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The purification of industrial and surface wastewater from heavy metal ions (HMI) to requirements for the discharge of treated wastewater into natural waters is one of the most complicated environmental and technological problems. For the deep purification of waste water from the HMI, the use of cheap sorbents obtained from production waste is the most promising. One of the many-tonnage wastes of technology of inorganic substances is the sludge formed in the production of soda by the ammonia Solvay, s method. Currently, sludge is stored in sludge accumulators and is a long-term source of pollution of environmental objects. Scientific developments in the utilization of slimes with the production of building materials, etc., have not found wide practical use, which is due to the heterogeneity of the granulometric and chemical composition of the waste. Carried out X-ray phase analysis and studies of the physicochemical and chemical properties of waste samples showed that its main components are calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium hydroxide (portlandite). It is known that the natural mineral limestone efficiently extracts HMI from aqueous solutions with the formation of less soluble basic salts, carbonates, and hydroxy carbonates of HM. It has been established that sludge samples have high sorption activity when copper(II) and zinc ions are extracted from low concentrated solutions (sorption capacity for copper ions is 35.0 mg/g, sorption capacity for zinc ions is 40 mg/g). To increase the operational properties, a method has been developed for the production of a modified granular sorbent based on the sludge of soda production, consisting in treating with sodium silicate. The effect of a dose of sodium silicate in the sorbent composition on the mechanical strength and sorption properties of the obtained samples was studied. It has been established that the introduction of 8,6% SiO2 into the sludge leads to an increase in the mechanical strength by 50–80%, and does not have a significant effect on the sorption activity of the material. The kinetic and sorption regularities of extraction of copper(II) ions and zinc on modified sorbents are revealed. Based on the analysis of the adsorption isotherms obtained, the adsorption equilibrium constants and maximum adsorption values (Amax (Cu2+) = 50.8 mg/g; Amax (Zn2+) = 97.1 mg/g) were determined. Obtained sorption materials can be recommended for wastewater treatment from HMI.

The aim of the work is to increase biogas output and generation of electricity in biogas plants due to the joint fermentation of cattle manure with winemaking waste. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the biogas yield from cattle manure with winemaking waste was determined during periodic loading of the digester; based on the obtained experimental data, a mathematical model was calibrated to estimate the biogas yield during fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of winemaking waste. Because of the studies, it had been found that when manure was fermented with part of the water replaced in the substrate 2% of the winemaking waste, the fermentation dynamics in the substrate are similar to the fermentation of pure cattle manure. Biogas obtained by fermentation of manure with the addition of 2%, 6.5% and 13% of wastewater from wine production instead of water in the first day of fermentation either did not burn at all or burned poorly. The addition of winemaking waste to a substrate based on manure in an amount of 13% allows increasing the maximum biogas yield by a third to 1,372 l/(hrkg dry organic matter). The significance of the research results lies in the fact that the use of winemaking waste as a substrate will allow a third increase in biogas output and power generation, and a reduction in the payback period of a 4,4 MW biogas plant using the green tariff to 6,5 years.

One of the most effective and reliable ways to increase the efficiency of CHP is the organization of heating raw water in the condensers of cogeneration turbines with the simultaneous supply of circulating water through the main bundles. The temperature of raw water supplied to the chemical water treatment at most CHP plants should not exceed 30-40 °C. Fulfillment of this condition is not always possible, and it becomes necessary to analyze and adjust the operating modes of turbines, which provide the most effective heating of water in the built-in bundles. Such an analysis can be carried out quite simply on the basis of operational data and a mathematical model of the condenser developed at the Department of Heat Engineering and Hydraulics of VyatSU. In this paper, an analysis algorithm is considered based on the actual data obtained during the tests of the condenser of the PT-80-130 turbine unit in the mode of its operation according to the electrical schedule, conclusions are drawn from the analysis results. Один из наиболее надёжных способов повышения эффективности ТЭЦ -- организация подогрева сырой (подпиточной) воды в конденсаторах теплофикационных турбоустановок при одновременной подаче циркуляционной воды через основные пучки. Температура сырой воды, подаваемой в цех химводоочистки, на большинстве ТЭЦ не должна превышать 30 - 40\\оС. Выполнение данного условия не всегда возможно, и возникает необходимость анализа и корректировки режимов эксплуатации турбоустановок, обеспечивающих наиболее эффективный подогрев воды во встроенных пучках. Проведение такого анализа достаточно просто можно выполнить на основе эксплуатационных данных и математической модели конденсатора, разработанной на кафедре теплотехники и гидравлики ВятГУ. В данной работе рассмотрен алгоритм проведения анализа на основе фактических данных, полученных при испытаниях конденсатора турбоустановки ПТ-80-130 в режиме её работы по электрическому графику, сделаны выводы по результатам анализа. Электрические станции, Выпуск 7 (1080) 2021, Pages 9-14

Изучено влияние вещественного состава, температуры, плотности тока на процессы гелеобразования однорастворной смеси раствора на основе кремнефтористоводородной кислоты и «жидкого стекла». Даны рекомендации по выбору оптимального режима электрохимического закрепления неустойчивых глинистых грунтов. In article the influence of material structure, temperature, current density on the processes of gelation is studied. For research the solution was used on the basis Na2SiO3 and H2SiF6 .Rrecommendations at the choice of an optimum mode for soil electrochemical densification are described.

The scientific justification and development of the method for industrial synthesis of complex aluminates of alkaline earth metals is an innovative solution that determined several directions in the development of technology for complex processing of nepheline raw materials. It ensures the production of high-quality metallurgical alumina, the effective utilization of nepheline sludge and production of new types of multipurpose by-products. The modern development of these technical solutions is associated with ensuring the energy efficiency of the synthesis of hydrafed calcium carboaluminates (HCCA) and increasing the level of purification of aluminate solutions. The conditions for synthesizing HCCA with the use of calcareous materials of natural and technogenic origin have been experimentally determined, which makes it possible to isolate the average particle diameter as one of the determining factors of this process. The effect of the turnover of the hydrogarnet sludge on the removal of kinetic limitations in the process of deep desalination of aluminous solutions is theoretically justified. The conditions of a two-stage dosage of HCCA are experimentally determined. It is shown that the optimum ratio of the amount of the reagent supplied in the first and second stages is about 3: 2. At the same time, the maximum degree of precipitation of silica provides the production of aluminate solutions with a silicon module at the level of 95,000, which is achieved by using a HCCA synthesized based on chemically precipitated calcium carbonate in the processing of wastes from the production of mineral fertilizers. Научное обоснование и разработка способа промышленного синтеза сложных алюминатов щелочно-земельных металлов представляет собой инновационное решение, определившее целый ряд направлений в развитии технологии комплексной переработки нефелинового сырья. Это обеспечивает получение высококачественного металлургического глинозема, эффективную утилизацию нефелинового шлама и выпуск новых видов попутной продукции широкого назначения. Современное развитие этих технических решений связано с обеспечением энергоэффективности синтеза гидрокарбоалюминатов кальция (ГКАК) и увеличением глубины очистки алюминатных растворов. Экспериментально определены условия синтеза ГКАК с использованием известковых материалов природного и техногенного происхождения, что позволяет выделить средний диаметр частиц в качестве одного из определяющих факторов этого процесса. Теоретически обосновано влияние оборота гидрогранатового шлама на снятие кинетических ограничений в процессе глубокого обескремнивания алюминатных растворов. Экспериментально определены условия двухстадийной дозировки ГКАК. Показано, что оптимальное соотношение количества реагента, подаваемого на первой и второй стадии, составляет около 3:2. При этом максимальная степень осаждения кремнезема обеспечивает получение алюминатных растворов с кремниевым модулем на уровне 95000, что достигается при использовании ГКАК, синтезированного на основе химически осажденного карбоната кальция при переработке отходов производства минеральных удобрений. №231(3) (2018)

The article describes the main problems of the region heat supply organization and development on the basis of municipal boiler rooms. Within search of possible directions out of current situation the analysis of differentiation of tariffs for thermal energy delivered by the municipal enterprises of Zabaikalsky Krai is carried out. As a result a conclusion is drawn about need of gap decrease between municipal areas on the heat supply cost Рассмотрены основные проблемы организации и развития теплоснабжения региона на основе муниципальных котельных. В рамках поиска возможных направлений выхода из сложившейся ситуации проведен анализ дифференциации тарифов на тепловую энергию, отпускаемую муниципальными предприятиями Забайкальского края. В результате сделан вывод о необходимости снижен ия разрыва между муниципальными районами по стоимости теплоснабжения