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Scientific and industrial development and the introduction of new technological processes are leading to increasing environmental pollution. In order to prevent an environmental catastrophe, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive environmental monitoring system, which allows for systematic information on the state of the natural environment. The developed method of extraction of iron (III) and the spectroscopic determination of iron directly in the organic phase differ from the existing selectivity, sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity and is recommended for the analysis of production solutions, waste water, ores, concentrates and other chemically complex materials without separation of accompanying elements directly in the organic phase.

Current study sheds the light on the financial development-energy nexus in 32 Belt and Road economies during 2000-2015. Financial development is proxied by domestic credit to private sector. We first examine the order of integration by employing five different panel unit-root tests. Further, we confirm long-term relationship between the variables by running Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration tests. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) regression reveal positive long-term relationship between financial development and energy use. Results of Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test fail to reveal causal relationship between financial development and energy in our sample.

Étant donné que les États-Unis d'Amérique et l'Union européenne figurent parmi les principales économies émettrices de gaz à effet de serre au monde, il reste encore à savoir si l'utilisation efficace des sources d'énergie non renouvelables ou l'intensification des énergies renouvelables dans ces économies représentent un avantage environnemental. Pour répondre à ces questions inhérentes, cette étude examine et compare les performances environnementales des économies en réponse à l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable, à l'intensité énergétique renouvelable et aux technologies liées à l'environnement tout en contrôlant la rente des ressources naturelles et la population urbaine sur la période 1990–2019. En mettant en œuvre l'avantage des moindres carrés régularisés basés sur le noyau aux côtés de mesures de robustesse, les résultats postulent que l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable, l'intensité énergétique renouvelable et les technologies liées à l'environnement atténuent considérablement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les économies. Il est important de noter que si les trois indicateurs montrent un impact environnemental plus important dans l'UE, l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable joue un rôle plus important et plus souhaitable sur le plan environnemental que les deux autres indicateurs. Inversement, les ressources naturelles et l'urbanisation entravent considérablement la durabilité environnementale en augmentant les émissions de GES dans les économies. Malheureusement, un impact environnemental terriblement plus dommageable résultant de l'urbanisation accrue est perceptible dans l'UE. Ces résultats permettent d'élaborer des mesures politiques concrètes pour les États-Unis et l'UE, et pour le monde entier, compte tenu de la prévision de l'objectif zéro net. Dado que los Estados Unidos de América y la Unión Europea se encuentran entre las principales economías emisoras de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, aún no se ha respondido a las preguntas sobre si la utilización eficiente de fuentes de energía no renovables o la intensificación de la energía renovable en estas economías representan algún beneficio ambiental. Para responder a estas preguntas inherentes, este estudio examina y compara los rendimientos ambientales de las economías en respuesta a la eficiencia energética no renovable, la intensidad de la energía renovable y las tecnologías relacionadas con el medio ambiente, al tiempo que controla la renta de los recursos naturales y la población urbana durante el período 1990–2019. Al implementar la ventaja de los mínimos cuadrados regularizados basados en el núcleo junto con las medidas de robustez, los hallazgos postulan que la eficiencia energética no renovable, la intensidad de la energía renovable y las tecnologías relacionadas con el medio ambiente mitigan significativamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en las economías. Es importante destacar que, si bien las tres métricas muestran un impacto ambiental más fuerte en la UE, la eficiencia energética no renovable desempeña un papel más ruidoso y deseable para el medio ambiente que las otras dos métricas. Por el contrario, los recursos naturales y la urbanización obstaculizan significativamente la sostenibilidad ambiental al aumentar las emisiones de GEI en las economías. Desafortunadamente, en la UE se observa un impacto ambiental terriblemente más perjudicial derivado del aumento de la urbanización. Estos hallazgos permiten que se diseñen medidas políticas concretas para los EE. UU. y la UE, y para todo el mundo, dada la previsión del objetivo cero neto. Given that the United States of America and European Union are among the world's top greenhouse gas emitting economies, it poses yet to be answered questions on whether efficient utilization of nonrenewable energy sources or renewable energy intensification in these economies account for any environmental benefit. To answer these inherent questions, this study examines and compares environmental performances of the economies in response to nonrenewable energy efficiency, renewable energy intensity, and environmental-related technologies while controlling for natural resource rent and urban population over the period 1990–2019. By implementing the advantage of Kernel-Based Regularized Least Squares alongside robustness measures, the findings posit that nonrenewable energy efficiency, renewable energy intensity, and environmental-related technologies significantly mitigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the economies. Importantly, while the three metrics show louder environmental impact in the EU, nonrenewable energy efficiency plays a louder and environmentally desirable role than the other two metrics. Conversely, natural resources and urbanization significantly hampers environmental sustainability by increasing GHG emission in the economies. Unfortunately, a terribly more damaging environmental impact arising from increased urbanization is noticeable in the EU. These findings afford concrete policy measures to be further devised for the USA and EU, and the entire globe given the foresight of net zero target. بالنظر إلى أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والاتحاد الأوروبي من بين أكبر الاقتصادات المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، فإنه يطرح أسئلة لم تتم الإجابة عليها بعد حول ما إذا كان الاستخدام الفعال لمصادر الطاقة غير المتجددة أو تكثيف الطاقة المتجددة في هذه الاقتصادات يمثل أي فائدة بيئية. للإجابة على هذه الأسئلة المتأصلة، تبحث هذه الدراسة وتقارن الأداء البيئي للاقتصادات استجابة لكفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة وكثافة الطاقة المتجددة والتقنيات المتعلقة بالبيئة مع التحكم في إيجار الموارد الطبيعية وسكان الحضر خلال الفترة 1990–2019. من خلال تنفيذ ميزة المربعات الصغرى المنتظمة القائمة على النواة إلى جانب تدابير المتانة، تفترض النتائج أن كفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة وكثافة الطاقة المتجددة والتقنيات المتعلقة بالبيئة تخفف بشكل كبير من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الاقتصادات. الأهم من ذلك، في حين أن المقاييس الثلاثة تظهر تأثيرًا بيئيًا أعلى في الاتحاد الأوروبي، فإن كفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة تلعب دورًا أعلى ومرغوبًا فيه بيئيًا من المقياسين الآخرين. وعلى العكس من ذلك، فإن الموارد الطبيعية والتحضر يعوقان الاستدامة البيئية بشكل كبير من خلال زيادة انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الاقتصادات. لسوء الحظ، هناك تأثير بيئي أكثر ضررًا بشكل رهيب ناتج عن زيادة التحضر ملحوظ في الاتحاد الأوروبي. توفر هذه النتائج تدابير سياسية ملموسة يجب وضعها بشكل أكبر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والاتحاد الأوروبي، والعالم بأسره نظرًا لبعد النظر عن الهدف الصافي الصفري.

AbstractGermany has set an ambitious goal of meeting the recommendations of COP‐26 and reducing its carbon intensity to zero by 2045. Germany is a leader in environmental patents after the United States, Japan, and South Korea, and the environmental implications of Germany's leadership in eco‐innovation hold important clues for achieving net zero goals. In particular, the European Union is one of the global communities making the greatest efforts to combat emissions, and the success of the leading role of environmental patents in this Union in reducing CO2 emissions is an important research topic for scholars. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of environmental patents on CO2 emissions under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Germany. To this end, the study applies Bayer–Hanck and Fourier ADL approaches from 1970 to 2019. The main findings do not confirm the EKC hypothesis, while environmental patents play an active role in CO2 reduction. Based on these outcomes, Germany should consider a long‐term green policy to decouple economic growth and emissions. At the same time, German policy should promote the development and application of environmental patents to achieve the net zero targets for 2045.

Global climate change brings environmental quality sensitivity, especially in European countries. In this context, European countries are striving to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Renewable energy use can be an effective way to curtail the increasing environmental degradation. How the oil prices shape the energy use pattern and environmental quality remains unclear to date. Therefore, the present research examines the linkage between energy use (non-renewable and renewable energy), oil prices, and CO2 emissions in 30 European countries between 1997 and 2017. The study applied fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), Westerlund (2007) cointegration and the Driscoll-Kraay Regression tests to explore these associations. The result of individual samples and the full sample provides the same intimations for the use of energy in Europe. The outcomes of the research ratify the existence of a long-run relationship among variables and found that non-renewable energy consumption increases CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption mitigates CO2 emissions. Furthermore, when the oil prices rise, people switch towards substitute energy sources that reduce CO2 emissions. Based on the results, the study suggests that European countries should increase the share of renewable energy, promote the use of clean energy resources, and discourage fossil fuel energy consumption to ensure sustainability.

China's economic growth is making it difficult to deal with the issue of decreasing energy consumption and improving energy efficiency as the world's largest energy user and supplier. This research, which uses theoretical and empirical studies and chooses 30 provinces panel data from China between 2005 and 2021, demonstrates the impacts of natural resources, technological advancement, and the growth of sustainable energy sources and their methods. The findings indicate that (1) Natural resources significantly promote the growth of renewable energy sources, (2) The development and technological innovations can benefit from using natural resources and (3) The growth of sustainable energy is positively affected by technological improvement. The study provides significant suggestions to assist regions in improving their energy sustainability. The results guide developing nations looking to leverage financial development, green investment and technological innovation in productive areas to achieve sustainable development objectives.

Current literature conveys that in spite of multiple studies being conducted to explore the influences of various macroeconomic factors both geographical and non-geographical on the CO2 emissions in different parts of the world, there is a scarcity of the same analyses from oil-producing countries. In this study, we reveal a new dimension by investigating the dynamic linkage of climate change, economic growth, energy use, and agricultural and rural development to the CO2 emissions of oil-producing countries around the world. In doing so, we apply Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration test, vector error correction model (VECM), pairwise Granger causality test, impulse response function (IRF), and some supportive models such as-generalized method of moments (GMM), and fixed-effect models. Our primary VAR-based models’ evidence that energy use (EUE), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade to GDP (TPR) rate have both short-run and long-run casual consequences in CO2 emissions, while only long-run Granger causality is running from agricultural land ratio (ALR), forest area ratio (FAR), gross domestic product (GDP), population growth rate (PGR), renewable energy consumption (REC), and rural population rate (RPR) to CO2 emissions. However, bidirectional associations are observed between CO2 to foreign direct investment and trade percentage rate; EUE to renewable energy consumption and TPR; and TPR to FDI and gross domestic product. To demonstrate the significant impact, our secondary analysis tools GMM and fixed-effect regressions’ results disclose that high energy use and more domestic products significantly contaminate the environmental condition by increasing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Hence, our research provides great implications for the authorities of government, producers, businessmen, and general public in the oil-producing countries to ensure a sustainable environment by reducing energy use or alternating with renewable energies and emphasizing environmentally friendly products production over the long-run rather than conventional products production in the short-run.

In this paper, we examine whether geopolitical risk influences environmental degradation, while controlling for non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness, using a quarterly dataset from 1985Q1 to 2019Q4. The choice of India as a case study is based on a number of reasons. India is a developing country, which produces approximately 3.2% of global GDP. Also, India produces almost 17.7% of the world population. The country also emits about 6.8% of global carbon emissions, and according to the 2020 report of the consulting firm Eurasia, India is ranked fifth in terms of geopolitical risk. This study adds to the existing literature by using the quantile-on-quantile (QQR) regression to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on environmental degradation, as well as highlighting the implications of geopolitical risk on environmental sustainability. Based on empirical estimation, we find that geopolitical risk increases and decreases carbon emissions in India. That is, geopolitical risk increases environmental degradation at middle quantiles and decreases environmental degradation at lower and higher quantiles. In addition, we find that non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness impede environmental quality in India. Thus, we are of the opinion that policymakers, when making policy decisions on environmental quality, should factor in geopolitical risk in two areas, mitigation and channel of escalation, among other policy suggestions.

Biosurfactant is a biodegradation accelerator that improves bioavailability and facilitates degradation by microorganisms. The study was meant to produce a novel biosurfactant molecule from Bacillussafensis YKS2. An efficient biosurfactant-producing strain, namely, Bacillus safensis YKS2, was selected using hemolytic activity, drop collapsing test, oil spreading test and blue agar plate methods in four oil-degrading strains isolated from a soil sample. Biosurfactant production in the optimization of bacteria culture conditions by RSM is a statistical grouping technique that is analyzed using the AVOVA approach to surface tention. In addition, the study was characterized by UV spectrophotometer FT-IR, HR-SEM, and GC-MS analyses to explain its structural and chemical details. Wastewater treatment was monitored for pH, EC, turbidity, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in order to justify the efficacy of the biosurfactant during wastewater treatment. The results of the UV spectrophotometer showed absorption at 530 nm, and the FT-IR analyzed carboxylic acids, alcohol and phenols groups, whichthe GC-MS analysis indicated were lipopeptide purified by hexadecanoic andtetradecanoic processes, respectively. The results show that the wastewater removal efficiency of 70% wasachieved within 24 h. In comparison, metagenomics was conducted during the treatment process to identify changes in the microbial load and diversity, which essentially indicatethe biosurfactant performance of the wastewater treatment process. The microbial load in the treated biosurfactant wastewater (84,374 sequences) was greatly decreased compared to untreated wastewater (139,568 sequences). It was concluded that B. safensis YKS2, producing a glycolipid form of biosurfactant, has possible benefits in the remediation of wastewater, and can be used for large-scale processing inbiosurfactant industries.