• Energy Research
• other engineering and technologies close
• 13. Climate action close
• 6. Clean water close
• Russian close

This paper examines the current condition and development prospects of the fuel and energy industry of the Kaliningrad region specified in regional programmes. The authors compare the potentials of different renewable energy sources and provide information on the exploitation of different renewable energy objects in the region. The article presents a preliminary assessment of the thermal capacity necessary for the residential area of an ecovillage with a population of 50,000 and suggests ensuring heat supply with the help of heat pumps. Рассмотрено современное состояние и перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Калининградской области, предусмотренные региональными программами. Проведено сравнение потенциалов различных возобновляемых энергетических ресурсов, собраны сведения об опыте эксплуатации объектов возобновляемой энергетики на данной территории. Осуществлены первичные оценки необходимых тепловых мощностей для жилого фонда экопоселка численностью 50 тыс. человек и предложен вариант его теплообеспечения от тепловых насосов.

The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

Принятие комплекса законодательных актов в сфере энергетики, объединяемых термином Energiewende , существенно изменило структуру потребления энергии в Германии: в настоящее время наи-большую долю в ней занимает зеленая энергия, выработанная за счет использования ветра, солнца, воды и биомассы. Подобные изменения, безусловно, можно расценивать как успех. Однако, одновременно с целена-правленным изменением структуры производства и потребления энергии в Германии возникли определенные социально-политические, экономические и юридические проблемы, требующие тщательного изучения. Дискус-сионным является вопрос о соответствии целей и предлагаемых мер их достижения, в частности, в отношении бесперебойности энергообеспечения, расширения электрических сетей, совершенствования подхода к ценооб-разованию, экологических последствий с учетом курса на тотальное расширение производства энергии за счет возобновляемых источников. Актуальными для Германии и затрагивающими энергетическую политику России являются вопросы ускоренного сворачивания ядерной энергетики и легитимности национального курса Герма-нии на продвижение зеленой энергетики в контексте интеграции с Европейским энергетическим рынком. В статье выполнен анализ указанного комплекса проблем и охарактеризована роль национального законода-тельства Германии в их решении. from wind, solar, water and biomass now provides the largest contribution to the total electricity consumption. In this respect, Energiewende can be regarded as an overall success. But in parallel to this scenario, a critical discourse has evolved concerning socio-political, economic and legal issues. The congruence of objectives and measures for example, in regards to ensuring security of supply, expansion of electricity networks, development of electricity price and envi-ronmental consequences in the course of expansion of electricity generation from renewable sources is the main focus of socio-political and economic discussions. Accelerated phase-out of nuclear energy and constitutional disputes regarding the legality of national orientation of the promotional scheme for green electricity in respect to the integration of German electricity sector in the European internal market for energy are in the centre of the debate and have a remarkable impact on the energy policy in Russia as well. Against this background, present article examines the con-tribution of German Energiewende to the resolution of complex challenges of the developed industrial society. №4 (226) (2017)

Studying the problem of diagnosing high-voltage lines is the goal of this research. The high accident rate of overhead lines due to icing and current overloads makes this problem important. Current overloads during distributed power generation lead to overheating of the lines. The goal of the research is achieved due to the fact, that the article notes the relationship between icing and overloads. The necessity of joint solution of these problems and the development of the concept of a multifunctional measuring system is proved. For this, an analysis of the main parameters that determine the mode of operation of overhead lines is carried out. Technical solutions for the measurement of these quantities are considered. The detection of ice formation by comparing the values of dew points and desublimation is described. The calculation of the limiting current load taking into account weather conditions is given. The amount of sagging wires is selected as a universal characteristic of the state of the line. A significant result of the study is the optical method of icing control. This method consists in measuring the coordinates of the line wires through a weatherproof CCTV-camera. To do this, optical tags and a temperature sensor are placed on the wires. The optimal architecture of the measuring system for assessing the climatic impact is given. The significance of the results is that a multifunctional and high-precision system without expensive load sensors is proposed. The conclusion about the importance of the results for building a smart grid is made.

The article considers mathematical approach to environmental quality management to improve the ecological comfort of living for the population. The problem of environmental management is described using a multi-factor model of quality of the environment with the weight coefficients of the importance of its components: atmospheric air, acoustic impact, soil, water resources, and green spaces, accessibility of natural and recreational areas. The values of weight coefficients of importance of influencing factors for environmentally comfortable living are determined by the method of expert assessment. A multi-factor model is used for detailed assessment of the ecological quality of the urban environment. The proposed quantitative approach also allows to compare the environmental comfort of the different residential districts or to study the dynamics of environmental comfort of specific urban area. Much attention is paid to scientific and methodological principles of management and the formation of the concept of «environmental quality». The strategy of environmental management with ecological foundation of various practical solution is shown. The plan of measures on organization of optimal management of quality of the environment to improve comfort of living for the population of the residential microdistrict of Tiraspol is presented. Graphical scheme of the results of integral analysis of various environmental indicators and assessments for improving the comfort of the environment is given. Realization of environmental quality management of the urban areas on the basis of a multi-factor model contributes to the gradual change of dangerous ecological conditions of environmental factors, to increase a comfort of the territory taking into account the real preferences and needs of the population.

Biological resources are the part of common natural resource potential of one or another territory. Rational use and efficient management of the potential of biological resources is possible only at the base of the study of qualitative and quantitative indicators of different types of resources and their versatile objective assessment. Objective data on the value of the resources can be used for optimization of environmental impact assessment of the construction and functioning of industrial objects. The article discusses approaches to economic assessment of potential biological resources at the example of macromycetes resources. The total economic value of mycobiota includes the cost of the direct use, indirect costs, the value of deferred alternatives, as well as the value of disuse (value of existence). Data on characteristics of the mycobiota of South Urals (Orenburg region) is analyzed. The results of the assessment of the environmental, social and economic cost components of fungal biota, including deals with economic effect from measures on the conservation of species diversity of fungi in the region is given. According to approximate estimations the total economic value of the resource potential of regional mycobiota is 1936 million rubles/year. Биологические ресурсы являются частью общего природного ресурсного потенциала той или иной территории. Рациональное использование и эффективное управление потенциалом биологических ресурсов возможно только на основе изучения качественных и количественных показателей разных типов ресурсов и их разносторонней объективной оценки. Объективные данные о ценности ресурсов могут быть использованы для оптимизации экологической экспертизы строительства и функционирования промышленных объектов. В статье обсуждаются подходы к экономической оценке потенциала биологических ресурсов на примере ресурсов грибов-макромицетов. Общая экономическая ценность микобиоты включает в себя стоимость прямого использования, косвенную стоимость, стоимость отложенной альтернативы, а также стоимость неиспользования (стоимость существования). Анализируются данные о характеристиках микобиоты Южного Приуралья (Оренбургская область). Приводятся результаты оценки экологического, социального и хозяйственного компонентов стоимости биоты грибов; в том числе рассматривается экономический эффект от мероприятий по сохранению видового разнообразия грибов региона. По приблизительным оценкам общая экономическая стоимость ресурсного потенциала региональной микобиоты составляет 1936 млн руб./год.

В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

The aim of the work is to increase biogas output and generation of electricity in biogas plants due to the joint fermentation of cattle manure with winemaking waste. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the biogas yield from cattle manure with winemaking waste was determined during periodic loading of the digester; based on the obtained experimental data, a mathematical model was calibrated to estimate the biogas yield during fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of winemaking waste. Because of the studies, it had been found that when manure was fermented with part of the water replaced in the substrate 2% of the winemaking waste, the fermentation dynamics in the substrate are similar to the fermentation of pure cattle manure. Biogas obtained by fermentation of manure with the addition of 2%, 6.5% and 13% of wastewater from wine production instead of water in the first day of fermentation either did not burn at all or burned poorly. The addition of winemaking waste to a substrate based on manure in an amount of 13% allows increasing the maximum biogas yield by a third to 1,372 l/(hrkg dry organic matter). The significance of the research results lies in the fact that the use of winemaking waste as a substrate will allow a third increase in biogas output and power generation, and a reduction in the payback period of a 4,4 MW biogas plant using the green tariff to 6,5 years.

One of the most effective and reliable ways to increase the efficiency of CHP is the organization of heating raw water in the condensers of cogeneration turbines with the simultaneous supply of circulating water through the main bundles. The temperature of raw water supplied to the chemical water treatment at most CHP plants should not exceed 30-40 °C. Fulfillment of this condition is not always possible, and it becomes necessary to analyze and adjust the operating modes of turbines, which provide the most effective heating of water in the built-in bundles. Such an analysis can be carried out quite simply on the basis of operational data and a mathematical model of the condenser developed at the Department of Heat Engineering and Hydraulics of VyatSU. In this paper, an analysis algorithm is considered based on the actual data obtained during the tests of the condenser of the PT-80-130 turbine unit in the mode of its operation according to the electrical schedule, conclusions are drawn from the analysis results. Один из наиболее надёжных способов повышения эффективности ТЭЦ -- организация подогрева сырой (подпиточной) воды в конденсаторах теплофикационных турбоустановок при одновременной подаче циркуляционной воды через основные пучки. Температура сырой воды, подаваемой в цех химводоочистки, на большинстве ТЭЦ не должна превышать 30 - 40\\оС. Выполнение данного условия не всегда возможно, и возникает необходимость анализа и корректировки режимов эксплуатации турбоустановок, обеспечивающих наиболее эффективный подогрев воды во встроенных пучках. Проведение такого анализа достаточно просто можно выполнить на основе эксплуатационных данных и математической модели конденсатора, разработанной на кафедре теплотехники и гидравлики ВятГУ. В данной работе рассмотрен алгоритм проведения анализа на основе фактических данных, полученных при испытаниях конденсатора турбоустановки ПТ-80-130 в режиме её работы по электрическому графику, сделаны выводы по результатам анализа. Электрические станции, Выпуск 7 (1080) 2021, Pages 9-14