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  • Energy Research
  • 2021-2025
  • other engineering and technologies
  • French

  • Authors: Matthieu, Moreno; Sarah, Gebeile-Chauty;

    Manual, tedious cephalometric analyzes of a lack of productivity (errors in plotting and measurement) making the prospect of a fully automated algorithm turning out attractive. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the positioning (accuracy and precision) of common landmarks by two software programs offering detection by artificial intelligence (WebCeph™ and DentaliQ®) compared to a manual reference and then to the comparators.68 lateral cephalograms were selected, 22 landmarks were distributed manually and then the differences between this gold standard and the points detected by each software were measured, as well as the success detection rate (SDR). Statistical analysis was carried out by “confidence ellipses” and two-tailed t-test (p-value of 5%).In terms of accuracy, WebCeph™ and DentaliQ® show a 2 mm SDR of 57.2% and 66.5% respectively. In terms of trueness, the best results are obtained for S, Na and the incisal edges. Large random errors are found for the points Po, So, ENA, ENP, Ba and Go. Other points like Pog and B show a large vertical dispersion. Overall, a slight advantage goes to DentaliQ® even if the difference is not significant.The detection precision still seems insufficient for an utilization without human supervision. The results are promising on the detection of certain points. The artificial intelligence saves time for the clinician but the change of positioning of points should still be possible.Advances are rapid and will probably be soon for an effective clinical use.

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    Authors: Tanas, Alessia; Gutwirth, Serge;

    De nos jours, de plus en plus de groupes d’habitants s’engagent localement et déploient des pratiques de vie qui sont enracinées dans leurs milieux. Nous nommons ce genre d’agir « commoning ». Il y a commoning quand /1/ des personnes /2/ s’auto-organisent /3/ autour d’une « chose », par exemple une terre ou un cours d’eau, qui les concerne et les responsabilise collectivement, /4/ et poursuivent des activités marquées par leur générativité, plutôt que par l’extraction.À travers trois cas de figure, l’article met le droit à l’épreuve de ce genre d’agir. Ainsi, il explore d’abord le statut du patrimoine comme « transpropriation » tel qu’il fut réélaboré afin justement d’accommoder le droit au « retour des communs ». Ensuite, le regard est porté sur le statut juridique de « patrimoine collectif » où « civique », tel qu’il prend forme à travers les derniers développements législatifs et jurisprudentiels concernant les usi civici en Italie, une forme de communs héritée du passé. Enfin, il s’agira de repenser le terme « milieu » à la lumière d’une récente évolution judiciaire et législative en Nouvelle-Zélande. Ici, le milieu est l’ensemble des rapports à proprement parler « écologiques » qui forment un biotope.Au bilan, il apparaît que le droit s’ouvre marginalement à la reconnaissance de milieux en tant que réseaux d’interactions et d’interdépendances vivants, tout en amadouant localement la prédominance de sa perspective moderne dans laquelle opèrent encore un nombre d’oppositions et de grands partages entre sujet et objet, nature et culture, humain et non-humain et individu et collectif. Dans la même veine, le droit semble pouvoir faire place, certes localement aussi, à la reconnaissance du rôle de communautés d’habitants qui prennent part au maintien des conditions de régénération du territoire « dans la durée » et à la transmission intergénérationnelle de la vie et du milieu dont elle dépend, et vice versa.Compte tenu de ces constats et des possibles qu’ils ouvrent, l’article formule des propositions par rapport à une possible protection juridique du commoning, tout en espérant que ce genre d’agir durable et génératif puisse commencer à exister plus que marginalement dans le droit. Nowadays, more and more groups of inhabitants are increasingly involved in practices rooted into the local lands and territories they inhabit. We call this kind of action: “commoning”. There is commoning when /1/ people get involved into /2/ practices of self-organization /3/ around a “thing”, such as, for instance, a land or a watercourse, that concerns and makes them collectively responsible, and /4/ pursue activities marked by their generative nature, rather than by extraction.Through three case studies the article tests the suitability of the law towards this kind of action. It first explores the notion of “transpropriation” to accommodate the “return of the commons” in law, inspired by the features of the “heritage” institute. Then, the focus shifts towards the latest legislative and jurisprudential developments concerning “civic usages” in Italy (i.e. usi civici), a form of commons inherited from the past. Finally, the study addresses the notion of “milieu” in the light of judicial and legislative developments that have recently taken place in New Zealand. The sense attributed to the notion of milieu here, has to do with a whole of “ecological” relations that form a biotope. All in all, it appears that the law modestly and marginally opens itself to the recognition of the networks of interaction and interdependencies among all living beings that inhabit lands, rivers and territories and to see these as living places. In doing so, law starts to mitigate its predominant modern perspective in which a number of oppositions and major divisions still operate between subject and object, nature and culture, human and non-human and individual and collective. In the same vein, law starts to recognize that communities of inhabitants take full and proper part in the conservation, maintenance and regeneration of the conditions of life of a milieu. Following these observations and the possibilities they open up, the article makes proposals for the possible legal protection of commoning, while hoping that this kind of sustainable and generative action can begin to exist more than marginally in law.

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  • Le Troisième Memorandum s’écrit à l’occasion d’un pèlerinage à Caen, où se mêlent pour Barbey le plaisir de redécouvrir cette ville et le constat amère de sa déchéance. Mais, ne nous y trompons pas, ces retrouvailles déceptives sont autant redoutées qu’espérées puisque les dégâts irréversibles que le diariste constate fournissent la preuve tangible – par la profanation des paysages urbains – que la Révolution a plongé la France dans une irrévocable décadence. The third Memorandum was written during a journey to Caen, where Barbey experienced a combination of pleasure in rediscovering the city and the bitter realization of its decline. But, make no mistake, this disappointing homecoming was as much feared as hoped for, since the irreversible damage the diarist observes provides tangible proof—seen in the desecration of the urban landscape—that the Revolution plunged France into irrevocable decadence.

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    Authors: Gillet, Valentin;

    D’abord réservées à des bâtiments industriels érigés en périphérie urbaine, l’introduction inopinée des ossatures de béton armé dans l’architecture résidentielle et commerciale, au tout début du xxe siècle à Paris, suscita des solutions constructives nouvelles pour le remplissage et le revêtement de ces structures filigranes. Afin de protéger ces ossatures déjà perçues comme vulnérables par les contemporains, le carreau de grès cérame fut assigné au revêtement extérieur des immeubles à la suite d’une baisse des prix et de l’amélioration des propriétés du matériau, en particulier sa résistance au gel. Répartis de façon irrégulière sur le territoire parisien, une trentaine d’immeubles de ce type furent construits entre 1900 et 1914 pour le compte d’une maîtrise d’ouvrage à la fois aventureuse et éclairée. En 1907, l’architecte parisien Adolphe Bocage (1860-1927) réalisa un immeuble de bureaux à proximité immédiate de la Bourse de Paris pour le fabricant de crayons établi à Vienne L. & C. Hardtmuth. C’est l’entreprise de construction des frères Perret qui fut chargée de l’exécution de l’ossature de béton armé. L’imposante structure fut intégralement recouverte d’un revêtement de grès cérame fourni par le célèbre fabricant Alexandre Bigot (1862-1927) installé à Mer (Loire-et-Cher). Les traces que l’on observe à la surface des édifices revêtus de carreaux de grès cérame sont le résultat soit des procédés de fabrication, soit des techniques de pose, soit des dégradations survenues ultérieurement. À partir de l’identification et l’interprétation de ces traces, l’article examine la relation constructive entre l’ossature de béton armé et la façade céramique inscrite à l’inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques depuis 1977. IN SITU-REVUE DE PATRIMOINES (43)

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    Authors: Cominelli, Francesca; Cornu, Marie; Tornatore, Jean-Louis;

    La question des « communs » est de plus en plus au cœur des projets de recherche, des politiques publiques, des discours politiques, des projets citoyens, des mouvements sociaux, des contestations collectives… et selon des perspectives, cette livraison en témoigne, qui ne sont certes pas convergentes. Si les travaux d’Elinor Ostrom ont joué un rôle crucial pour construire un courant de recherche dans ce domaine, la thématique des communs a acquis ces dernières années une importance majeure, ...

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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  • Authors: Henri Aurélien Ateba Boyomo;

    The objective of this article is therefore to analyze the link between economic growth and environmental degradation in the case of 14 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. From WDI data over the period from 1970 to 2018, we estimated the Environmental Kuznets curve (CKE) in panel by the within estimator, based on the one-way fixed effect method. The results indicate that the CKE is not validated, but that there is a linear and positive relationship between economic growth and pollution.As a measure of robustness, we proceed to another estimation of our model using the Two-Way fixed effects method. The results confirm once again the non-validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for our panel, and confirm the existence of a linear and positive relationshipbetween economic growth and pollution.We have announced to these countries to set up public policies aimed at industrialization and environmental protection. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol. 4, No 1 (2021)

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  • Authors: Manel Attouchi;

    Cet article examine empiriquement la relation entre les chocs des prix du pétrole et la croissance économique en l’Algérie qui est un pays exportateur du pétrole. Le modèle autorégressif à retard distribué non linéaire (NARDL) a été utilisé comme technique d'estimation sur des données annuelles allant de 1970 jusqu’à 2018. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une relation de cointegration entre les variables, ce qui nous a permet d’appliquer cette méthode économétrique récente NARDL. Par ailleurs, à court et à long terme, une augmentation des cours pétroliers fait accroitre la croissance économique, tandis qu’une baisse des prix de pétrole diminuer les taux de PIB. Cependant, le test d’asymétrie effectuée dans l’étude confirme que les effets des chocs pétroliers positifs et négatifs sont symétriques. Par conséquent, l’Algérie doit réduire la dépendance de son secteur d’hydrocarbure en reconstituant son modèle de croissance et en améliorant la résilience aux événements incertains tels que les chocs pétroliers. Repères et Perspectives Economiques, Vol. 5, No 2 (2021)

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    Authors: Rieth, Anne-Sophie;

    La place du cheval dans l’histoire des réalités figuratives est majeure. Et dans les traités d'équitation, sa représentation fait partie intégrante du discours. Pour autant, la représentation picturale du geste technique dans les traités équestres du début de la période moderne fait écho à la conception artistique de Léonard de Vinci avec une dimension scientifique, particulièrement présente dans ses études graphiques du cheval. Dans cet article, nous verrons d’abord comment l'iconographie des traités traduit en deux dimensions le mouvement instantané et la sensation de la monte, à l'instar de Léonard. Puis, en nous interrogeant sur la place du réalisme dans cette représentation des gestes du cheval et de son cavalier, nous verrons que cette vision d'une réalité idéalisée est bien au service d'un instrument politique. The horse plays a great role in the history of figurative realities. And in equestrian treatises, its representation is an integral part of the discourse. However, in the early modern period, the pictorial representation of the technical gesture in equestrian treatises echoes Leonardo da Vinci's artistic conception with a scientific dimension, particularly present in his graphic studies of the horse. In this paper, we will first see how the iconography of the treatises translates the instantaneous movement and sensation of riding into two dimensions, following the example of Leonardo. Secondly, by examining the place of realism in this representation of the gestures of the horse and rider, we will see that this vision of an idealized reality is indeed at the service of a political instrument.

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  • Authors: Matthieu, Moreno; Sarah, Gebeile-Chauty;

    Manual, tedious cephalometric analyzes of a lack of productivity (errors in plotting and measurement) making the prospect of a fully automated algorithm turning out attractive. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the positioning (accuracy and precision) of common landmarks by two software programs offering detection by artificial intelligence (WebCeph™ and DentaliQ®) compared to a manual reference and then to the comparators.68 lateral cephalograms were selected, 22 landmarks were distributed manually and then the differences between this gold standard and the points detected by each software were measured, as well as the success detection rate (SDR). Statistical analysis was carried out by “confidence ellipses” and two-tailed t-test (p-value of 5%).In terms of accuracy, WebCeph™ and DentaliQ® show a 2 mm SDR of 57.2% and 66.5% respectively. In terms of trueness, the best results are obtained for S, Na and the incisal edges. Large random errors are found for the points Po, So, ENA, ENP, Ba and Go. Other points like Pog and B show a large vertical dispersion. Overall, a slight advantage goes to DentaliQ® even if the difference is not significant.The detection precision still seems insufficient for an utilization without human supervision. The results are promising on the detection of certain points. The artificial intelligence saves time for the clinician but the change of positioning of points should still be possible.Advances are rapid and will probably be soon for an effective clinical use.

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    Authors: Tanas, Alessia; Gutwirth, Serge;

    De nos jours, de plus en plus de groupes d’habitants s’engagent localement et déploient des pratiques de vie qui sont enracinées dans leurs milieux. Nous nommons ce genre d’agir « commoning ». Il y a commoning quand /1/ des personnes /2/ s’auto-organisent /3/ autour d’une « chose », par exemple une terre ou un cours d’eau, qui les concerne et les responsabilise collectivement, /4/ et poursuivent des activités marquées par leur générativité, plutôt que par l’extraction.À travers trois cas de figure, l’article met le droit à l’épreuve de ce genre d’agir. Ainsi, il explore d’abord le statut du patrimoine comme « transpropriation » tel qu’il fut réélaboré afin justement d’accommoder le droit au « retour des communs ». Ensuite, le regard est porté sur le statut juridique de « patrimoine collectif » où « civique », tel qu’il prend forme à travers les derniers développements législatifs et jurisprudentiels concernant les usi civici en Italie, une forme de communs héritée du passé. Enfin, il s’agira de repenser le terme « milieu » à la lumière d’une récente évolution judiciaire et législative en Nouvelle-Zélande. Ici, le milieu est l’ensemble des rapports à proprement parler « écologiques » qui forment un biotope.Au bilan, il apparaît que le droit s’ouvre marginalement à la reconnaissance de milieux en tant que réseaux d’interactions et d’interdépendances vivants, tout en amadouant localement la prédominance de sa perspective moderne dans laquelle opèrent encore un nombre d’oppositions et de grands partages entre sujet et objet, nature et culture, humain et non-humain et individu et collectif. Dans la même veine, le droit semble pouvoir faire place, certes localement aussi, à la reconnaissance du rôle de communautés d’habitants qui prennent part au maintien des conditions de régénération du territoire « dans la durée » et à la transmission intergénérationnelle de la vie et du milieu dont elle dépend, et vice versa.Compte tenu de ces constats et des possibles qu’ils ouvrent, l’article formule des propositions par rapport à une possible protection juridique du commoning, tout en espérant que ce genre d’agir durable et génératif puisse commencer à exister plus que marginalement dans le droit. Nowadays, more and more groups of inhabitants are increasingly involved in practices rooted into the local lands and territories they inhabit. We call this kind of action: “commoning”. There is commoning when /1/ people get involved into /2/ practices of self-organization /3/ around a “thing”, such as, for instance, a land or a watercourse, that concerns and makes them collectively responsible, and /4/ pursue activities marked by their generative nature, rather than by extraction.Through three case studies the article tests the suitability of the law towards this kind of action. It first explores the notion of “transpropriation” to accommodate the “return of the commons” in law, inspired by the features of the “heritage” institute. Then, the focus shifts towards the latest legislative and jurisprudential developments concerning “civic usages” in Italy (i.e. usi civici), a form of commons inherited from the past. Finally, the study addresses the notion of “milieu” in the light of judicial and legislative developments that have recently taken place in New Zealand. The sense attributed to the notion of milieu here, has to do with a whole of “ecological” relations that form a biotope. All in all, it appears that the law modestly and marginally opens itself to the recognition of the networks of interaction and interdependencies among all living beings that inhabit lands, rivers and territories and to see these as living places. In doing so, law starts to mitigate its predominant modern perspective in which a number of oppositions and major divisions still operate between subject and object, nature and culture, human and non-human and individual and collective. In the same vein, law starts to recognize that communities of inhabitants take full and proper part in the conservation, maintenance and regeneration of the conditions of life of a milieu. Following these observations and the possibilities they open up, the article makes proposals for the possible legal protection of commoning, while hoping that this kind of sustainable and generative action can begin to exist more than marginally in law.

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  • Le Troisième Memorandum s’écrit à l’occasion d’un pèlerinage à Caen, où se mêlent pour Barbey le plaisir de redécouvrir cette ville et le constat amère de sa déchéance. Mais, ne nous y trompons pas, ces retrouvailles déceptives sont autant redoutées qu’espérées puisque les dégâts irréversibles que le diariste constate fournissent la preuve tangible – par la profanation des paysages urbains – que la Révolution a plongé la France dans une irrévocable décadence. The third Memorandum was written during a journey to Caen, where Barbey experienced a combination of pleasure in rediscovering the city and the bitter realization of its decline. But, make no mistake, this disappointing homecoming was as much feared as hoped for, since the irreversible damage the diarist observes provides tangible proof—seen in the desecration of the urban landscape—that the Revolution plunged France into irrevocable decadence.

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    Authors: Gillet, Valentin;

    D’abord réservées à des bâtiments industriels érigés en périphérie urbaine, l’introduction inopinée des ossatures de béton armé dans l’architecture résidentielle et commerciale, au tout début du xxe siècle à Paris, suscita des solutions constructives nouvelles pour le remplissage et le revêtement de ces structures filigranes. Afin de protéger ces ossatures déjà perçues comme vulnérables par les contemporains, le carreau de grès cérame fut assigné au revêtement extérieur des immeubles à la suite d’une baisse des prix et de l’amélioration des propriétés du matériau, en particulier sa résistance au gel. Répartis de façon irrégulière sur le territoire parisien, une trentaine d’immeubles de ce type furent construits entre 1900 et 1914 pour le compte d’une maîtrise d’ouvrage à la fois aventureuse et éclairée. En 1907, l’architecte parisien Adolphe Bocage (1860-1927) réalisa un immeuble de bureaux à proximité immédiate de la Bourse de Paris pour le fabricant de crayons établi à Vienne L. & C. Hardtmuth. C’est l’entreprise de construction des frères Perret qui fut chargée de l’exécution de l’ossature de béton armé. L’imposante structure fut intégralement recouverte d’un revêtement de grès cérame fourni par le célèbre fabricant Alexandre Bigot (1862-1927) installé à Mer (Loire-et-Cher). Les traces que l’on observe à la surface des édifices revêtus de carreaux de grès cérame sont le résultat soit des procédés de fabrication, soit des techniques de pose, soit des dégradations survenues ultérieurement. À partir de l’identification et l’interprétation de ces traces, l’article examine la relation constructive entre l’ossature de béton armé et la façade céramique inscrite à l’inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques depuis 1977. IN SITU-REVUE DE PATRIMOINES (43)

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    Article . 2021
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    Authors: Cominelli, Francesca; Cornu, Marie; Tornatore, Jean-Louis;

    La question des « communs » est de plus en plus au cœur des projets de recherche, des politiques publiques, des discours politiques, des projets citoyens, des mouvements sociaux, des contestations collectives… et selon des perspectives, cette livraison en témoigne, qui ne sont certes pas convergentes. Si les travaux d’Elinor Ostrom ont joué un rôle crucial pour construire un courant de recherche dans ce domaine, la thématique des communs a acquis ces dernières années une importance majeure, ...

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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  • Authors: Henri Aurélien Ateba Boyomo;

    The objective of this article is therefore to analyze the link between economic growth and environmental degradation in the case of 14 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. From WDI data over the period from 1970 to 2018, we estimated the Environmental Kuznets curve (CKE) in panel by the within estimator, based on the one-way fixed effect method. The results indicate that the CKE is not validated, but that there is a linear and positive relationship between economic growth and pollution.As a measure of robustness, we proceed to another estimation of our model using the Two-Way fixed effects method. The results confirm once again the non-validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for our panel, and confirm the existence of a linear and positive relationshipbetween economic growth and pollution.We have announced to these countries to set up public policies aimed at industrialization and environmental protection. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol. 4, No 1 (2021)

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  • Authors: Manel Attouchi;

    Cet article examine empiriquement la relation entre les chocs des prix du pétrole et la croissance économique en l’Algérie qui est un pays exportateur du pétrole. Le modèle autorégressif à retard distribué non linéaire (NARDL) a été utilisé comme technique d'estimation sur des données annuelles allant de 1970 jusqu’à 2018. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une relation de cointegration entre les variables, ce qui nous a permet d’appliquer cette méthode économétrique récente NARDL. Par ailleurs, à court et à long terme, une augmentation des cours pétroliers fait accroitre la croissance économique, tandis qu’une baisse des prix de pétrole diminuer les taux de PIB. Cependant, le test d’asymétrie effectuée dans l’étude confirme que les effets des chocs pétroliers positifs et négatifs sont symétriques. Par conséquent, l’Algérie doit réduire la dépendance de son secteur d’hydrocarbure en reconstituant son modèle de croissance et en améliorant la résilience aux événements incertains tels que les chocs pétroliers. Repères et Perspectives Economiques, Vol. 5, No 2 (2021)

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    Authors: Rieth, Anne-Sophie;

    La place du cheval dans l’histoire des réalités figuratives est majeure. Et dans les traités d'équitation, sa représentation fait partie intégrante du discours. Pour autant, la représentation picturale du geste technique dans les traités équestres du début de la période moderne fait écho à la conception artistique de Léonard de Vinci avec une dimension scientifique, particulièrement présente dans ses études graphiques du cheval. Dans cet article, nous verrons d’abord comment l'iconographie des traités traduit en deux dimensions le mouvement instantané et la sensation de la monte, à l'instar de Léonard. Puis, en nous interrogeant sur la place du réalisme dans cette représentation des gestes du cheval et de son cavalier, nous verrons que cette vision d'une réalité idéalisée est bien au service d'un instrument politique. The horse plays a great role in the history of figurative realities. And in equestrian treatises, its representation is an integral part of the discourse. However, in the early modern period, the pictorial representation of the technical gesture in equestrian treatises echoes Leonardo da Vinci's artistic conception with a scientific dimension, particularly present in his graphic studies of the horse. In this paper, we will first see how the iconography of the treatises translates the instantaneous movement and sensation of riding into two dimensions, following the example of Leonardo. Secondly, by examining the place of realism in this representation of the gestures of the horse and rider, we will see that this vision of an idealized reality is indeed at the service of a political instrument.

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