel alan aşere tarîkine bıraktığı dönemdir. Böylece kıraat müfredatında, seb‘a tarîki okunmadan doğrudan aşere tarîkine geçilmiştir.Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretimi, 3 Mart 1924’te Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile birlikte medreselerin ilgâsına kadar dâru’l-kurrâ denilen ihtisas merkezlerinde yapılırken, medreselerin kapanmasıyla resmî olarak kesintiye uğramıştır. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1968 yılına kadar kıraat ilmi, kurumsal seviyede tedris edilememiş ancak özverili üstâdların şahsî gayretleriyle okutulmuştur. Bu tarihe kadar kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretiminin devlet eliyle yürütülmemesi ya da bu ilme ilgi duyanların teşvik edilmemesi gibi sebeplerle kıraat ilmini okuyup-okutanların sayısı gün geçtikçe azalarak neredeyse bu ilim yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. 1968 yılında ise dönemin Diyanet İşleri Başkan Yardımcısı Tayyar Altıkulaç’ın girişimiyle Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu riyâsetinde resmî olarak kıraat ilmi yeniden tahsil edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tarihte, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının görevlendirmesiyle kurumun bazı personeli, hizmet içi eğitim kapsamında, Aşıkkutlu’dan kıraat derslerini tahsil etmek üzere Trabzon’un Of ilçesine bağlı Çifaruksa/Uğurlu beldesine gönderilmiştir.İstanbul Haseki Eğitim Merkezi’nin 1976 yılında Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından açılmasıyla birlikte Aşere-Takrîb-Tayyibe İhtisas Kursu, eğitim merkezi düzeyinde hizmete giren ilk kurs olmuştur. Burada Aşıkkutlu Mısır tarîkini, Gürses ise İstanbul tarîkini temsil etmek üzere her iki tarîkle birlikte kıraat tedrisatı sürdürülmüştür. Bu ihtisas kurslarının üçer yıllık dönemler halinde yapılması öngörülmüş ve sınavla kursiyer kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. 1976-1979 yılları arasındaki ilk dönem sonunda kurs her iki tarîkten de ilk mezunlarını vermiştir.Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı önceden belirlediği tarihlerde, teşkilat bünyesinde veya diğer kurumlarda görev yapan yahut özel sektörde çalışan, kendi imkânları ve özel gayretleriyle aşere-takrîb eğitimini tamamlamış ve icâzet almış olan kimseler için hizmet içi eğitim belgesi sınavı düzenlemektedir. Yazılı ve sözlü olmak üzere iki aşamalı bu sınavda başarılı olanlara, söz konusu belge verilmektedir. Başkanlığın ilk defa 2010 yılında ve iki yılda bir defa olacak şekilde gerçekleştirdiği “Aşere-Takrîb Kursunu Dışarıdan Okuyanlar İçin Belge Sınavı” adlı sınavla -2018 yılı itibariyle- 184 kişi bu belgeyi almaya hak kazanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki kıraat eğitiminde, öğrencilerin aşerenin temel kâidelerini öğrendiklerinde, rivâyetleri birbirinden ayırt etme alışkanlığı kazanmasına yönelik infirâd yöntemiyle, Kur’ân’ın ilk 5-10 sayfası her öğrenciye aşere tarîki üzere yazdırılır ve okutulur. Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, infirâd yöntemiyle bir süre okuyan öğrenciye kıraat kavramları, kâideleri, imam ve râvî sıralaması gibi hususlarda alışkanlık kazandırdıktan sonra, indirâc yöntemiyle tüm Kur’ân’ın aşere sûreti her bir öğrenciye yazdırılıp okutulur. Kıraat ilmi tedrisatıyla uğraşan âlimlerin, öğretimde takip ettikleri kaynaklar ve metotlar, bulundukları bölgelerde yaygınlaşarak o bölgenin adıyla bilinir olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı coğrafyasında kıraat ilmi, İstanbul ve Mısır tarîkleri olmak üzere iki usûlle okutulagelmiştir. Günümüz Türkiye’sinde, aynı şekilde bu iki tarîk üzere tahsil edilmeye devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde hâlihazırda yürütülen kıraat tedrisatında, İstanbul tarîkini Sûfî mesleği temsil etmekte ve başta İstanbul olmak üzere birçok merkezde kıraat eğitimi bu mesleğe göre yürütülmektedir. Halen Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali, Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses Eğitim Merkezleri’nde bu meslek okutulmaktadır. Ülkemizdeki son devir kıraat âlimlerinden Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu ve Gönenli Mehmed Öğütçü, Mısır tarîkinin temsilcileridir. Ülkemizde Mısır tarîki, takip edilen ve yaygın olarak benimsenip uygulanmasıyla günümüzde Atâullah mesleğiyle temsil edilmektedir.Günümüzde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, özellikle ilk başlarda edâ yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Böylece öğrenci, hocasından kıraatin uygulamasını bizzat işitmiş ve hocasına dersi sunmuş olur. Eğitim sürecinin ilerleyen aşamalarında, öğrenci dersi icrâda meleke kesbettikten sonra semâ‘ uygulamasının yoğunluğu azaltılır ve arz uygulamasına ağırlık verilir. Kıraat eğitiminde takip edilen programa gelince, klasik usûlde olduğu gibi günümüzde de ülkemizde takip edilen program aynı şekildedir. Buna göre tedriste aşere, takrîb ve tayyibe olmak üzere üç program takip edilir. Öte yandan kıraat okumaya başlayan kişinin sağlam hâfız olması ve Âsım kıraatinin Hafs rivâyetine göre tecvîd ilmini iyi bilip uygulayabilmesi şarttır. Böyle olmakla birlikte tecvîd ilmindeki uygulamaların pekişmesine yönelik müfredatta tecvîd dersi yer alır. Qur’ān Recitation (qirā’āt) activities constitute a good part of the Qur’ān education history starting with the revealation of the Qur’ān. In Prophet Muḥammad’s era and after his death, education and teaching activities for spreading the Qur’ān recitations were maintained by muslims. Several institutions were built for this purpose, and many works are written for qirā’ātscience education and methods developed made a big contribution to the spreading of qur’ān recitation science. An Interregnum period for qirā’ātscience has happened at the last period of Ottomans and first years of Republic of Turkey. Qirā’ātScience, under the state supervision and by formal institutions for many years, were sustained in an informal way after the law on unification of education were introduced. With the decrease of teachers, the education of the Qur’ān recitation faced a difficult time and almost nearly ceased. In our country, increasing of the expertness courses and number of men who trained in this places in recent years deserve a separate study, particularly on this subject. SummaryThere are many scholars who have studied the recitation of the Qur’ān (qirā’āt), and many papers that have been written on this subject analysing it by means of practice. Some institutions are founded with the purpose of teaching qirā’ātand a number of different methods have been developed in the historical process of qirā’āt.It is not clear when the knowledge of qur’ānic recitation first emerged in the region of Anatolia. In the Ottoman Empire, Khaṭīb ‘Abdulmu’min Rūmī who was tutee of Ibn al-Cezerī started to accept students for teaching qirā’ātin Bursa. Since then, qirā’ātbecame an official discipline of Islamic sciences. Evidently, the time Turks learned qirā’ātshould be before Ibn al-Cezerī’s arrival to Bursa.The brightest era of the qirā’ātand its institutionalisation was between XI-XIII centuries during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. Not only did training and teaching activities took place as seven and ten recitations, but authors also wrote books as supplementary references by depending on the works of the scholars such as Dānī, Shāṭıbī and Ibn al-Cezerī. Thus, the scholars made education practical and started to teach it as part of certain methods. The end of the 13th century was the time when sab‘a(seven) method based on seven recitations was superseded by ‘ashara(ten) method based on ten recitations. That is, the sab‘amethod was replaced by the ‘asharamethod in the country.The education of qirā’ātwhich were taught in expert institutions known as dār al-qurrāuntill the closure of madrasas was officially interrupted with the the law on unification of education on 3rd March 1924 in Turkey. The education of qirā’ātwas not officially given from the Republic of Turkey to 1968, but it was taught by self-abnegating scholars with their own efforts. The teaching of qirā’ātalmost disappeared due to some reasons such as education which wasn’t officially given by the state and the lack of encouragement for people interested in qirā’ātuntil 1968. The education of qirā’ātlater became official with the initiation of Tayyar Altıkulaç who was the vice president of religious affairs under the presidency of Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu in 1968. At that time, a number of staffs were sent to the town Çifaruksa/Uğurlu in Of /Trabzon for the job training with the appointment of the presidency of religious affairs in order to get education from Aşıkkutlu. The specialized training course named as ‘Ashera-Taqrīb-Ṭayyibah’ was the first course about qirā’ātwith the opening of Istanbul Haseki Training Center by the presidency of religious affairs in 1976. The education of qirā’ātwas carried out by Aşıkkutlu who used Egypt method and Gürses used Istanbul method. These specialized training courses were made as periods of 3 years and trainees were begun to be admitted by taking an exam. The first students graduated who learned both methods at the end of the first period which was between 1976 and 1979. The presidency of religious affairs held the exam at a predetermined time for issuing in-service training certification to people, who have worked within its own institution, other institutions and in the private sector, and completed the education on ‘asharamethod with their own efforts and got a degree. This certification has been given to people who succeeded in the written and oral examinations. 184 people got the certification after taking the exam entitled as ‘the exam for external students in the ‘ashara-taqrībcourse’ which was taken place biennially and for the first time in 2010. When students have learned the fundamental principles of ‘ashara method, the first five-ten pages of the Qur’ān were read and indited with regard to distinguish narratives from each other with infirād method. ‘Asheraanalysis of the Qur’ān was indited and read with indirāc method for each student after being taught about certain issues such as the concepts of qirā’āt, its principles, and the grading of the imāmand rāvito students who get education with infirād method in qirā’āteducation in the country. Sources and methods used by scholars who are engaged in qirā’āteducation have become widespread in regions; and these methods have gone under the name of those regions.In this context, the science of qirā’ātwas taught with Istanbul and Egypt methods in the Ottoman Empire. These methods have still been valid in today’s Turkey. Sūfī profession stands for Istanbul method and qirā’āteducation is given with regard to this profession in notably Istanbul and several centers. The education of this profession is given in Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali and Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses training centers. Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu who was one of the latest period scholars and Gönenli Mehmed are representatives of Egypt method. At the present time, Egypt method is represented as Atāullah profession by reason of the fact that it is commonly followed, adopted and conducted in the country.Nowadays, the edāmethod is used especially at the beginning of qirā’āteducation. Thus, student hears what instructor reads and gives a presentation. Instructors concentrate on the practice arzin the ongoing process and ease off on practice samʿaafter student implemented the lesson. At the present time, the curriculum followed in the qirā’āteducation is the same as the classic method in the country. The ‘Ashera, Taqrīb and Ṭayyibah’ methods were used in education. On the other hand, the person who recites should be a decent ḥāfiẓand know the science of tajweedwell in compliance with Hafs narrative of Asım and implement it. Notwithstanding that, there is the tajweedlesson in curriculum in order to strengthen implementations of the science of tajweed.

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    Authors: Cenker Aktemur; Mutlu Tarık Çakır; Musa Faruk Çakır;

    Buildings consume more than a third of the world's energy demand, and painstaking adjusting the insulation thickness of external walls is an effective way to save energy. Thermal insulation plays an important role by reducing the heat transfer rate to save energy, and it is important to determine the thickness of the appropriate insulation material in the walls. In this research, considering only the heating factor, four different building materials (Pumice, Hollow concrete block - HCB, Hollow red clay block - HRCB and Reinforced concrete - RC) and eight different insulation materials (Extruded polystyrene - XPS, Expanded polystyrene - EPS, Expanded polyurethane - PUR, Wood fiber - WF, Hemp fiber - HF, Linen fiber - LF, Fiber glass - FG and Sheep wool - SW) are investigated on the exterior of a building in Sivas province of Türkiye. To reach more accurate results, life cycle cost analysis is taken as a basis, and the optimal insulation thicknesses, payback periods and energy savings of 32 different wall + insulation combinations with solar radiation (SR) are estimated using heating degree-hours. The heating requirement of a building covers more than three quarters of the year in Sivas, depending on different facing walls. These rates are calculated as 85 % (without SR), 80 % (North), 78 % (West), 77 % (East) and 75 % (South). Results also showed that the total minimum heating cost, the total maximum energy saving cost and the shorthest payback period are obtained HRCB + FG + South with 14.19 €/m2, RC + FG + solar radiation free with 72.76 €/m2 and RC + LF + solar radiation free with 1.60 year.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Cenker Aktemur; Mutlu Tarık Çakır; Musa Faruk Çakır;

    Buildings consume more than a third of the world's energy demand, and painstaking adjusting the insulation thickness of external walls is an effective way to save energy. Thermal insulation plays an important role by reducing the heat transfer rate to save energy, and it is important to determine the thickness of the appropriate insulation material in the walls. In this research, considering only the heating factor, four different building materials (Pumice, Hollow concrete block - HCB, Hollow red clay block - HRCB and Reinforced concrete - RC) and eight different insulation materials (Extruded polystyrene - XPS, Expanded polystyrene - EPS, Expanded polyurethane - PUR, Wood fiber - WF, Hemp fiber - HF, Linen fiber - LF, Fiber glass - FG and Sheep wool - SW) are investigated on the exterior of a building in Sivas province of Türkiye. To reach more accurate results, life cycle cost analysis is taken as a basis, and the optimal insulation thicknesses, payback periods and energy savings of 32 different wall + insulation combinations with solar radiation (SR) are estimated using heating degree-hours. The heating requirement of a building covers more than three quarters of the year in Sivas, depending on different facing walls. These rates are calculated as 85 % (without SR), 80 % (North), 78 % (West), 77 % (East) and 75 % (South). Results also showed that the total minimum heating cost, the total maximum energy saving cost and the shorthest payback period are obtained HRCB + FG + South with 14.19 €/m2, RC + FG + solar radiation free with 72.76 €/m2 and RC + LF + solar radiation free with 1.60 year.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Fallahi, Y.; Aydin, A. A.; Gur, M.; Okutan, H.;

    The aim of this study was to examine the risk of heavy metal, ammonia and sulfate transition from underground coal gasification (UCG) chars and process water of Malkara lignite to the groundwater around the UCG cavity. The residues were collected during laboratory-scale underground coal gasification studies of Malkara lignite in ex situ gasification simulator. In order to compare gasification with combustion in terms of water pollution, ash samples were obtained by combustion of Malkara lignite. To determine the leaching behavior of the char and ash samples, two leaching tests (EPA TCLP and EN 12457-2 methods) were applied. The concentration of heavy metals in char, ash and process water samples was determined by ICP-OES. Additionally, ammonia and sulfate analyses were conducted for process water. Based on the results of this study, it has been found that the concentration of some elements, such as B, Sb and Al in char and ash eluates exceeded the maximum level of drinking water standards. However, there is no landfill concern about char samples according to EU Landfill Directive. A significant increase in B concentration was observed in ash samples. Considering B and some other elements combustion residues were identified with much higher water contamination ability, compared to gasification residues. Ammonia concentration was observed extremely high in process water of the gasification tests. UCG technique may be more environmentally applicable technology compared to combustion for Malkara lignite reserves. However, further detailed studies are necessary in the early stage of the UCG field test design and application.

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    International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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    Authors: Fallahi, Y.; Aydin, A. A.; Gur, M.; Okutan, H.;

    The aim of this study was to examine the risk of heavy metal, ammonia and sulfate transition from underground coal gasification (UCG) chars and process water of Malkara lignite to the groundwater around the UCG cavity. The residues were collected during laboratory-scale underground coal gasification studies of Malkara lignite in ex situ gasification simulator. In order to compare gasification with combustion in terms of water pollution, ash samples were obtained by combustion of Malkara lignite. To determine the leaching behavior of the char and ash samples, two leaching tests (EPA TCLP and EN 12457-2 methods) were applied. The concentration of heavy metals in char, ash and process water samples was determined by ICP-OES. Additionally, ammonia and sulfate analyses were conducted for process water. Based on the results of this study, it has been found that the concentration of some elements, such as B, Sb and Al in char and ash eluates exceeded the maximum level of drinking water standards. However, there is no landfill concern about char samples according to EU Landfill Directive. A significant increase in B concentration was observed in ash samples. Considering B and some other elements combustion residues were identified with much higher water contamination ability, compared to gasification residues. Ammonia concentration was observed extremely high in process water of the gasification tests. UCG technique may be more environmentally applicable technology compared to combustion for Malkara lignite reserves. However, further detailed studies are necessary in the early stage of the UCG field test design and application.

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  • Authors: Kıvrak, Mehmet Fatih;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; İçinde bulunulan yüzyılda insanlarının en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olan “ulaşım” yaygın olarak fosil yakıtlı araçlar tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların kıtlığı ve üretilmelerinden tüketilmelerine kadar olan çevrimde doğaya olan zararlı etkileri; alternatif, temiz enerji kaynaklarıyla (Ör: Güneş, Hidrojen) çalışan araçların gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hidrojen yakıt hücreli elektrikli bir aracın, hidrojen saklama ortamının salıverme verimini arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Aracın, polimer elektrolit membran tipli yakıt hücresi, hidrojen deposu olarak metal hidrid tüp grubu tarafından beslenmektedir. Araçta kullanılan metal hidrid saklama ortamlarının salıverme verimini arttırmak amacıyla kapalı devre ısı transfer sistemi kurulmuştur. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda kurulan sistemin, salınan hidrojen miktarını kayda değer oranda arttırdığı görülmüştür. Yakıt hücresi, çıkışında 800W güç üretecek şekilde yüklenmiş; ilk olarak ısı transfer sistemiyle, daha sonra ısı transfer sistemi olmadan, aynı şartlarda doldurulmuş metal hidrid tüpe bağlanmıştır. Isı transfer sistemi ile çalışan metal hidrid tüp 61 dakika boyunca; ısı transfer sistemi olmadan çalışan tüp ise sadece 18 dakika yakıt hücresini ortalama 800 W güç üretecek şekilde besleyebilmiştir. ; Fossil fuels are used by vehicles in transportation, which is one of the main needs of people. The share of transportation in fossil fuel usage is very high and daily oil consumption has been increasing. Shortage of fossil fuels and harmful effects’ have become main problem of today’s world. These causes force people to find new clean energy sources for vehicles to decrease pollutant gas emissions such as solar energy and hydrogen energy. In this study, it is aimed that improving the desorption efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle’s hydrogen storage. The vehicle’s fuel ...

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  • Authors: Kıvrak, Mehmet Fatih;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; İçinde bulunulan yüzyılda insanlarının en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olan “ulaşım” yaygın olarak fosil yakıtlı araçlar tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların kıtlığı ve üretilmelerinden tüketilmelerine kadar olan çevrimde doğaya olan zararlı etkileri; alternatif, temiz enerji kaynaklarıyla (Ör: Güneş, Hidrojen) çalışan araçların gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hidrojen yakıt hücreli elektrikli bir aracın, hidrojen saklama ortamının salıverme verimini arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Aracın, polimer elektrolit membran tipli yakıt hücresi, hidrojen deposu olarak metal hidrid tüp grubu tarafından beslenmektedir. Araçta kullanılan metal hidrid saklama ortamlarının salıverme verimini arttırmak amacıyla kapalı devre ısı transfer sistemi kurulmuştur. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda kurulan sistemin, salınan hidrojen miktarını kayda değer oranda arttırdığı görülmüştür. Yakıt hücresi, çıkışında 800W güç üretecek şekilde yüklenmiş; ilk olarak ısı transfer sistemiyle, daha sonra ısı transfer sistemi olmadan, aynı şartlarda doldurulmuş metal hidrid tüpe bağlanmıştır. Isı transfer sistemi ile çalışan metal hidrid tüp 61 dakika boyunca; ısı transfer sistemi olmadan çalışan tüp ise sadece 18 dakika yakıt hücresini ortalama 800 W güç üretecek şekilde besleyebilmiştir. ; Fossil fuels are used by vehicles in transportation, which is one of the main needs of people. The share of transportation in fossil fuel usage is very high and daily oil consumption has been increasing. Shortage of fossil fuels and harmful effects’ have become main problem of today’s world. These causes force people to find new clean energy sources for vehicles to decrease pollutant gas emissions such as solar energy and hydrogen energy. In this study, it is aimed that improving the desorption efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle’s hydrogen storage. The vehicle’s fuel ...

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    Authors: ELDEM, Ayşe; ELDEM, Hüseyin; PALALI, Abdurrahman;

    Bilgisayar bilimlerindeki onemli calisma konularindan biri de goruntu islemedir. Bir goruntuden faydali bir bilgi cikarilarak yorumlanmasi gerektiginde goruntu isleme tekniklerinden faydalanilmaktadir. Islenecek goruntu, kameralar, optik tarayicilar ve fotograf makineleri yardimiyla elde edilebilir. Bu dijital goruntulerin sayisallastirilmasiyla uzerinde farkli islemler uygulanarak anlamli yorumlanabilir sonuclar elde edilebilir. Tip, Askeri, Endustriyel ve Cografi Sistemler gibi bircok alanda kullanilan goruntu isleme teknikleri, guvenlik sistemleri alaninda da yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir. Parmak izi, iris ve yuz tanima gibi uygulamalar guvenlik alaninda goruntu isleme teknikleri kullanilarak yapilabilmektedir. Tarayici, kamera ya da fotograf makinesi uzerinden alinan goruntulerin yorumlanabilmesi icin belirli on islemlerden gecirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yazilimsal olarak programlama dilleriyle gelistirilmis bircok kutuphane bulunmaktadir. Acik kaynak kodlu bir kutuphane olan OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) bu calismada tercih edilen goruntu isleme kutuphanelerinden biridir. Gelistirilen uygulamada OpenCV’ nin C# icin gelistirilmis olan OpenCVSharp bileseni kullanilmistir. Kamera ile bireylerin fotograflari elde edilerek bireylerin yuz bolgeleri bulunmustur. Ardindan veritabaninda kayitli olan verilerle karsilastirilarak bireyin hangi oranda kime benzedigi gelistirilen program araciligiyla gosterilmistir. Yapilan bu calismada yuz tanimada %79 oraninda basari saglanmistir.

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    Authors: ELDEM, Ayşe; ELDEM, Hüseyin; PALALI, Abdurrahman;

    Bilgisayar bilimlerindeki onemli calisma konularindan biri de goruntu islemedir. Bir goruntuden faydali bir bilgi cikarilarak yorumlanmasi gerektiginde goruntu isleme tekniklerinden faydalanilmaktadir. Islenecek goruntu, kameralar, optik tarayicilar ve fotograf makineleri yardimiyla elde edilebilir. Bu dijital goruntulerin sayisallastirilmasiyla uzerinde farkli islemler uygulanarak anlamli yorumlanabilir sonuclar elde edilebilir. Tip, Askeri, Endustriyel ve Cografi Sistemler gibi bircok alanda kullanilan goruntu isleme teknikleri, guvenlik sistemleri alaninda da yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir. Parmak izi, iris ve yuz tanima gibi uygulamalar guvenlik alaninda goruntu isleme teknikleri kullanilarak yapilabilmektedir. Tarayici, kamera ya da fotograf makinesi uzerinden alinan goruntulerin yorumlanabilmesi icin belirli on islemlerden gecirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yazilimsal olarak programlama dilleriyle gelistirilmis bircok kutuphane bulunmaktadir. Acik kaynak kodlu bir kutuphane olan OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) bu calismada tercih edilen goruntu isleme kutuphanelerinden biridir. Gelistirilen uygulamada OpenCV’ nin C# icin gelistirilmis olan OpenCVSharp bileseni kullanilmistir. Kamera ile bireylerin fotograflari elde edilerek bireylerin yuz bolgeleri bulunmustur. Ardindan veritabaninda kayitli olan verilerle karsilastirilarak bireyin hangi oranda kime benzedigi gelistirilen program araciligiyla gosterilmistir. Yapilan bu calismada yuz tanimada %79 oraninda basari saglanmistir.

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    Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi
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    Authors: Saif Haider; Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Fahad Alshehri; +3 Authors

    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Saif Haider; Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Fahad Alshehri; +3 Authors

    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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  • Authors: Kopuz, Dilek;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ Malkara ve Çorum Bayat linyitleri ve biyokütle numuneleri olarak şeftali çekirdeği ile vişne çekirdeğinin; ayrıca, onların değişik oranlarda karışımlarının yanma davranımları incelenmiştir. Termogravimetrik analiz cihazında gerçekleştirilen yanma deneylerinin sonuçları, biyokütle ve kömür-biyokütle karışımlarının yanmasının uçucu madde ve yarıkokun yanmasını temsil eden iki farklı basamakta; kömür numunelerinin yanmasının ise tek basamakta gerçekleştiğini, Çorum Bayat kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında önemli bir etkileşimin olmadığını ancak, Tekirdağ Malkara kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında sinerjik etkileşimlerin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuç aynı biyokütle türlerinin farklı linyitler üzerinde değişik etkilerinin olabileceğini göstermiştir. Deneysel veriler kullanılarak BASIC dilinde yazılmış bir bilgisayar programı ile yapılan kinetik hesaplamalarda, kinetik parametrelerin numuneden numuneye ve kullanılan hesaplama yöntemine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Uçucu maddenin çıkışı ve yanması için f(α) = (1-α)2/3, yarıkokun yanması için ise f(α) = (1-α) denklemlerinin uygun kinetik modeller olduğu bulunmuştur. ; In this study, combustion behaviours of Tekirdağ Malkara and Çorum Bayat lignites, peach stone and sour cherry stone and their blends in different ratios were investigated. The results of combustion experiments which have been carried out in the thermogravimetric analyzer showed that the combustion of the biomass and coal-biomass blends combustion occur in two steps; firstly the volatiles are released and burned, and secondly char combustion takes place. However, coal is characterized by only one combustion stage. No significant interactions were detected between the Çorum Bayat lignite and biomass, but synergistic interactions were detected between Tekirdağ Malkara lignite and biomass. This ...

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  • Authors: Kopuz, Dilek;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ Malkara ve Çorum Bayat linyitleri ve biyokütle numuneleri olarak şeftali çekirdeği ile vişne çekirdeğinin; ayrıca, onların değişik oranlarda karışımlarının yanma davranımları incelenmiştir. Termogravimetrik analiz cihazında gerçekleştirilen yanma deneylerinin sonuçları, biyokütle ve kömür-biyokütle karışımlarının yanmasının uçucu madde ve yarıkokun yanmasını temsil eden iki farklı basamakta; kömür numunelerinin yanmasının ise tek basamakta gerçekleştiğini, Çorum Bayat kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında önemli bir etkileşimin olmadığını ancak, Tekirdağ Malkara kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında sinerjik etkileşimlerin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuç aynı biyokütle türlerinin farklı linyitler üzerinde değişik etkilerinin olabileceğini göstermiştir. Deneysel veriler kullanılarak BASIC dilinde yazılmış bir bilgisayar programı ile yapılan kinetik hesaplamalarda, kinetik parametrelerin numuneden numuneye ve kullanılan hesaplama yöntemine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Uçucu maddenin çıkışı ve yanması için f(α) = (1-α)2/3, yarıkokun yanması için ise f(α) = (1-α) denklemlerinin uygun kinetik modeller olduğu bulunmuştur. ; In this study, combustion behaviours of Tekirdağ Malkara and Çorum Bayat lignites, peach stone and sour cherry stone and their blends in different ratios were investigated. The results of combustion experiments which have been carried out in the thermogravimetric analyzer showed that the combustion of the biomass and coal-biomass blends combustion occur in two steps; firstly the volatiles are released and burned, and secondly char combustion takes place. However, coal is characterized by only one combustion stage. No significant interactions were detected between the Çorum Bayat lignite and biomass, but synergistic interactions were detected between Tekirdağ Malkara lignite and biomass. This ...

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    Authors: Yilmaz, Serdar;

    Bu tezde üç farklı (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm) ikili sistem araştırıldı. Ln2O3 oksijen bileşikleri x değeri 0,01-0,10 mol katkı aralığında olacak şekilde saf monoklinik Bi2O3 içerisine katı hal reaksiyonu yöntemiyle katkılandı. Reaksiyonlar farklı ısıl işlem basamaklarında, açık hava atmosferinde çalışan kül fırınlarında ve alümina krozeler içerisinde gerçekleştirildi.Bütün ikili sistemlerde baskın olarak beta-Bi2O3 tipi katı çözelti bölgeleri sentez edildi. Ln2O3 katkılanmış katı çözeltileri karakterize edebilmek için X-ışınları toz difraksiyon (XRD) analizi yöntemi kullanıldı. Isıl işlem sıcaklarının, süresinin, soğutma hızının ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının katı çözeltilerin oluşumlarını ve özelliklerini etkilediği belirlendi.Deneysel verilere göre, elde edilen tetragonal tipi katı çözeltilerin kristal örgülerinde O(2-) iyonu boşlukları içermelerinden dolayı stokiyometrik olmayan karaktere sahip oldukları sonucuna varıldı. İletkenlik ölçümleri sonucunda elektrik iletkenliğin, sıcaklık ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının artışı ile arttığı gözlendi.Çalışmada sentezi gerçekleştirilen katı elektrolit sistemlerinin bir çok endüstriyel uygulamalarda, örneğin katı oksit yakıt hücrelerinin (SOFC) üretiminde kullanılabilecekleri öngörüldü. In this thesis, three different (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x binary systems have been investigated. 0,01<=x<=0,1 mole amounts of Ln2O3 compounds were doped in to the pure Bi2O3 by the solid state reactions. Heat treatments were applied to the synthesis reactions at various temperature ranges in air furnaces in alumina crucibles.Tetragonal beta-Bi2O3 solid solutions have been synthesized in all of binary systems as dominant phase. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) has been used for characterization of the Ln2O3 doped solid solutions. We determined that the factors such as heat treatment temperatures and period, cooling rate and amount of Ln2O3 dopant affected the formation of solution reactions and their properties.Experimental results show that tetragonal type solid solutions are non-stoichiometric because of the O(2-) ion holes in their crystal structure. Conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity increases with increasing temperature and increasing Ln2O3 concentrations.The solid electrolytes we have synthesized in this study can be used in diverse industrial applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 212

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    Authors: Yilmaz, Serdar;

    Bu tezde üç farklı (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm) ikili sistem araştırıldı. Ln2O3 oksijen bileşikleri x değeri 0,01-0,10 mol katkı aralığında olacak şekilde saf monoklinik Bi2O3 içerisine katı hal reaksiyonu yöntemiyle katkılandı. Reaksiyonlar farklı ısıl işlem basamaklarında, açık hava atmosferinde çalışan kül fırınlarında ve alümina krozeler içerisinde gerçekleştirildi.Bütün ikili sistemlerde baskın olarak beta-Bi2O3 tipi katı çözelti bölgeleri sentez edildi. Ln2O3 katkılanmış katı çözeltileri karakterize edebilmek için X-ışınları toz difraksiyon (XRD) analizi yöntemi kullanıldı. Isıl işlem sıcaklarının, süresinin, soğutma hızının ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının katı çözeltilerin oluşumlarını ve özelliklerini etkilediği belirlendi.Deneysel verilere göre, elde edilen tetragonal tipi katı çözeltilerin kristal örgülerinde O(2-) iyonu boşlukları içermelerinden dolayı stokiyometrik olmayan karaktere sahip oldukları sonucuna varıldı. İletkenlik ölçümleri sonucunda elektrik iletkenliğin, sıcaklık ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının artışı ile arttığı gözlendi.Çalışmada sentezi gerçekleştirilen katı elektrolit sistemlerinin bir çok endüstriyel uygulamalarda, örneğin katı oksit yakıt hücrelerinin (SOFC) üretiminde kullanılabilecekleri öngörüldü. In this thesis, three different (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x binary systems have been investigated. 0,01<=x<=0,1 mole amounts of Ln2O3 compounds were doped in to the pure Bi2O3 by the solid state reactions. Heat treatments were applied to the synthesis reactions at various temperature ranges in air furnaces in alumina crucibles.Tetragonal beta-Bi2O3 solid solutions have been synthesized in all of binary systems as dominant phase. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) has been used for characterization of the Ln2O3 doped solid solutions. We determined that the factors such as heat treatment temperatures and period, cooling rate and amount of Ln2O3 dopant affected the formation of solution reactions and their properties.Experimental results show that tetragonal type solid solutions are non-stoichiometric because of the O(2-) ion holes in their crystal structure. Conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity increases with increasing temperature and increasing Ln2O3 concentrations.The solid electrolytes we have synthesized in this study can be used in diverse industrial applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 212

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    Authors: Ayse Aktas Kamiloglu; Ece Tugba Saka; Irfan Acar;
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    Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ayse Aktas Kamiloglu; Ece Tugba Saka; Irfan Acar;
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    Authors: Aydoğan, Bilal;

    Biyodizel yakıtlar sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlar olarak incelemeye alınmaktadır. Biyodizel yakıtlar farklı oranlarda sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda değişiklik yapılmadan kullanılabilir yakıtlardır. Biyodizel ile dizel yakıt No.2 arasında önemli bir yapısal fark biyodizelin kütlesel bazda %10-12 arasında oksijen içermesidir. Bu da motorun tork ve gücünü azaltmaya sebep olacak yakıtın ısıl değerinin düşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yakıt içerisindeki oksijen yanmanın iyileşmesine ve dolayısı ile is, CO ve HC gibi emisyonların azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bitkisel yağların içersinde dizel yakıta göre çok az kükürt bulunmasından dolayı, karışımdaki biyodizel oranına bağlı olarak SO2 emisyonunda azalma olmaktadır. Biyodizelin emisyonlar açısından en önemli dezavantajı NOx ile ilgilidir. NOx emisyonları motor yakıt sistemi, motor tipi ve motor yükü gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak değişse de genel olarak biyodizel kullanımı ile yakıt içerisindeki oksijenden ve yanma odasındaki yüksek sıcaklıktan dolayı NOx emisyonlarında artma olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kanola, atık bitkisel yağlar, tütün tohumu yağı ve sabun stoklarından katalizör olarak sodyum hidroksit/ sülfürik asit, alkol olarak metanol kullanılarak laboratuar ortamında biyodizel üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen biyodizeller farklı oranlarda oda sıcaklığında düşük kükürtlü dizel yakıt ile karıştırılmıştır. Karışımlar ve dizel yakıt No.2, ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorda tam yükte farklı dönme sayılarında test edilmiştir. Dizel Yakıt No.2'ye biyodizel ilavesinin NOx, CO, SO2, is ve performans parametrelerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda NOx azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biodiesels have been considered as alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel can be used in different proportions in CI engines without any modification. There is an important compositional difference between biodiesels and the diesel fuel. Biodiesels contain approximately 10?12% oxygen in weight basis. This leads to reduction in the energy content of the fuel resulting in lower engine torque and power. However, the oxygen in the fuel helps to reduce exhaust emissions such as smoke, CO and HC mainly due to the effect of complete combustion. Since vegetable oils includes very little sulphur compared to the diesel fuel No.2, some reduction in SO2 emission is obtained depending on the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel. The main disadvantage of biodiesel on emissions is related to NOx. Although NOx emissions mainly depend on the engine fuelling system, engine type and engine loading, in general biodiesel usage increases NOx emissions due to oxygen content of the fuel and higher temperatures of combustion chamber. In this study, biodiesels were produced from canola oil, tobacco seed oil, soap stocks and waste vegetable oils using sodium hydroxide/sulphuric acid as catalyst and methanol as alcohol in laboratory conditions. The produced biodiesels were blended with low sulphur diesel fuel No.2 in different proportions at the room temperature. The blends and diesel fuel No.2 were tested in an indirect injection turbocharged diesel engine at full load and different engine speeds. The effects of the biodiesel addition to diesel fuel No.2 on NOx, CO, SO2, smoke and performance parameters were investigated. In addition, different NOx reduction techniques in compression ignition engines were examined. 81

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    Authors: Aydoğan, Bilal;

    Biyodizel yakıtlar sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlar olarak incelemeye alınmaktadır. Biyodizel yakıtlar farklı oranlarda sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda değişiklik yapılmadan kullanılabilir yakıtlardır. Biyodizel ile dizel yakıt No.2 arasında önemli bir yapısal fark biyodizelin kütlesel bazda %10-12 arasında oksijen içermesidir. Bu da motorun tork ve gücünü azaltmaya sebep olacak yakıtın ısıl değerinin düşmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yakıt içerisindeki oksijen yanmanın iyileşmesine ve dolayısı ile is, CO ve HC gibi emisyonların azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bitkisel yağların içersinde dizel yakıta göre çok az kükürt bulunmasından dolayı, karışımdaki biyodizel oranına bağlı olarak SO2 emisyonunda azalma olmaktadır. Biyodizelin emisyonlar açısından en önemli dezavantajı NOx ile ilgilidir. NOx emisyonları motor yakıt sistemi, motor tipi ve motor yükü gibi parametrelere bağlı olarak değişse de genel olarak biyodizel kullanımı ile yakıt içerisindeki oksijenden ve yanma odasındaki yüksek sıcaklıktan dolayı NOx emisyonlarında artma olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kanola, atık bitkisel yağlar, tütün tohumu yağı ve sabun stoklarından katalizör olarak sodyum hidroksit/ sülfürik asit, alkol olarak metanol kullanılarak laboratuar ortamında biyodizel üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen biyodizeller farklı oranlarda oda sıcaklığında düşük kükürtlü dizel yakıt ile karıştırılmıştır. Karışımlar ve dizel yakıt No.2, ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorda tam yükte farklı dönme sayılarında test edilmiştir. Dizel Yakıt No.2'ye biyodizel ilavesinin NOx, CO, SO2, is ve performans parametrelerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sıkıştırma ateşlemeli motorlarda NOx azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biodiesels have been considered as alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel can be used in different proportions in CI engines without any modification. There is an important compositional difference between biodiesels and the diesel fuel. Biodiesels contain approximately 10?12% oxygen in weight basis. This leads to reduction in the energy content of the fuel resulting in lower engine torque and power. However, the oxygen in the fuel helps to reduce exhaust emissions such as smoke, CO and HC mainly due to the effect of complete combustion. Since vegetable oils includes very little sulphur compared to the diesel fuel No.2, some reduction in SO2 emission is obtained depending on the proportion of biodiesel in the fuel. The main disadvantage of biodiesel on emissions is related to NOx. Although NOx emissions mainly depend on the engine fuelling system, engine type and engine loading, in general biodiesel usage increases NOx emissions due to oxygen content of the fuel and higher temperatures of combustion chamber. In this study, biodiesels were produced from canola oil, tobacco seed oil, soap stocks and waste vegetable oils using sodium hydroxide/sulphuric acid as catalyst and methanol as alcohol in laboratory conditions. The produced biodiesels were blended with low sulphur diesel fuel No.2 in different proportions at the room temperature. The blends and diesel fuel No.2 were tested in an indirect injection turbocharged diesel engine at full load and different engine speeds. The effects of the biodiesel addition to diesel fuel No.2 on NOx, CO, SO2, smoke and performance parameters were investigated. In addition, different NOx reduction techniques in compression ignition engines were examined. 81

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    Authors: AKASLAN, Yaşar;

    Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nüzûlüyle birlikte başlayan Kur’ân eğitim tarihinin önemli bir boyutunu kıraat faaliyetleri oluşturur. Gerek Hz. Peygamber döneminde gerekse onun vefatından sonraki süreçte, Müslümanların Kur’ân kıraatlerini yaymaya yönelik eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda müesseseler kurulmuş, kıraat ilmi eğitimine dönük eserler yazılmış ve metotlar geliştirilerek kıraat ilminin yayılmasına katkıda bulunulmuştur. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, -ülkemiz adına- bir fetret dönemi yaşanmıştır. Uzun yıllar devletin gözetiminde ve resmî kurumları vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretimi, Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu’nun çıkarılmasından sonra Türkiye’de gayr-ı resmî olarak yürütülmüş, bu ilmi okutan ehil hocaların azalmasıyla kıraat ilmine yönelik faaliyetler zamanla yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ülkemizde, son yıllarda aşere-takrîb-tayyibe tedrisine yönelik ihtisas kurslarının ve buralarda yetişenlerin sayısının hızla artması, üzerinde müstakil bir çalışmayı hak etmektedir. Özetİslâm eğitim tarihinde, kıraat ilmi sahasında pek çok âlim yetişmiş, çok sayıda eser kaleme alınmış ve pratik tarafıyla bu ilmin tedrisine devam edilegelmiştir. Kur’ân kelimelerinin telaffuz farklılıklarını konu edinen bu köklü ilmin tahsiline yönelik, zamanla birtakım müesseseler kurulmuş ve kıraat ilmi eğitiminin tarihsel sürecinde birtakım metotlar geliştirilmiştir.Kaynaklarda, kıraat ilminin Anadolu’ya ne zaman ve kimin vasıtasıyla geldiği tam olarak belli değildir. Osmanlı coğrafyasının kıraat ilmiyle tanışması, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin öğrencisi Hatîb Abdulmü’min Rûmî’nin Bursa’daki kıraat eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerine başlamasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı’da, kıraat ilmi tedrisatının İbnü’l-Cezerî ile müesses bir yapı arz ettiği ve resmiyet kazandığı ifade edilir. Dolayısıyla Türkler’in kıraat ilmiyle tanışmaları, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin Bursa’ya gelişinin öncesine tekabül eder.Osmanlı coğrafyasında, XI-XIII. asırlar arasında kıraat ilmi ve tedrisatı en parlak dönemini yaşamış, yedi ve on kıraat olmak üzere eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri yürütülmüştür. Yine Dânî, Şâtıbî ve İbnü’l-Cezerî gibi âlimlerin eserleri esas alınarak birçok müellif, tedrisata dönük yardımcı kaynaklar telif ederek uygulamaya koymuşlardır. Bu sayede kıraat eğitim-öğretimi daha pratik hale getirilmiş ve belirli usûller çerçevesinde okutulmaya başlanmıştır. XIII. asır sonları, aynı zamanda yedi kıraati esas alan seb‘a tarîki tedrisatının ülkemizde yavaş yavaş yerini on kıraati temel alan aşere tarîkine bıraktığı dönemdir. Böylece kıraat müfredatında, seb‘a tarîki okunmadan doğrudan aşere tarîkine geçilmiştir.Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretimi, 3 Mart 1924’te Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile birlikte medreselerin ilgâsına kadar dâru’l-kurrâ denilen ihtisas merkezlerinde yapılırken, medreselerin kapanmasıyla resmî olarak kesintiye uğramıştır. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1968 yılına kadar kıraat ilmi, kurumsal seviyede tedris edilememiş ancak özverili üstâdların şahsî gayretleriyle okutulmuştur. Bu tarihe kadar kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretiminin devlet eliyle yürütülmemesi ya da bu ilme ilgi duyanların teşvik edilmemesi gibi sebeplerle kıraat ilmini okuyup-okutanların sayısı gün geçtikçe azalarak neredeyse bu ilim yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. 1968 yılında ise dönemin Diyanet İşleri Başkan Yardımcısı Tayyar Altıkulaç’ın girişimiyle Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu riyâsetinde resmî olarak kıraat ilmi yeniden tahsil edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tarihte, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının görevlendirmesiyle kurumun bazı personeli, hizmet içi eğitim kapsamında, Aşıkkutlu’dan kıraat derslerini tahsil etmek üzere Trabzon’un Of ilçesine bağlı Çifaruksa/Uğurlu beldesine gönderilmiştir.İstanbul Haseki Eğitim Merkezi’nin 1976 yılında Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından açılmasıyla birlikte Aşere-Takrîb-Tayyibe İhtisas Kursu, eğitim merkezi düzeyinde hizmete giren ilk kurs olmuştur. Burada Aşıkkutlu Mısır tarîkini, Gürses ise İstanbul tarîkini temsil etmek üzere her iki tarîkle birlikte kıraat tedrisatı sürdürülmüştür. Bu ihtisas kurslarının üçer yıllık dönemler halinde yapılması öngörülmüş ve sınavla kursiyer kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. 1976-1979 yılları arasındaki ilk dönem sonunda kurs her iki tarîkten de ilk mezunlarını vermiştir.Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı önceden belirlediği tarihlerde, teşkilat bünyesinde veya diğer kurumlarda görev yapan yahut özel sektörde çalışan, kendi imkânları ve özel gayretleriyle aşere-takrîb eğitimini tamamlamış ve icâzet almış olan kimseler için hizmet içi eğitim belgesi sınavı düzenlemektedir. Yazılı ve sözlü olmak üzere iki aşamalı bu sınavda başarılı olanlara, söz konusu belge verilmektedir. Başkanlığın ilk defa 2010 yılında ve iki yılda bir defa olacak şekilde gerçekleştirdiği “Aşere-Takrîb Kursunu Dışarıdan Okuyanlar İçin Belge Sınavı” adlı sınavla -2018 yılı itibariyle- 184 kişi bu belgeyi almaya hak kazanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki kıraat eğitiminde, öğrencilerin aşerenin temel kâidelerini öğrendiklerinde, rivâyetleri birbirinden ayırt etme alışkanlığı kazanmasına yönelik infirâd yöntemiyle, Kur’ân’ın ilk 5-10 sayfası her öğrenciye aşere tarîki üzere yazdırılır ve okutulur. Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, infirâd yöntemiyle bir süre okuyan öğrenciye kıraat kavramları, kâideleri, imam ve râvî sıralaması gibi hususlarda alışkanlık kazandırdıktan sonra, indirâc yöntemiyle tüm Kur’ân’ın aşere sûreti her bir öğrenciye yazdırılıp okutulur. Kıraat ilmi tedrisatıyla uğraşan âlimlerin, öğretimde takip ettikleri kaynaklar ve metotlar, bulundukları bölgelerde yaygınlaşarak o bölgenin adıyla bilinir olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı coğrafyasında kıraat ilmi, İstanbul ve Mısır tarîkleri olmak üzere iki usûlle okutulagelmiştir. Günümüz Türkiye’sinde, aynı şekilde bu iki tarîk üzere tahsil edilmeye devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde hâlihazırda yürütülen kıraat tedrisatında, İstanbul tarîkini Sûfî mesleği temsil etmekte ve başta İstanbul olmak üzere birçok merkezde kıraat eğitimi bu mesleğe göre yürütülmektedir. Halen Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali, Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses Eğitim Merkezleri’nde bu meslek okutulmaktadır. Ülkemizdeki son devir kıraat âlimlerinden Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu ve Gönenli Mehmed Öğütçü, Mısır tarîkinin temsilcileridir. Ülkemizde Mısır tarîki, takip edilen ve yaygın olarak benimsenip uygulanmasıyla günümüzde Atâullah mesleğiyle temsil edilmektedir.Günümüzde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, özellikle ilk başlarda edâ yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Böylece öğrenci, hocasından kıraatin uygulamasını bizzat işitmiş ve hocasına dersi sunmuş olur. Eğitim sürecinin ilerleyen aşamalarında, öğrenci dersi icrâda meleke kesbettikten sonra semâ‘ uygulamasının yoğunluğu azaltılır ve arz uygulamasına ağırlık verilir. Kıraat eğitiminde takip edilen programa gelince, klasik usûlde olduğu gibi günümüzde de ülkemizde takip edilen program aynı şekildedir. Buna göre tedriste aşere, takrîb ve tayyibe olmak üzere üç program takip edilir. Öte yandan kıraat okumaya başlayan kişinin sağlam hâfız olması ve Âsım kıraatinin Hafs rivâyetine göre tecvîd ilmini iyi bilip uygulayabilmesi şarttır. Böyle olmakla birlikte tecvîd ilmindeki uygulamaların pekişmesine yönelik müfredatta tecvîd dersi yer alır. Qur’ān Recitation (qirā’āt) activities constitute a good part of the Qur’ān education history starting with the revealation of the Qur’ān. In Prophet Muḥammad’s era and after his death, education and teaching activities for spreading the Qur’ān recitations were maintained by muslims. Several institutions were built for this purpose, and many works are written for qirā’ātscience education and methods developed made a big contribution to the spreading of qur’ān recitation science. An Interregnum period for qirā’ātscience has happened at the last period of Ottomans and first years of Republic of Turkey. Qirā’ātScience, under the state supervision and by formal institutions for many years, were sustained in an informal way after the law on unification of education were introduced. With the decrease of teachers, the education of the Qur’ān recitation faced a difficult time and almost nearly ceased. In our country, increasing of the expertness courses and number of men who trained in this places in recent years deserve a separate study, particularly on this subject. SummaryThere are many scholars who have studied the recitation of the Qur’ān (qirā’āt), and many papers that have been written on this subject analysing it by means of practice. Some institutions are founded with the purpose of teaching qirā’ātand a number of different methods have been developed in the historical process of qirā’āt.It is not clear when the knowledge of qur’ānic recitation first emerged in the region of Anatolia. In the Ottoman Empire, Khaṭīb ‘Abdulmu’min Rūmī who was tutee of Ibn al-Cezerī started to accept students for teaching qirā’ātin Bursa. Since then, qirā’ātbecame an official discipline of Islamic sciences. Evidently, the time Turks learned qirā’ātshould be before Ibn al-Cezerī’s arrival to Bursa.The brightest era of the qirā’ātand its institutionalisation was between XI-XIII centuries during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. Not only did training and teaching activities took place as seven and ten recitations, but authors also wrote books as supplementary references by depending on the works of the scholars such as Dānī, Shāṭıbī and Ibn al-Cezerī. Thus, the scholars made education practical and started to teach it as part of certain methods. The end of the 13th century was the time when sab‘a(seven) method based on seven recitations was superseded by ‘ashara(ten) method based on ten recitations. That is, the sab‘amethod was replaced by the ‘asharamethod in the country.The education of qirā’ātwhich were taught in expert institutions known as dār al-qurrāuntill the closure of madrasas was officially interrupted with the the law on unification of education on 3rd March 1924 in Turkey. The education of qirā’ātwas not officially given from the Republic of Turkey to 1968, but it was taught by self-abnegating scholars with their own efforts. The teaching of qirā’ātalmost disappeared due to some reasons such as education which wasn’t officially given by the state and the lack of encouragement for people interested in qirā’ātuntil 1968. The education of qirā’ātlater became official with the initiation of Tayyar Altıkulaç who was the vice president of religious affairs under the presidency of Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu in 1968. At that time, a number of staffs were sent to the town Çifaruksa/Uğurlu in Of /Trabzon for the job training with the appointment of the presidency of religious affairs in order to get education from Aşıkkutlu. The specialized training course named as ‘Ashera-Taqrīb-Ṭayyibah’ was the first course about qirā’ātwith the opening of Istanbul Haseki Training Center by the presidency of religious affairs in 1976. The education of qirā’ātwas carried out by Aşıkkutlu who used Egypt method and Gürses used Istanbul method. These specialized training courses were made as periods of 3 years and trainees were begun to be admitted by taking an exam. The first students graduated who learned both methods at the end of the first period which was between 1976 and 1979. The presidency of religious affairs held the exam at a predetermined time for issuing in-service training certification to people, who have worked within its own institution, other institutions and in the private sector, and completed the education on ‘asharamethod with their own efforts and got a degree. This certification has been given to people who succeeded in the written and oral examinations. 184 people got the certification after taking the exam entitled as ‘the exam for external students in the ‘ashara-taqrībcourse’ which was taken place biennially and for the first time in 2010. When students have learned the fundamental principles of ‘ashara method, the first five-ten pages of the Qur’ān were read and indited with regard to distinguish narratives from each other with infirād method. ‘Asheraanalysis of the Qur’ān was indited and read with indirāc method for each student after being taught about certain issues such as the concepts of qirā’āt, its principles, and the grading of the imāmand rāvito students who get education with infirād method in qirā’āteducation in the country. Sources and methods used by scholars who are engaged in qirā’āteducation have become widespread in regions; and these methods have gone under the name of those regions.In this context, the science of qirā’ātwas taught with Istanbul and Egypt methods in the Ottoman Empire. These methods have still been valid in today’s Turkey. Sūfī profession stands for Istanbul method and qirā’āteducation is given with regard to this profession in notably Istanbul and several centers. The education of this profession is given in Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali and Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses training centers. Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu who was one of the latest period scholars and Gönenli Mehmed are representatives of Egypt method. At the present time, Egypt method is represented as Atāullah profession by reason of the fact that it is commonly followed, adopted and conducted in the country.Nowadays, the edāmethod is used especially at the beginning of qirā’āteducation. Thus, student hears what instructor reads and gives a presentation. Instructors concentrate on the practice arzin the ongoing process and ease off on practice samʿaafter student implemented the lesson. At the present time, the curriculum followed in the qirā’āteducation is the same as the classic method in the country. The ‘Ashera, Taqrīb and Ṭayyibah’ methods were used in education. On the other hand, the person who recites should be a decent ḥāfiẓand know the science of tajweedwell in compliance with Hafs narrative of Asım and implement it. Notwithstanding that, there is the tajweedlesson in curriculum in order to strengthen implementations of the science of tajweed.

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    Authors: AKASLAN, Yaşar;

    Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nüzûlüyle birlikte başlayan Kur’ân eğitim tarihinin önemli bir boyutunu kıraat faaliyetleri oluşturur. Gerek Hz. Peygamber döneminde gerekse onun vefatından sonraki süreçte, Müslümanların Kur’ân kıraatlerini yaymaya yönelik eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda müesseseler kurulmuş, kıraat ilmi eğitimine dönük eserler yazılmış ve metotlar geliştirilerek kıraat ilminin yayılmasına katkıda bulunulmuştur. Osmanlı’nın son döneminde ve Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, -ülkemiz adına- bir fetret dönemi yaşanmıştır. Uzun yıllar devletin gözetiminde ve resmî kurumları vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilen kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretimi, Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu’nun çıkarılmasından sonra Türkiye’de gayr-ı resmî olarak yürütülmüş, bu ilmi okutan ehil hocaların azalmasıyla kıraat ilmine yönelik faaliyetler zamanla yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ülkemizde, son yıllarda aşere-takrîb-tayyibe tedrisine yönelik ihtisas kurslarının ve buralarda yetişenlerin sayısının hızla artması, üzerinde müstakil bir çalışmayı hak etmektedir. Özetİslâm eğitim tarihinde, kıraat ilmi sahasında pek çok âlim yetişmiş, çok sayıda eser kaleme alınmış ve pratik tarafıyla bu ilmin tedrisine devam edilegelmiştir. Kur’ân kelimelerinin telaffuz farklılıklarını konu edinen bu köklü ilmin tahsiline yönelik, zamanla birtakım müesseseler kurulmuş ve kıraat ilmi eğitiminin tarihsel sürecinde birtakım metotlar geliştirilmiştir.Kaynaklarda, kıraat ilminin Anadolu’ya ne zaman ve kimin vasıtasıyla geldiği tam olarak belli değildir. Osmanlı coğrafyasının kıraat ilmiyle tanışması, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin öğrencisi Hatîb Abdulmü’min Rûmî’nin Bursa’daki kıraat eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerine başlamasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı’da, kıraat ilmi tedrisatının İbnü’l-Cezerî ile müesses bir yapı arz ettiği ve resmiyet kazandığı ifade edilir. Dolayısıyla Türkler’in kıraat ilmiyle tanışmaları, İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin Bursa’ya gelişinin öncesine tekabül eder.Osmanlı coğrafyasında, XI-XIII. asırlar arasında kıraat ilmi ve tedrisatı en parlak dönemini yaşamış, yedi ve on kıraat olmak üzere eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri yürütülmüştür. Yine Dânî, Şâtıbî ve İbnü’l-Cezerî gibi âlimlerin eserleri esas alınarak birçok müellif, tedrisata dönük yardımcı kaynaklar telif ederek uygulamaya koymuşlardır. Bu sayede kıraat eğitim-öğretimi daha pratik hale getirilmiş ve belirli usûller çerçevesinde okutulmaya başlanmıştır. XIII. asır sonları, aynı zamanda yedi kıraati esas alan seb‘a tarîki tedrisatının ülkemizde yavaş yavaş yerini on kıraati temel alan aşere tarîkine bıraktığı dönemdir. Böylece kıraat müfredatında, seb‘a tarîki okunmadan doğrudan aşere tarîkine geçilmiştir.Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretimi, 3 Mart 1924’te Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu ile birlikte medreselerin ilgâsına kadar dâru’l-kurrâ denilen ihtisas merkezlerinde yapılırken, medreselerin kapanmasıyla resmî olarak kesintiye uğramıştır. Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1968 yılına kadar kıraat ilmi, kurumsal seviyede tedris edilememiş ancak özverili üstâdların şahsî gayretleriyle okutulmuştur. Bu tarihe kadar kıraat ilmi eğitim-öğretiminin devlet eliyle yürütülmemesi ya da bu ilme ilgi duyanların teşvik edilmemesi gibi sebeplerle kıraat ilmini okuyup-okutanların sayısı gün geçtikçe azalarak neredeyse bu ilim yok olmaya yüz tutmuştur. 1968 yılında ise dönemin Diyanet İşleri Başkan Yardımcısı Tayyar Altıkulaç’ın girişimiyle Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu riyâsetinde resmî olarak kıraat ilmi yeniden tahsil edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tarihte, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığının görevlendirmesiyle kurumun bazı personeli, hizmet içi eğitim kapsamında, Aşıkkutlu’dan kıraat derslerini tahsil etmek üzere Trabzon’un Of ilçesine bağlı Çifaruksa/Uğurlu beldesine gönderilmiştir.İstanbul Haseki Eğitim Merkezi’nin 1976 yılında Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından açılmasıyla birlikte Aşere-Takrîb-Tayyibe İhtisas Kursu, eğitim merkezi düzeyinde hizmete giren ilk kurs olmuştur. Burada Aşıkkutlu Mısır tarîkini, Gürses ise İstanbul tarîkini temsil etmek üzere her iki tarîkle birlikte kıraat tedrisatı sürdürülmüştür. Bu ihtisas kurslarının üçer yıllık dönemler halinde yapılması öngörülmüş ve sınavla kursiyer kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. 1976-1979 yılları arasındaki ilk dönem sonunda kurs her iki tarîkten de ilk mezunlarını vermiştir.Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı önceden belirlediği tarihlerde, teşkilat bünyesinde veya diğer kurumlarda görev yapan yahut özel sektörde çalışan, kendi imkânları ve özel gayretleriyle aşere-takrîb eğitimini tamamlamış ve icâzet almış olan kimseler için hizmet içi eğitim belgesi sınavı düzenlemektedir. Yazılı ve sözlü olmak üzere iki aşamalı bu sınavda başarılı olanlara, söz konusu belge verilmektedir. Başkanlığın ilk defa 2010 yılında ve iki yılda bir defa olacak şekilde gerçekleştirdiği “Aşere-Takrîb Kursunu Dışarıdan Okuyanlar İçin Belge Sınavı” adlı sınavla -2018 yılı itibariyle- 184 kişi bu belgeyi almaya hak kazanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki kıraat eğitiminde, öğrencilerin aşerenin temel kâidelerini öğrendiklerinde, rivâyetleri birbirinden ayırt etme alışkanlığı kazanmasına yönelik infirâd yöntemiyle, Kur’ân’ın ilk 5-10 sayfası her öğrenciye aşere tarîki üzere yazdırılır ve okutulur. Ülkemizde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, infirâd yöntemiyle bir süre okuyan öğrenciye kıraat kavramları, kâideleri, imam ve râvî sıralaması gibi hususlarda alışkanlık kazandırdıktan sonra, indirâc yöntemiyle tüm Kur’ân’ın aşere sûreti her bir öğrenciye yazdırılıp okutulur. Kıraat ilmi tedrisatıyla uğraşan âlimlerin, öğretimde takip ettikleri kaynaklar ve metotlar, bulundukları bölgelerde yaygınlaşarak o bölgenin adıyla bilinir olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Osmanlı coğrafyasında kıraat ilmi, İstanbul ve Mısır tarîkleri olmak üzere iki usûlle okutulagelmiştir. Günümüz Türkiye’sinde, aynı şekilde bu iki tarîk üzere tahsil edilmeye devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde hâlihazırda yürütülen kıraat tedrisatında, İstanbul tarîkini Sûfî mesleği temsil etmekte ve başta İstanbul olmak üzere birçok merkezde kıraat eğitimi bu mesleğe göre yürütülmektedir. Halen Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali, Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses Eğitim Merkezleri’nde bu meslek okutulmaktadır. Ülkemizdeki son devir kıraat âlimlerinden Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu ve Gönenli Mehmed Öğütçü, Mısır tarîkinin temsilcileridir. Ülkemizde Mısır tarîki, takip edilen ve yaygın olarak benimsenip uygulanmasıyla günümüzde Atâullah mesleğiyle temsil edilmektedir.Günümüzde kıraat eğitim-öğretiminde, özellikle ilk başlarda edâ yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Böylece öğrenci, hocasından kıraatin uygulamasını bizzat işitmiş ve hocasına dersi sunmuş olur. Eğitim sürecinin ilerleyen aşamalarında, öğrenci dersi icrâda meleke kesbettikten sonra semâ‘ uygulamasının yoğunluğu azaltılır ve arz uygulamasına ağırlık verilir. Kıraat eğitiminde takip edilen programa gelince, klasik usûlde olduğu gibi günümüzde de ülkemizde takip edilen program aynı şekildedir. Buna göre tedriste aşere, takrîb ve tayyibe olmak üzere üç program takip edilir. Öte yandan kıraat okumaya başlayan kişinin sağlam hâfız olması ve Âsım kıraatinin Hafs rivâyetine göre tecvîd ilmini iyi bilip uygulayabilmesi şarttır. Böyle olmakla birlikte tecvîd ilmindeki uygulamaların pekişmesine yönelik müfredatta tecvîd dersi yer alır. Qur’ān Recitation (qirā’āt) activities constitute a good part of the Qur’ān education history starting with the revealation of the Qur’ān. In Prophet Muḥammad’s era and after his death, education and teaching activities for spreading the Qur’ān recitations were maintained by muslims. Several institutions were built for this purpose, and many works are written for qirā’ātscience education and methods developed made a big contribution to the spreading of qur’ān recitation science. An Interregnum period for qirā’ātscience has happened at the last period of Ottomans and first years of Republic of Turkey. Qirā’ātScience, under the state supervision and by formal institutions for many years, were sustained in an informal way after the law on unification of education were introduced. With the decrease of teachers, the education of the Qur’ān recitation faced a difficult time and almost nearly ceased. In our country, increasing of the expertness courses and number of men who trained in this places in recent years deserve a separate study, particularly on this subject. SummaryThere are many scholars who have studied the recitation of the Qur’ān (qirā’āt), and many papers that have been written on this subject analysing it by means of practice. Some institutions are founded with the purpose of teaching qirā’ātand a number of different methods have been developed in the historical process of qirā’āt.It is not clear when the knowledge of qur’ānic recitation first emerged in the region of Anatolia. In the Ottoman Empire, Khaṭīb ‘Abdulmu’min Rūmī who was tutee of Ibn al-Cezerī started to accept students for teaching qirā’ātin Bursa. Since then, qirā’ātbecame an official discipline of Islamic sciences. Evidently, the time Turks learned qirā’ātshould be before Ibn al-Cezerī’s arrival to Bursa.The brightest era of the qirā’ātand its institutionalisation was between XI-XIII centuries during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. Not only did training and teaching activities took place as seven and ten recitations, but authors also wrote books as supplementary references by depending on the works of the scholars such as Dānī, Shāṭıbī and Ibn al-Cezerī. Thus, the scholars made education practical and started to teach it as part of certain methods. The end of the 13th century was the time when sab‘a(seven) method based on seven recitations was superseded by ‘ashara(ten) method based on ten recitations. That is, the sab‘amethod was replaced by the ‘asharamethod in the country.The education of qirā’ātwhich were taught in expert institutions known as dār al-qurrāuntill the closure of madrasas was officially interrupted with the the law on unification of education on 3rd March 1924 in Turkey. The education of qirā’ātwas not officially given from the Republic of Turkey to 1968, but it was taught by self-abnegating scholars with their own efforts. The teaching of qirā’ātalmost disappeared due to some reasons such as education which wasn’t officially given by the state and the lack of encouragement for people interested in qirā’ātuntil 1968. The education of qirā’ātlater became official with the initiation of Tayyar Altıkulaç who was the vice president of religious affairs under the presidency of Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu in 1968. At that time, a number of staffs were sent to the town Çifaruksa/Uğurlu in Of /Trabzon for the job training with the appointment of the presidency of religious affairs in order to get education from Aşıkkutlu. The specialized training course named as ‘Ashera-Taqrīb-Ṭayyibah’ was the first course about qirā’ātwith the opening of Istanbul Haseki Training Center by the presidency of religious affairs in 1976. The education of qirā’ātwas carried out by Aşıkkutlu who used Egypt method and Gürses used Istanbul method. These specialized training courses were made as periods of 3 years and trainees were begun to be admitted by taking an exam. The first students graduated who learned both methods at the end of the first period which was between 1976 and 1979. The presidency of religious affairs held the exam at a predetermined time for issuing in-service training certification to people, who have worked within its own institution, other institutions and in the private sector, and completed the education on ‘asharamethod with their own efforts and got a degree. This certification has been given to people who succeeded in the written and oral examinations. 184 people got the certification after taking the exam entitled as ‘the exam for external students in the ‘ashara-taqrībcourse’ which was taken place biennially and for the first time in 2010. When students have learned the fundamental principles of ‘ashara method, the first five-ten pages of the Qur’ān were read and indited with regard to distinguish narratives from each other with infirād method. ‘Asheraanalysis of the Qur’ān was indited and read with indirāc method for each student after being taught about certain issues such as the concepts of qirā’āt, its principles, and the grading of the imāmand rāvito students who get education with infirād method in qirā’āteducation in the country. Sources and methods used by scholars who are engaged in qirā’āteducation have become widespread in regions; and these methods have gone under the name of those regions.In this context, the science of qirā’ātwas taught with Istanbul and Egypt methods in the Ottoman Empire. These methods have still been valid in today’s Turkey. Sūfī profession stands for Istanbul method and qirā’āteducation is given with regard to this profession in notably Istanbul and several centers. The education of this profession is given in Pendik, Müftü Yusuf Karali and Haseki Abdurrahman Gürses training centers. Mehmed Rüşdü Aşıkkutlu who was one of the latest period scholars and Gönenli Mehmed are representatives of Egypt method. At the present time, Egypt method is represented as Atāullah profession by reason of the fact that it is commonly followed, adopted and conducted in the country.Nowadays, the edāmethod is used especially at the beginning of qirā’āteducation. Thus, student hears what instructor reads and gives a presentation. Instructors concentrate on the practice arzin the ongoing process and ease off on practice samʿaafter student implemented the lesson. At the present time, the curriculum followed in the qirā’āteducation is the same as the classic method in the country. The ‘Ashera, Taqrīb and Ṭayyibah’ methods were used in education. On the other hand, the person who recites should be a decent ḥāfiẓand know the science of tajweedwell in compliance with Hafs narrative of Asım and implement it. Notwithstanding that, there is the tajweedlesson in curriculum in order to strengthen implementations of the science of tajweed.

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    Authors: Cenker Aktemur; Mutlu Tarık Çakır; Musa Faruk Çakır;

    Buildings consume more than a third of the world's energy demand, and painstaking adjusting the insulation thickness of external walls is an effective way to save energy. Thermal insulation plays an important role by reducing the heat transfer rate to save energy, and it is important to determine the thickness of the appropriate insulation material in the walls. In this research, considering only the heating factor, four different building materials (Pumice, Hollow concrete block - HCB, Hollow red clay block - HRCB and Reinforced concrete - RC) and eight different insulation materials (Extruded polystyrene - XPS, Expanded polystyrene - EPS, Expanded polyurethane - PUR, Wood fiber - WF, Hemp fiber - HF, Linen fiber - LF, Fiber glass - FG and Sheep wool - SW) are investigated on the exterior of a building in Sivas province of Türkiye. To reach more accurate results, life cycle cost analysis is taken as a basis, and the optimal insulation thicknesses, payback periods and energy savings of 32 different wall + insulation combinations with solar radiation (SR) are estimated using heating degree-hours. The heating requirement of a building covers more than three quarters of the year in Sivas, depending on different facing walls. These rates are calculated as 85 % (without SR), 80 % (North), 78 % (West), 77 % (East) and 75 % (South). Results also showed that the total minimum heating cost, the total maximum energy saving cost and the shorthest payback period are obtained HRCB + FG + South with 14.19 €/m2, RC + FG + solar radiation free with 72.76 €/m2 and RC + LF + solar radiation free with 1.60 year.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Cenker Aktemur; Mutlu Tarık Çakır; Musa Faruk Çakır;

    Buildings consume more than a third of the world's energy demand, and painstaking adjusting the insulation thickness of external walls is an effective way to save energy. Thermal insulation plays an important role by reducing the heat transfer rate to save energy, and it is important to determine the thickness of the appropriate insulation material in the walls. In this research, considering only the heating factor, four different building materials (Pumice, Hollow concrete block - HCB, Hollow red clay block - HRCB and Reinforced concrete - RC) and eight different insulation materials (Extruded polystyrene - XPS, Expanded polystyrene - EPS, Expanded polyurethane - PUR, Wood fiber - WF, Hemp fiber - HF, Linen fiber - LF, Fiber glass - FG and Sheep wool - SW) are investigated on the exterior of a building in Sivas province of Türkiye. To reach more accurate results, life cycle cost analysis is taken as a basis, and the optimal insulation thicknesses, payback periods and energy savings of 32 different wall + insulation combinations with solar radiation (SR) are estimated using heating degree-hours. The heating requirement of a building covers more than three quarters of the year in Sivas, depending on different facing walls. These rates are calculated as 85 % (without SR), 80 % (North), 78 % (West), 77 % (East) and 75 % (South). Results also showed that the total minimum heating cost, the total maximum energy saving cost and the shorthest payback period are obtained HRCB + FG + South with 14.19 €/m2, RC + FG + solar radiation free with 72.76 €/m2 and RC + LF + solar radiation free with 1.60 year.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4...
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    Authors: Fallahi, Y.; Aydin, A. A.; Gur, M.; Okutan, H.;

    The aim of this study was to examine the risk of heavy metal, ammonia and sulfate transition from underground coal gasification (UCG) chars and process water of Malkara lignite to the groundwater around the UCG cavity. The residues were collected during laboratory-scale underground coal gasification studies of Malkara lignite in ex situ gasification simulator. In order to compare gasification with combustion in terms of water pollution, ash samples were obtained by combustion of Malkara lignite. To determine the leaching behavior of the char and ash samples, two leaching tests (EPA TCLP and EN 12457-2 methods) were applied. The concentration of heavy metals in char, ash and process water samples was determined by ICP-OES. Additionally, ammonia and sulfate analyses were conducted for process water. Based on the results of this study, it has been found that the concentration of some elements, such as B, Sb and Al in char and ash eluates exceeded the maximum level of drinking water standards. However, there is no landfill concern about char samples according to EU Landfill Directive. A significant increase in B concentration was observed in ash samples. Considering B and some other elements combustion residues were identified with much higher water contamination ability, compared to gasification residues. Ammonia concentration was observed extremely high in process water of the gasification tests. UCG technique may be more environmentally applicable technology compared to combustion for Malkara lignite reserves. However, further detailed studies are necessary in the early stage of the UCG field test design and application.

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    International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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      International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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    Authors: Fallahi, Y.; Aydin, A. A.; Gur, M.; Okutan, H.;

    The aim of this study was to examine the risk of heavy metal, ammonia and sulfate transition from underground coal gasification (UCG) chars and process water of Malkara lignite to the groundwater around the UCG cavity. The residues were collected during laboratory-scale underground coal gasification studies of Malkara lignite in ex situ gasification simulator. In order to compare gasification with combustion in terms of water pollution, ash samples were obtained by combustion of Malkara lignite. To determine the leaching behavior of the char and ash samples, two leaching tests (EPA TCLP and EN 12457-2 methods) were applied. The concentration of heavy metals in char, ash and process water samples was determined by ICP-OES. Additionally, ammonia and sulfate analyses were conducted for process water. Based on the results of this study, it has been found that the concentration of some elements, such as B, Sb and Al in char and ash eluates exceeded the maximum level of drinking water standards. However, there is no landfill concern about char samples according to EU Landfill Directive. A significant increase in B concentration was observed in ash samples. Considering B and some other elements combustion residues were identified with much higher water contamination ability, compared to gasification residues. Ammonia concentration was observed extremely high in process water of the gasification tests. UCG technique may be more environmentally applicable technology compared to combustion for Malkara lignite reserves. However, further detailed studies are necessary in the early stage of the UCG field test design and application.

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    International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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  • Authors: Kıvrak, Mehmet Fatih;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; İçinde bulunulan yüzyılda insanlarının en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olan “ulaşım” yaygın olarak fosil yakıtlı araçlar tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların kıtlığı ve üretilmelerinden tüketilmelerine kadar olan çevrimde doğaya olan zararlı etkileri; alternatif, temiz enerji kaynaklarıyla (Ör: Güneş, Hidrojen) çalışan araçların gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hidrojen yakıt hücreli elektrikli bir aracın, hidrojen saklama ortamının salıverme verimini arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Aracın, polimer elektrolit membran tipli yakıt hücresi, hidrojen deposu olarak metal hidrid tüp grubu tarafından beslenmektedir. Araçta kullanılan metal hidrid saklama ortamlarının salıverme verimini arttırmak amacıyla kapalı devre ısı transfer sistemi kurulmuştur. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda kurulan sistemin, salınan hidrojen miktarını kayda değer oranda arttırdığı görülmüştür. Yakıt hücresi, çıkışında 800W güç üretecek şekilde yüklenmiş; ilk olarak ısı transfer sistemiyle, daha sonra ısı transfer sistemi olmadan, aynı şartlarda doldurulmuş metal hidrid tüpe bağlanmıştır. Isı transfer sistemi ile çalışan metal hidrid tüp 61 dakika boyunca; ısı transfer sistemi olmadan çalışan tüp ise sadece 18 dakika yakıt hücresini ortalama 800 W güç üretecek şekilde besleyebilmiştir. ; Fossil fuels are used by vehicles in transportation, which is one of the main needs of people. The share of transportation in fossil fuel usage is very high and daily oil consumption has been increasing. Shortage of fossil fuels and harmful effects’ have become main problem of today’s world. These causes force people to find new clean energy sources for vehicles to decrease pollutant gas emissions such as solar energy and hydrogen energy. In this study, it is aimed that improving the desorption efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle’s hydrogen storage. The vehicle’s fuel ...

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  • Authors: Kıvrak, Mehmet Fatih;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; İçinde bulunulan yüzyılda insanlarının en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olan “ulaşım” yaygın olarak fosil yakıtlı araçlar tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Fosil yakıtların kıtlığı ve üretilmelerinden tüketilmelerine kadar olan çevrimde doğaya olan zararlı etkileri; alternatif, temiz enerji kaynaklarıyla (Ör: Güneş, Hidrojen) çalışan araçların gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hidrojen yakıt hücreli elektrikli bir aracın, hidrojen saklama ortamının salıverme verimini arttırmak amaçlanmıştır. Aracın, polimer elektrolit membran tipli yakıt hücresi, hidrojen deposu olarak metal hidrid tüp grubu tarafından beslenmektedir. Araçta kullanılan metal hidrid saklama ortamlarının salıverme verimini arttırmak amacıyla kapalı devre ısı transfer sistemi kurulmuştur. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda kurulan sistemin, salınan hidrojen miktarını kayda değer oranda arttırdığı görülmüştür. Yakıt hücresi, çıkışında 800W güç üretecek şekilde yüklenmiş; ilk olarak ısı transfer sistemiyle, daha sonra ısı transfer sistemi olmadan, aynı şartlarda doldurulmuş metal hidrid tüpe bağlanmıştır. Isı transfer sistemi ile çalışan metal hidrid tüp 61 dakika boyunca; ısı transfer sistemi olmadan çalışan tüp ise sadece 18 dakika yakıt hücresini ortalama 800 W güç üretecek şekilde besleyebilmiştir. ; Fossil fuels are used by vehicles in transportation, which is one of the main needs of people. The share of transportation in fossil fuel usage is very high and daily oil consumption has been increasing. Shortage of fossil fuels and harmful effects’ have become main problem of today’s world. These causes force people to find new clean energy sources for vehicles to decrease pollutant gas emissions such as solar energy and hydrogen energy. In this study, it is aimed that improving the desorption efficiency of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle’s hydrogen storage. The vehicle’s fuel ...

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    Authors: ELDEM, Ayşe; ELDEM, Hüseyin; PALALI, Abdurrahman;

    Bilgisayar bilimlerindeki onemli calisma konularindan biri de goruntu islemedir. Bir goruntuden faydali bir bilgi cikarilarak yorumlanmasi gerektiginde goruntu isleme tekniklerinden faydalanilmaktadir. Islenecek goruntu, kameralar, optik tarayicilar ve fotograf makineleri yardimiyla elde edilebilir. Bu dijital goruntulerin sayisallastirilmasiyla uzerinde farkli islemler uygulanarak anlamli yorumlanabilir sonuclar elde edilebilir. Tip, Askeri, Endustriyel ve Cografi Sistemler gibi bircok alanda kullanilan goruntu isleme teknikleri, guvenlik sistemleri alaninda da yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir. Parmak izi, iris ve yuz tanima gibi uygulamalar guvenlik alaninda goruntu isleme teknikleri kullanilarak yapilabilmektedir. Tarayici, kamera ya da fotograf makinesi uzerinden alinan goruntulerin yorumlanabilmesi icin belirli on islemlerden gecirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yazilimsal olarak programlama dilleriyle gelistirilmis bircok kutuphane bulunmaktadir. Acik kaynak kodlu bir kutuphane olan OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) bu calismada tercih edilen goruntu isleme kutuphanelerinden biridir. Gelistirilen uygulamada OpenCV’ nin C# icin gelistirilmis olan OpenCVSharp bileseni kullanilmistir. Kamera ile bireylerin fotograflari elde edilerek bireylerin yuz bolgeleri bulunmustur. Ardindan veritabaninda kayitli olan verilerle karsilastirilarak bireyin hangi oranda kime benzedigi gelistirilen program araciligiyla gosterilmistir. Yapilan bu calismada yuz tanimada %79 oraninda basari saglanmistir.

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    Authors: ELDEM, Ayşe; ELDEM, Hüseyin; PALALI, Abdurrahman;

    Bilgisayar bilimlerindeki onemli calisma konularindan biri de goruntu islemedir. Bir goruntuden faydali bir bilgi cikarilarak yorumlanmasi gerektiginde goruntu isleme tekniklerinden faydalanilmaktadir. Islenecek goruntu, kameralar, optik tarayicilar ve fotograf makineleri yardimiyla elde edilebilir. Bu dijital goruntulerin sayisallastirilmasiyla uzerinde farkli islemler uygulanarak anlamli yorumlanabilir sonuclar elde edilebilir. Tip, Askeri, Endustriyel ve Cografi Sistemler gibi bircok alanda kullanilan goruntu isleme teknikleri, guvenlik sistemleri alaninda da yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir. Parmak izi, iris ve yuz tanima gibi uygulamalar guvenlik alaninda goruntu isleme teknikleri kullanilarak yapilabilmektedir. Tarayici, kamera ya da fotograf makinesi uzerinden alinan goruntulerin yorumlanabilmesi icin belirli on islemlerden gecirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yazilimsal olarak programlama dilleriyle gelistirilmis bircok kutuphane bulunmaktadir. Acik kaynak kodlu bir kutuphane olan OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) bu calismada tercih edilen goruntu isleme kutuphanelerinden biridir. Gelistirilen uygulamada OpenCV’ nin C# icin gelistirilmis olan OpenCVSharp bileseni kullanilmistir. Kamera ile bireylerin fotograflari elde edilerek bireylerin yuz bolgeleri bulunmustur. Ardindan veritabaninda kayitli olan verilerle karsilastirilarak bireyin hangi oranda kime benzedigi gelistirilen program araciligiyla gosterilmistir. Yapilan bu calismada yuz tanimada %79 oraninda basari saglanmistir.

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    Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi
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    Authors: Saif Haider; Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Fahad Alshehri; +3 Authors

    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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    Authors: Saif Haider; Muhammad Umer Masood; Muhammad Rashid; Fahad Alshehri; +3 Authors

    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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  • Authors: Kopuz, Dilek;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ Malkara ve Çorum Bayat linyitleri ve biyokütle numuneleri olarak şeftali çekirdeği ile vişne çekirdeğinin; ayrıca, onların değişik oranlarda karışımlarının yanma davranımları incelenmiştir. Termogravimetrik analiz cihazında gerçekleştirilen yanma deneylerinin sonuçları, biyokütle ve kömür-biyokütle karışımlarının yanmasının uçucu madde ve yarıkokun yanmasını temsil eden iki farklı basamakta; kömür numunelerinin yanmasının ise tek basamakta gerçekleştiğini, Çorum Bayat kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında önemli bir etkileşimin olmadığını ancak, Tekirdağ Malkara kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında sinerjik etkileşimlerin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuç aynı biyokütle türlerinin farklı linyitler üzerinde değişik etkilerinin olabileceğini göstermiştir. Deneysel veriler kullanılarak BASIC dilinde yazılmış bir bilgisayar programı ile yapılan kinetik hesaplamalarda, kinetik parametrelerin numuneden numuneye ve kullanılan hesaplama yöntemine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Uçucu maddenin çıkışı ve yanması için f(α) = (1-α)2/3, yarıkokun yanması için ise f(α) = (1-α) denklemlerinin uygun kinetik modeller olduğu bulunmuştur. ; In this study, combustion behaviours of Tekirdağ Malkara and Çorum Bayat lignites, peach stone and sour cherry stone and their blends in different ratios were investigated. The results of combustion experiments which have been carried out in the thermogravimetric analyzer showed that the combustion of the biomass and coal-biomass blends combustion occur in two steps; firstly the volatiles are released and burned, and secondly char combustion takes place. However, coal is characterized by only one combustion stage. No significant interactions were detected between the Çorum Bayat lignite and biomass, but synergistic interactions were detected between Tekirdağ Malkara lignite and biomass. This ...

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  • Authors: Kopuz, Dilek;

    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 ; Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 ; Bu çalışmada, Tekirdağ Malkara ve Çorum Bayat linyitleri ve biyokütle numuneleri olarak şeftali çekirdeği ile vişne çekirdeğinin; ayrıca, onların değişik oranlarda karışımlarının yanma davranımları incelenmiştir. Termogravimetrik analiz cihazında gerçekleştirilen yanma deneylerinin sonuçları, biyokütle ve kömür-biyokütle karışımlarının yanmasının uçucu madde ve yarıkokun yanmasını temsil eden iki farklı basamakta; kömür numunelerinin yanmasının ise tek basamakta gerçekleştiğini, Çorum Bayat kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında önemli bir etkileşimin olmadığını ancak, Tekirdağ Malkara kömürü ile biyokütle numuneleri arasında sinerjik etkileşimlerin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuç aynı biyokütle türlerinin farklı linyitler üzerinde değişik etkilerinin olabileceğini göstermiştir. Deneysel veriler kullanılarak BASIC dilinde yazılmış bir bilgisayar programı ile yapılan kinetik hesaplamalarda, kinetik parametrelerin numuneden numuneye ve kullanılan hesaplama yöntemine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Uçucu maddenin çıkışı ve yanması için f(α) = (1-α)2/3, yarıkokun yanması için ise f(α) = (1-α) denklemlerinin uygun kinetik modeller olduğu bulunmuştur. ; In this study, combustion behaviours of Tekirdağ Malkara and Çorum Bayat lignites, peach stone and sour cherry stone and their blends in different ratios were investigated. The results of combustion experiments which have been carried out in the thermogravimetric analyzer showed that the combustion of the biomass and coal-biomass blends combustion occur in two steps; firstly the volatiles are released and burned, and secondly char combustion takes place. However, coal is characterized by only one combustion stage. No significant interactions were detected between the Çorum Bayat lignite and biomass, but synergistic interactions were detected between Tekirdağ Malkara lignite and biomass. This ...

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    Authors: Yilmaz, Serdar;

    Bu tezde üç farklı (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm) ikili sistem araştırıldı. Ln2O3 oksijen bileşikleri x değeri 0,01-0,10 mol katkı aralığında olacak şekilde saf monoklinik Bi2O3 içerisine katı hal reaksiyonu yöntemiyle katkılandı. Reaksiyonlar farklı ısıl işlem basamaklarında, açık hava atmosferinde çalışan kül fırınlarında ve alümina krozeler içerisinde gerçekleştirildi.Bütün ikili sistemlerde baskın olarak beta-Bi2O3 tipi katı çözelti bölgeleri sentez edildi. Ln2O3 katkılanmış katı çözeltileri karakterize edebilmek için X-ışınları toz difraksiyon (XRD) analizi yöntemi kullanıldı. Isıl işlem sıcaklarının, süresinin, soğutma hızının ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının katı çözeltilerin oluşumlarını ve özelliklerini etkilediği belirlendi.Deneysel verilere göre, elde edilen tetragonal tipi katı çözeltilerin kristal örgülerinde O(2-) iyonu boşlukları içermelerinden dolayı stokiyometrik olmayan karaktere sahip oldukları sonucuna varıldı. İletkenlik ölçümleri sonucunda elektrik iletkenliğin, sıcaklık ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının artışı ile arttığı gözlendi.Çalışmada sentezi gerçekleştirilen katı elektrolit sistemlerinin bir çok endüstriyel uygulamalarda, örneğin katı oksit yakıt hücrelerinin (SOFC) üretiminde kullanılabilecekleri öngörüldü. In this thesis, three different (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x binary systems have been investigated. 0,01<=x<=0,1 mole amounts of Ln2O3 compounds were doped in to the pure Bi2O3 by the solid state reactions. Heat treatments were applied to the synthesis reactions at various temperature ranges in air furnaces in alumina crucibles.Tetragonal beta-Bi2O3 solid solutions have been synthesized in all of binary systems as dominant phase. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) has been used for characterization of the Ln2O3 doped solid solutions. We determined that the factors such as heat treatment temperatures and period, cooling rate and amount of Ln2O3 dopant affected the formation of solution reactions and their properties.Experimental results show that tetragonal type solid solutions are non-stoichiometric because of the O(2-) ion holes in their crystal structure. Conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity increases with increasing temperature and increasing Ln2O3 concentrations.The solid electrolytes we have synthesized in this study can be used in diverse industrial applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 212

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    Authors: Yilmaz, Serdar;

    Bu tezde üç farklı (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x (Ln = Dy, Eu, Sm) ikili sistem araştırıldı. Ln2O3 oksijen bileşikleri x değeri 0,01-0,10 mol katkı aralığında olacak şekilde saf monoklinik Bi2O3 içerisine katı hal reaksiyonu yöntemiyle katkılandı. Reaksiyonlar farklı ısıl işlem basamaklarında, açık hava atmosferinde çalışan kül fırınlarında ve alümina krozeler içerisinde gerçekleştirildi.Bütün ikili sistemlerde baskın olarak beta-Bi2O3 tipi katı çözelti bölgeleri sentez edildi. Ln2O3 katkılanmış katı çözeltileri karakterize edebilmek için X-ışınları toz difraksiyon (XRD) analizi yöntemi kullanıldı. Isıl işlem sıcaklarının, süresinin, soğutma hızının ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının katı çözeltilerin oluşumlarını ve özelliklerini etkilediği belirlendi.Deneysel verilere göre, elde edilen tetragonal tipi katı çözeltilerin kristal örgülerinde O(2-) iyonu boşlukları içermelerinden dolayı stokiyometrik olmayan karaktere sahip oldukları sonucuna varıldı. İletkenlik ölçümleri sonucunda elektrik iletkenliğin, sıcaklık ve Ln2O3 katkı miktarının artışı ile arttığı gözlendi.Çalışmada sentezi gerçekleştirilen katı elektrolit sistemlerinin bir çok endüstriyel uygulamalarda, örneğin katı oksit yakıt hücrelerinin (SOFC) üretiminde kullanılabilecekleri öngörüldü. In this thesis, three different (Bi2O3)1-x(Ln2O3)x binary systems have been investigated. 0,01<=x<=0,1 mole amounts of Ln2O3 compounds were doped in to the pure Bi2O3 by the solid state reactions. Heat treatments were applied to the synthesis reactions at various temperature ranges in air furnaces in alumina crucibles.Tetragonal beta-Bi2O3 solid solutions have been synthesized in all of binary systems as dominant phase. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) has been used for characterization of the Ln2O3 doped solid solutions. We determined that the factors such as heat treatment temperatures and period, cooling rate and amount of Ln2O3 dopant affected the formation of solution reactions and their properties.Experimental results show that tetragonal type solid solutions are non-stoichiometric because of the O(2-) ion holes in their crystal structure. Conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity increases with increasing temperature and increasing Ln2O3 concentrations.The solid electrolytes we have synthesized in this study can be used in diverse industrial applications such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 212

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    Authors: Ayse Aktas Kamiloglu; Ece Tugba Saka; Irfan Acar;
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    Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry
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    Authors: Ayse Aktas Kamiloglu; Ece Tugba Saka; Irfan Acar;
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