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Slides presented at the 102 Annual American Meteorological Society Meeting, as part of the session "Major Weather Events and Impacts of 2021" (paper 6.3 - It's Getting Hot in Here: Real-Time Climate Fingerprints Applied to the 2021 Extreme Heat Season) For more information, please reach out to Daniel Gilford at dgilford@climatecentral.org. Presentation Abstract: Extreme heat was observed and experienced across large portions of the United States in 2021, including during notable record-breaking events in the Pacific Northwest, the Southwest, and along the East coast. The contiguous US experienced its hottest June on record, and excess heat related deaths stretched into the thousands. While more frequent and intense periods of extreme heat are expected consequences of anthropogenic climate change, rapidly and continuously assessing the degree to which human emissions of greenhouse gases increase the likelihood of a specific event remains a challenging technical process. In this study we introduce the Realtime Climate attribution framework and illustrate its application through an analysis of observed 2021 extreme heat events. The framework implements one model-based and two observation-based approaches to produce three distinct attribution assessments, including best estimates and uncertainties. The framework is designed to be flexible across a range of variables and scales, computationally lightweight, and adaptable for impact studies. Using a suite of global climate models, observed global mean temperatures, and local observed daily temperatures, we quantify the extent to which human-driven climate change made 2021 maximum and minimum daily temperature extremes more likely across the United States. Results confirm the continued and growing influence of human-driven climate change in local weather extremes. For instance, we find that the record-breaking high temperatures in June near Phoenix, AZ, were at least 3.25 times more likely because of human activity. Through this framework, we are building the capacity to produce attribution estimates while an event is unfolding. Furthermore, the ability to estimate attribution levels continuously will enhance studies of extreme heat impacts on human health, along with other socioeconomic or influences.

ABSTRACTIntraguild interactions among carnivores have long held the fascination of ecologists. Ranging from competition to facilitation and coexistence, these interactions and their complex interplay influence everything from species persistence to ecosystem functioning. Yet, the patterns and pathways of such interactions are far from understood in tropical forest systems, particularly across countries in the Global South. Here, we examined the determinants and consequences of competitive interactions between dholes Cuon alpinus and the two large felids (leopards Panthera pardus and tigers Panthera tigris) with which they most commonly co‐occur across Asia. Using a combination of traditional and novel data sources (N = 118), we integrate information from spatial, temporal, and dietary niche dimensions. These three species have faced catastrophic declines in their extent of co‐occurrence over the past century; most of their source populations are now confined to Protected Areas. Analysis of dyadic interactions between species pairs showed a clear social hierarchy. Tigers were dominant over dholes, although pack strength in dholes helped ameliorate some of these effects; leopards were subordinate to dholes. Population‐level spatio‐temporal interactions assessed at 25 locations across Asia did not show a clear pattern of overlap or avoidance between species pairs. Diet‐profile assessments indicated that wild ungulate biomass consumption by tigers was highest, while leopards consumed more primate and livestock prey as compared to their co‐predators. In terms of prey offtake (ratio of wild prey biomass consumed to biomass available), the three species together harvested 0.4–30.2% of available prey, with the highest offtake recorded from the location where the carnivores reach very high densities. When re‐examined in the context of prey availability and offtake, locations with low wild prey availability showed spatial avoidance and temporal overlap among the carnivore pairs, and locations with high wild prey availability showed spatial overlap and temporal segregation. Based on these observations, we make predictions for 40 Protected Areas in India where temporally synchronous estimates of predator and prey densities are available. We expect that low prey availability will lead to higher competition, and in extreme cases, to the complete exclusion of one or more species. In Protected Areas with high prey availability, we expect intraguild coexistence and conspecific competition among carnivores, with spill‐over to forest‐edge habitats and subsequent prey‐switching to livestock. We stress that dhole–leopard–tiger co‐occurrence across their range is facilitated through an intricate yet fragile balance between prey availability, and intraguild and conspecific competition. Data gaps and limitations notwithstanding, our study shows how insights from fundamental ecology can be of immense utility for applied aspects like large predator conservation and management of human–carnivore interactions. Our findings also highlight potential avenues for future research on tropical carnivores that can broaden current understanding of intraguild competition in forest systems of Asia and beyond.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This version has been superseded. The latest version is at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517550 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eddy covariance flux tower datasets of all Urban-PLUMBER sites, associated with the manuscript: "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other sources as appropriate. We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. Relevant contacts are included in timeseries metadata. For site information and timeseries plots see https://urban-plumber.github.io/sites. For processing code see https://github.com/matlipson/urban-plumber_pipeline. Within each site folder: - `index.html`: A summary page with site characteristics and timeseries plots. - `SITENAME_sitedata_vX.csv`: comma seperated file for numerical site characteristics e.g. location, surface cover fraction etc. - `timeseries/` (following files available as netCDF and txt) - `SITENAME_raw_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries before project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_clean_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control. - `SITENAME_metforcing_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control and gap filling. - `SITENAME_era5_corrected_vX`: site ERA5 surface data (1990-2020) with bias corrections as applied in the final dataset. - `log_processing_SITENAME_vX.txt`: a log of the print statements through running the create_dataset_SITENAME scripts. Authors Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Andreas Christen, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Bert Heusinkveld, Erik Velasco, Helen Claire Ward, Hirofumi Sugawara, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Jonathan Evans, Joseph McFadden, Keunmin Lee, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Leena Järvi, Matthias Roth, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Nigel Tapper, Oliver Michels, Simone Kotthaus, Stevan Earl, Sungsoo Jo, Valéry Masson, Winston Chow, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Yeon-Hee Kim. Corresponding author: Mathew Lipson <m.lipson@unsw.edu.au>

{"references": ["Ebrahim Hajidavalloo (2007), \"Application of evaporative cooling on the condenser of window-air-conditioner\", Appl. Therm. Eng., Volume 27, Issue 11-12, pp. 1937-1943, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.12.014 .", "Chainarong Chaktranond and Peachrakha Doungsong (2010), \"An Experimental evaluation of energy saving in a split type air conditioner with evaporative cooling system\" Int. Transac. J.of Eng. Mgmt and Appl. Sci and Technol., Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 9-18, Available at https://www.slideshare.net/drboon/01-01009018itjemast-chainarong .", "Vrachopoulos, M.G., Filios, A.E., Kotsiovelos, G.T. and Kravaritis, E.D (2005), \"Incorporated evaporative condenser\" Appl. Therm. Eng., Volume 27, Issue 5-6, pp. 823-828, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.09.021.", "T. T. Chow, Zang Lin and X.Y. Yang (2002), \"Placement of condensing units of split-type air conditioners at low-rise residences\", Appl. Therm. Eng., Volume 22, Issue 13, pp. 1431-1444,Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00068-6", "Reshap Arora and Rajesh Sharma (2017), \"Experimental Investigation of Evaporative Condenser with Two Cooling Pads for Window Air-Conditioner\", An International Int. Journal J. of Eng. Sci., ISSN: 2320-0332, 2017; Volume 25, pp. 11-16, Available at http://ijoes.vidyapublications.com/paper/Vol25/02-Vol25.pdf", "M.M. Kulkarni, A.V. Khandagale, P.V. Singh, S.S. Choudhary, R.D. Sharma (2016), \"Experimental Investigations of Evaporative-Cooled Condenser Split Air Conditioner\", Int. J. of Eng. Sci. and Comput., ISSN: 2321 3361, Volume 6, Issue 5, pp. 5407-5411, DOI: 10.4010/2016.1324", "K. R. Aglawe, M. S. Matey and N. P. Gudadhe (2013), \"Experimental Analysis of Window Air Conditioner using Evaporative Cooling\", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, ISSN: 2278-0181, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 1-6, Available at https://www.ijert.org/research/experimental-analysis-of-window-air-conditioner-using-evaporative-cooling-IJERTV2IS2319.pdf"]} A unit for evaporative cooling in condenser of domestic air conditioner and its performance testing on effectiveness and reduction in power consumption. Evaporative cooling in condenser of Split A.C is achieved by spraying water on the fins of condensing unit at regular interval of time. Evaporative cooling will increase the rate of heat transfer and thus further sub cooled refrigerant will be obtained at the exit of condenser. Due to this sub cooling, refrigeration effect increases which results in increase in COP and reduces power consumption.

AbstractMountain treelines are thought to be sensitive to climate change. However, how climate impacts mountain treelines is not yet fully understood as treelines may also be affected by other human activities. Here, we focus on “closed‐loop” mountain treelines (CLMT) that completely encircle a mountain and are less likely to have been influenced by human land‐use change. We detect a total length of ~916,425 km of CLMT across 243 mountain ranges globally and reveal a bimodal latitudinal distribution of treeline elevations with higher treeline elevations occurring at greater distances from the coast. Spatially, we find that temperature is the main climatic driver of treeline elevation in boreal and tropical regions, whereas precipitation drives CLMT position in temperate zones. Temporally, we show that 70% of CLMT have moved upward, with a mean shift rate of 1.2 m/year over the first decade of the 21st century. CLMT are shifting fastest in the tropics (mean of 3.1 m/year), but with greater variability. Our work provides a new mountain treeline database that isolates climate impacts from other anthropogenic pressures, and has important implications for biodiversity, natural resources, and ecosystem adaptation in a changing climate.

# ggACene (global gridded Air Conditioning energy) projections ### Output AC and AC electricity gridded data This repository hosts output data for SSPs126, 245, 370 and 585 on the estimated and future projected ownership of residential air conditioning (% of households), the related energy consumption (TWh/yr.), and the underlying population counts (useful to quantify the per-capita average consumption or the headcount of people affected by the cooling gap). These data are contained in the multi-layer .nc (NCDF) files, which can be opened and processed in any GIS software/library, or visualised in softwares such as Panoply. ### Input data and analysis replication The repository also hosts input data to replicate the entire data generating process. A twin Github repository hosts code (https://github.com/giacfalk/ggACene) to run the model generating the ggACene (global gridded Air Conditioning energy) projections dataset. ## InstructionsTo reproduce the model and generate the dataset from scratch, please refer to the following steps:- Download input data "replication_package_input_data.7z" by cloning the repository- Decompress the folder using 7-Zip (https://www.7-zip.org/download.html)- Open RStudio and adjust the path folder in the sourcer.R script- Run the sourcer.R script to train the ML model, make projections, and represent result files ### Figures replication package Finally, the source_code_data_replication_figures.zip archive contains an R script and processed input data to replicate all the figures contained in the manuscript. ### ReferenceFalchetta, G., De Cian, E., Pavanello, F., & Wing, I. S. Inequalities in global residential cooling energy use to 2050. Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52028-8

The potential for global forest cover The restoration of forested land at a global scale could help capture atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate change. Bastin et al. used direct measurements of forest cover to generate a model of forest restoration potential across the globe (see the Perspective by Chazdon and Brancalion). Their spatially explicit maps show how much additional tree cover could exist outside of existing forests and agricultural and urban land. Ecosystems could support an additional 0.9 billion hectares of continuous forest. This would represent a greater than 25% increase in forested area, including more than 200 gigatonnes of additional carbon at maturity.Such a change has the potential to store an equivalent of 25% of the current atmospheric carbon pool. Science , this issue p. 76 ; see also p. 24

AbstractWe report a nickel complex for catalytic oxidation of ammonia to dinitrogen under ambient conditions. Using the aryloxyl radical 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenoxyl (tBu3ArO⋅) as a H atom acceptor to cleave the N−H bond of a coordinated NH3 ligand up to 56 equiv of N2 per Ni center can be generated. Employing the N‐oxyl radical 2,2,6,6‐(tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO⋅) as the H‐atom acceptor, up to 15 equiv of N2 per Ni center are formed. A bridging Ni‐hydrazine product identified by isotopic nitrogen (15N) studies and supported by computational models indicates the N−N bond forming step occurs by bimetallic homocoupling of two paramagnetic [Ni]−NH2 fragments. Ni‐mediated hydrazine disproportionation to N2 and NH3 completes the catalytic cycle.