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Ammonia production through more efficient technologies can be achieved using exergy analysis. Ammonia production is one of the most important but also one of most energy consuming processes in the chemical industry. Based on a panel of solutions previously developed, this study helps to identify potential areas of improvement using an exergy analysis that covers all aspects of conventional ammonia synthesis and separation. The total internal and external exergy losses are calculated as 3,152 and 6,364 kJ/kg, respectively. The process is then divided into five main functional blocks based on their exergy losses. The reforming block contains the largest exergy loss (3,098 kJ/kg) and thus the largest potential for improvement including preheating cold feed through an economizer, developing technology towards isobaric mixing, and pressure drop reduction in the secondary reformer as the main contributors to the irreversibility (1,302 kJ/kg) in this block. The second largest exergy loss resides in the ammonia synthesis block (3,075 kJ/kg) where solutions such as reduced temperature rise across the compressor, proper compressor isolation, reducing undesired components such as argon in the reactor feed, and using lower temperatures for reactor outlet streams, are proposed to decrease the exergy losses. Throttling process in the syngas separator is the key contributing mechanism for the irreversibility (1,635 kJ/kg exergy losses) in the gas upgrading block. The exergy losses in the residual ammonia removal block (833 kJ/kg exergy losses) are mainly due to the stripper and the absorber column where a modified column design might be helpful. The highest exergy loss in the preheating block belongs to the compressors (518 kJ/kg exergy losses) where a lower inlet temperature and better system isolation could help to reduce losses.

Abstract Anaerobic digestion of animal by-products was investigated in batch and semi-continuously fed, reactor experiments at 55 °C and for some experiments also at 37 °C. Separate or mixed by-products from pigs were tested. The methane potential measured by batch assays for meat- and bone flour, fat, blood, hair, meat, ribs, raw waste were: 225, 497, 487, 561, 582, 575, 359, 619 dm 3 kg −1 respectively, corresponding to 50–100% of the calculated theoretical methane potential. Dilution of the by-products had a positive effect on the specific methane yield with the highest dilutions giving the best results. High concentrations of long-chain fatty acids and ammonia in the by-products were found to inhibit the biogas process at concentrations higher than 5 g lipids dm −3 and 7 g N dm −3 respectively. Pretreatment (pasteurization: 70 °C, sterilization: 133 °C, and alkali hydrolysis (NaOH) had no effect on achieved methane yields. Mesophilic digestion was more stable than thermophilic digestion, and higher methane yield was noticed at high waste concentrations. The lower yield at thermophilic temperature and high waste concentration was due to ammonia inhibition. Co-digestion of 5% pork by-products mixed with pig manure at 37 °C showed 40% higher methane production compared to digestion of manure alone.

Diesel engine exhausts from a common rail 3.0 L F1C diesel engine were analyzed at two different load conditions of the WLTC testing cycle downstream of both the diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reactor (SCR) to verify their effect on the characteristics of carbon particulate matter. An array of chemical, physical and spectroscopic techniques (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), mobility analyzer, UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy) was applied for characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy aromatic compounds and soot, constituting the particulate matter (PM) sampled from the exhaust. The engine was operated in half load (HL) (188 Nm, representing the more common condition for engine in urban traffic) and full load (FL) (452 Nm, representing the best performance of the engine operation) conditions, at the same engine speed (2000 rpm). Soot formation was enhanced in HL condition, with respect to FL, but, just because of the much lower soot amount, the after-treatment systems in this last condition resulted to be less efficient in the soot abatement. Indeed, the abatement through DPF was about 40% lower in the FL condition with respect to HL condition, and any significant further concentration decrease was found after SCR, in both conditions. By contrast, PAH concentration after DPF abatement was found to be higher in the HL with respect to FL condition. A further PAH concentration decrease of about 30% was found after the SCR in the HL condition whereas in FL the reduction was only about 5-6%. Also the heavy aromatic compounds having molecular weight above the GC-MS detection limit (300 u), were mitigated by SCR. Therefore, SCR did not cause a further soot reduction, whereas it was effective in largely reducing PAH and heavy aromatics emissions, especially in the lower temperature condition featuring the half-load condition, when combustion efficiency is worse. Moreover, SCR system reduced the emission of small particles probably due to an enhanced agglomeration of particles, with beneficial effect on the harmfulness to human health.

Climaps.eu is an online atlas providing data, visualizations and commentaries about climate adaptation debate. It contains 33 issue-maps and 5 issue-stories. Each of the maps focuses on one issue in the adaptation debate and provides.The atlas is addressed to climate experts (negotiators, NGOs and companies concerned by global warming, journalists…) and to citizens willing to engage with the issues of climate adaptation.It employs advanced digital methods to deploy the complexity of the issues related to climate adaptation and information design to make this complexity legible.

It is now environmentally desirable and legally mandatory to add renewable fuels such as ethanol or ethyl tert-butyl ether to gasoline. However, biofuels affect, among other properties, the distillation curve of gasoline, which is subject to strict regulations. This work presents a simple mathematical model capable of accurately predicting the influence that the addition of these oxygenates has on the distillation curve. In order to address this issue, it is essential to find a simple mathematical correlation between the boiling temperatures of the hydrocarbons present in gasoline and the properties (boiling temperature and volume or molar concentration of ethanol) of the corresponding azeotropic mixtures formed with ethanol. Power functions have been assumed to model the temperature composition diagrams of the vapour-liquid equilibrium. Experimental data previously published by these and other authors have been used to fit and validate the model. The results provided by the mathematical model can be of great interest to understand the process of fuel evaporation in spark-ignition engines or the adjustment of distillation cuts in refineries, in order to comply with the regulations, in terms of the distillation curve, after adding ethanol or ethyl tert-butyl ether.

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The modern Common Rail Diesel engine are, normally, optimised for being fuelled with the commercial Diesel fuel. The ECU calibrations are, consequently, defined to obtain the correct compromise between performances and emissions. It is, so, clear that if the engine is fuelled with an alternative bio-fuel with different characteristics (net heating value, stoichiometric A/F ratio, density, viscosity, etc.) the calibration must be modify. Interest in fuels from renewable sources and their use in transport has grown over the last decade. This is because of their biodegradability, potential improvements in exhaust emissions and benefits on the virtuous CO2 cycle of the earth. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to optimise the emissions and the performances of a light duty diesel C.R. engine fuelled with a vegetable derived fuel (Rapeseed Methyl-Ester) pure or blended with commercial Diesel fuel. Particularly in this paper the experimental results and the ECU control solutions referring to different fuel compositions are shown.

A methodology for the sizing of domestic hot water heating and storage systems is defined, by assuming an extreme operating condition cycle composed of only two parts, a water consumption period and a system repositioning period. In both parts to respond to the extreme hot water demanding conditions, the heating is always on. The subsequent exergy analysis of this domestic hot water production system compares the irreversibility and the exergy efficiency of the water storage and the tankless situation. To carry out such analysis, some basic assumptions were made: a constant temperature heat source, a short duration operating cycle and a constant thermal energy supply. Under these circumstances it is shown that the hot water storage system leads to lower exergy losses while the tankless system is more exergy efficient, but requiring a higher instantaneous thermal power input. The use of the joule effect electricity, as the system heat source, be it a water storage one or a tankless one, maximizes the system irreversibility losses and minimizes the system exergy efficiency. The tankless system, with the joule effect electricity heat source is the worst situation.

The use of methane as supplement to liquid fuel is one of the solution proposed for the reduction of the internal combustion engine pollutant emissions. Its intrinsic properties as the high knocking resistance and the low carbon content makes methane the most promising clean fuel. The dual fuel combustion mode allows improving the methane combustion acting mainly on the methane slow burning velocity and allowing lean burn combustion mode. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the methane-gasoline dual fuel combustion. Methane was injected in combustion chamber (DI fuel) while gasoline was injected in the intake manifold (PFI fuel). The measurements were carried out in an optically accessible small single-cylinder four-stroke engine. It was equipped with the cylinder head of a commercial 250 cc motorcycles engine representative of the most popular two-wheel vehicles in Europe. UV-visible spectroscopy measurements were performed to analyze the combustion process with high spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, UV-visible spectroscopy allows detecting the chemical markers of combustion process such as the radicals OH* and CH*. The in-cylinder lambda spatial and temporal evolution was evaluated. The combustion evolution is characterized by means of a high speed cycle resolved camera. The exhaust emissions were characterized by means of gaseous analyzers. The measurements were performed under steady state conditions at different engine operating conditions.