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This research investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foreign direct investment. This research also studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the gross domestic product (GDP). This research employs a local projection estimation to calculate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on foreign direct investment. The panel vector autoregression is applied to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between FDI and GDP. This research finds variations in the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on FDI among economic sectors in Indonesia. Moreover, the relationship between FDI and GDP is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Les activités anthropiques récentes ont dégradé les tourbières, le plus grand réservoir naturel de carbone du sol, réduisant ainsi leur absorption de carbone dans l'atmosphère. En tant que l'une des principales sources d'émissions de méthane (CH4) dans les écosystèmes terrestres, les tourbières contribuent également aux gaz à effet de serre atmosphériques. Au cours de la pandémie de coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), l'Indonésie a mis en place un confinement appelé restrictions sociales à grande échelle (LSSR) dans les zones où le nombre de cas est élevé. Pour évaluer les effets de l'activité anthropique sur les tourbières, nous avons étudié les concentrations de CH4 dans l'atmosphère au-dessus des tourbières tropicales de la province indonésienne de Sumatra-Sud avant la LSSR (mars 2020), pendant la LSSR (mai 2020) et pendant les mois correspondants de l'année précédente (mars et mai 2019). En utilisant les données obtenues par satellite de la NASA, à savoir la concentration de CH4 et la production primaire brute (GPP) mesurées par le sondeur infrarouge atmosphérique (AIRS) à bord de l'Aqua et le spectroradiomètre d'imagerie à résolution modérée (MODIS) à bord du Terra, respectivement, nous avons découvert une diminution d'environ 5,5 % de la concentration moyenne de CH4 (qui était en moyenne de 1,73 ppm sur les périodes précédant le confinement) ainsi qu'une augmentation du GPP (qui allait de 53,3 à 63,9 g C m–2 jour-1 pendant le confinement, indiquant un apport élevé en carbone atmosphérique) pendant la LSSR. Ainsi, les restrictions pendant le confinement, qui ont réduit les activités anthropiques, telles que la conversion de l'utilisation des terres et la combustion de la biomasse, et les événements connexes, tels que les tourbières et les incendies de forêt, ont considérablement influencé le niveau de CH4 atmosphérique au-dessus des tourbières en Indonésie. Las actividades antropogénicas recientes han degradado las turberas, el mayor reservorio natural de carbono del suelo, reduciendo así su absorción de carbono de la atmósfera. Como una de las principales fuentes de emisiones de metano (CH4) en los ecosistemas terrestres, las turberas también contribuyen a los gases de efecto invernadero atmosféricos. Durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19), Indonesia implementó un confinamiento conocido como restricciones sociales a gran escala (LSSR, por sus siglas en inglés) en áreas con un alto número de casos. Para evaluar los efectos de la actividad antropogénica en las turberas, investigamos las concentraciones de CH4 en la atmósfera sobre las turberas tropicales de la provincia indonesia de Sumatra del Sur antes de la LSSR (marzo de 2020), durante la LSSR (mayo de 2020) y durante los meses correspondientes del año anterior (marzo y mayo de 2019). Utilizando datos obtenidos por satélite de la NASA, a saber, la concentración de CH4 y la producción primaria bruta (GPP) medidas por la sonda infrarroja atmosférica (AIRS) a bordo del Aqua y el espectrorradiómetro de imágenes de resolución moderada (MODIS) a bordo del Terra, respectivamente, descubrimos una disminución de aproximadamente el 5,5% en la concentración media de CH4 (que promedió 1,73 ppm en los períodos anteriores al bloqueo), así como un aumento en la GPP (que osciló entre 53,3 y 63,9 g C m–2 día-1 durante el bloqueo, lo que indica una alta ingesta de carbono atmosférico) durante el LSSR. Por lo tanto, las restricciones durante el confinamiento, que redujeron las actividades antropogénicas, como la conversión del uso de la tierra y la quema de biomasa, y los eventos relacionados, como las turberas y los incendios forestales, influyeron significativamente en el nivel de CH4 atmosférico por encima de las turberas en Indonesia. Recent anthropogenic activities have degraded peatlands, the largest natural reservoir of soil carbon, thereby reducing their carbon uptake from the atmosphere. As one of the primary sources of methane (CH4) emissions in terrestrial ecosystems, peatlands also contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gases. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Indonesia implemented a lockdown referred to as large-scale social restrictions (LSSR) in areas with high case numbers. To evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activity on peatlands, we investigated the CH4 concentrations in the atmosphere above the tropical peatlands of the Indonesian province South Sumatra before the LSSR (March 2020), during the LSSR (May 2020), and during the corresponding months of the previous year (March and May 2019). Using satellite-retrieved data from NASA, viz., the CH4 concentration and gross primary production (GPP) measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on board Aqua and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Terra, respectively, we discovered a decrease of approximately 5.5% in the mean CH4 concentration (which averaged 1.73 ppm across the periods prior to lockdown) as well as an increase in the GPP (which ranged from 53.3 to 63.9 g C m–2 day–1 during the lockdown, indicating high atmospheric carbon intake) during the LSSR. Thus, the restrictions during lockdown, which reduced anthropogenic activities, such as land use conversion and biomass burning, and related events, such as peatland and forest fires, significantly influenced the level of atmospheric CH4 above the peatlands in Indonesia. أدت الأنشطة البشرية الأخيرة إلى تدهور الأراضي الخثية، وهي أكبر خزان طبيعي لكربون التربة، وبالتالي تقليل امتصاصها للكربون من الغلاف الجوي. باعتبارها أحد المصادر الرئيسية لانبعاثات الميثان (CH4) في النظم الإيكولوجية الأرضية، تساهم الأراضي الخثية أيضًا في غازات الدفيئة في الغلاف الجوي. خلال جائحة فيروس كورونا 2019 (COVID -19)، نفذت إندونيسيا إغلاقًا يُشار إليه بالقيود الاجتماعية واسعة النطاق (LSSR) في المناطق ذات الأعداد الكبيرة من الحالات. لتقييم آثار النشاط البشري على الأراضي الخثية، قمنا بالتحقيق في تركيزات CH4 في الغلاف الجوي فوق الأراضي الخثية الاستوائية في مقاطعة جنوب سومطرة الإندونيسية قبل LSSR (مارس 2020)، خلال LSSR (مايو 2020)، وخلال الأشهر المقابلة من العام السابق (مارس ومايو 2019). باستخدام البيانات المسترجعة من الأقمار الصناعية من ناسا، أي تركيز CH4 والإنتاج الأولي الإجمالي (GPP) المقاس بواسطة مسبار الأشعة تحت الحمراء في الغلاف الجوي (AIRS) على متن Aqua ومقياس الطيف التصويري متوسط الدقة (MODIS) على متن Terra، على التوالي، اكتشفنا انخفاضًا بنسبة 5.5 ٪ تقريبًا في متوسط تركيز CH4 (الذي بلغ متوسطه 1.73 جزء في المليون خلال الفترات السابقة للإغلاق) بالإضافة إلى زيادة في GPP (التي تراوحت من 53.3 إلى 63.9 جم C m -2 يوم 1 أثناء الإغلاق، مما يشير إلى ارتفاع كمية الكربون في الغلاف الجوي) خلال LSSR. وبالتالي، فإن القيود المفروضة أثناء الإغلاق، والتي قللت من الأنشطة البشرية، مثل تحويل استخدام الأراضي وحرق الكتلة الحيوية، والأحداث ذات الصلة، مثل الأراضي الخثية وحرائق الغابات، أثرت بشكل كبير على مستوى CH4 في الغلاف الجوي فوق الأراضي الخثية في إندونيسيا.

The effects of clinostating on physiological processes and biochemical characteristics of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) both healthy and infected by the wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were studied. In six experiments, each lasting over 30 days, healthy and infected plants of the dwarf Apogee variety were grown under conditions of continuous horizontal and vertical clinostating with 2 rpm at 21 +/- 2 degrees C and 6000 1x (the optimal moisture of a substrate being maintained). The control variants (healthy and infected) were simultaneously grown under the same conditions of temperature and illumination in stationary containers and in open pots. During the experiment, visual observations were carried out over the state of tested plants. After completing the experiment, biometric indices, pigment, carbohydrate and dry matter contents were determined in all the plants. It was shown that clinostating sharply reduced the reproductive function of healthy plants and considerably affected their biomass (productivity) and concentration of chlorophylls and sugars. The viral infection resulted in further reduction of these characteristics. In control variants the viral effect was more significant. We speculate that clinostating reduced the rate of reproduction and spread of the virus.

Detection, monitoring, and analysis of ethanol are important in various fields such as health care, food industries, and safety control. In this study, we report that a solid electrolyte gas sensor based on a proton-conducting membrane is promising for detecting ethanol in air. We focused on graphene oxide (GO) as a new solid electrolyte because it shows a high proton conductivity at room temperature. GO nanosheets are synthesized by oxidation and exfoliation of expanded graphite via the Tour’s method. GO membranes are fabricated by stacking GO nanosheets by vacuum filtration. To detect ethanol, Au-loaded WO3 is used as the sensing electrode due to the excellent activity of gold nanoparticles for the catalysis of organic molecules. Au-WO3 is coupled with rGO (reduced graphene oxide) to facilitate the electron transport in the electrode. Ce ions are intercalated into the GO membrane to facilitate proton transport. The sensor based on the Ce doped-GO membrane combined with Au-WO3/rGO as a sensing electrode shows good electric potential difference (ΔV) responses to ethanol in the air at room temperature. The sensor signal reaches more than 600 mV in response to ethanol at 40 ppm in air, making it possible to detect ethanol at a few ppb (parts per billion) level. The ethanol sensing mechanism was discussed in terms of the mixed-potential theory and catalysis of ethanol on Au-WO3.

It is globally known that the COVID-19 pandemic affected all aspects of society, including issues pertaining to health, economic, social, and environmental issues. The pandemic has already continued for two years and counting, and we are now advised to live coexisting with COVID-19 in the new normal era. During this new normal era, especially in Indonesia, many medical wastes (face masks, gloves, goggles, etc.) and other type of wastes are being generated due to COVID-19. However, the waste profile (waste management or waste handling) and the specific waste distribution in Indonesia during COVID-19 is not clearly understood. Therefore, in this study we perform a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of studies published during COVID-19 to describe the aforementioned issues regarding waste management in Indonesia by extracting data from Scopus as a leading indexing service for peer-reviewed publications. From more than 230,000 titles in Scopus regarding COVID-19, there are only 24 titles related to waste management in Indonesia during COVID-19. From the bibliometric analysis of the extracted data from Scopus, it can be observed that there are four clusters of interest, namely (1) medical waste and its processing, (2) COVID-19-related issues, (3) Indonesia and waste management, and (4) solid waste. The study of these issues is essential to obtain not only a clean environment, but also a sustainable future for an Indonesia that is free from COVID-19 and other related diseases in the future. Moreover, the bibliometric analysis also uncovers the research and publication gap for the topic of waste management in Indonesia in the COVID-19 pandemic era.

Indonesia is a global hotspot of plant diversity. The country contains medicinal plants that have immense value to the people and worldwide. However, climate change is affecting the distribution of medicinal plants in Indonesia. In this study, the future greenhouse gas emission scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for a mid-term future projection to 2050 and a long-term future projection to 2080 were used to simulate the effect of climate change upon medicinal plants distribution within Indonesia. In 2050 and 2080, under both RCP scenarios species richness is expected to decrease over more than half the current distribution area of medicinal plant species. Over half of the medicinal plant species populations will lose up to 80% of their distribution area. Medicinal plant species on the islands of Papua, Java, and Sulawesi are predicted to have the largest reduction in distribution area. In addition, two-thirds of species will lose rather than gain areas of suitable climate under the future climate scenarios. Twenty medicinal plant species are identified as potentially being the most threatened by climate change in the future and are therefore the highest priority for conservation actions within Indonesia. Using these results, we recommend areas and species suitable for long term in situ and ex situ conservation within Indonesia.

Although climate change is a global concern, there are particular considerations for Indonesia as an archipelagic nation. These include the vulnerability of people living in small islands and coastal areas to rising sea levels; the expansion of the important mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria and dengue, into areas that lack of immunity; and the increase in water-borne diseases and malnutrition. This article proposes a set of public health responses to climate change health impacts in Indonesia. Some important principles and practices in public health are highlighted, to develop effective public health approaches to climate change in Indonesia.

Background. Peptic ulcer disease has a leading place in the overall structure of digestive diseases: its prevalence is 6.00–10.0% of the population in developed countries, and mortality ranges from 6 to 9.7 per 100 thousand population. An important etiological factor of this pathology is the neuropsychological background, primarily stress, which under repeated exposure becomes the initiating factor of physiological imbalance between the elements of aggression and protection of the gastric mucosa. The purpose was to establish the mechanisms of the protective activity of placental cryoextract based on the biochemical indicators of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in the gastric mucosa on a model of stress-induced erosive-ulcerative damage. Materials and methods. Studies were performed on 28 nonlinear laboratory male rats weighing 200–220g. Stress-induced gastric ulcer was modeled under water-immobilization stress in rats according to the K.Y. Takagi etal. In the gastric mucosa, the content of reactants with thiobarbituric acid was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of T. Asakawa etal., catalase activity— spectrophotometrically by the method of M.A.Korolyuk etal., the content of reduced glutathione— spectrophotometrically by the method of E.D. Beutler etal., the level of adenyl nucleotides was determined using chromatographic method. Energy charge was calculated by D.E. Atkinson equation. Results.The prophylactic five-day use of placental cryoextract led to a decrease in the severity of stress-induced lipid peroxidation and energy imbalance in the gastric mucosa. Thus, it was found that rats who received placental cryoextract had a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in adenosine triphosphate content by 73.3%, an increase in adenosine diphosphate (p<0.001) by 37.3% and a decrease in adenosine monophosphate (p<0.001) by 47.6% that led to an increase in energy charge (p<0.001) by 35.1% compared to rats exposed to water-immobilization stress without correction (control group). It was shown that the use of placental cryoextract led to a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in the antioxidant-prooxidant index by 3.1 times versus control group, which was (26.60±0.96) and (8.60±0.43), respectively. Conclusions. Prophylactic five-day administration of placental cryoextract leads to the restoration of balance in the system of adenyl nucleotides and, accordingly, to a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in the energy charge by 35.1% compared to the control animals. Inhibition of stress-induced hyperactivation of lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa is one of the mechanisms of its antiulcer activity.