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A two-day workshop was designed in order to increase awareness of pre-service teachers about the role of forests in adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change. In this workshop, five dif...

Information is given on the scientific-methodological, technological, and computer developmental works lying in the heart of a diversified set of software tools used in thermodynamic and thermal engineering calculations, for professional training of specialists in thermal power engineering, and for education of students.

BackgroundAnatomy is a discipline where spatial visualization is of importance. In medical school, anatomy is often taught to students via lectures with slides and cadavers. While slide images and cadavers can show the relationships between muscles to a limited extent, neither can show movement well or be manipulated by the student to isolate specific structure(s). The 3D Complete Anatomy application was utilized by students to study muscle movements, determine points of proximal and distal attachment, understand spatial relationships between structures, take self‐assessments, and more, at their convenience.Objectiveof this study is to examine student perceptions about learning anatomy using 3D Complete Anatomy application and to explore how these perceptions shape the learning experience.MethodAt Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, first year students were provided iPad Mini’s with the 3D Complete Anatomy software. Students were advised to review the Complete Anatomy app during the introduction of the period 1 Anatomy course. Students were also encouraged to use the Complete Anatomy app during their mandatory anatomy lab sessions. Students’ feedback will be assessed using approximately ten survey statements that they can indicate their level of agreement with. Their responses will be scored using a five‐point Likert scale. The statements will assess the app’s ability to enhance students’ learning, retention of knowledge, and overall ease of studying the material. We are in the processes of getting exempt from IRB.ResultsWe expect the results to support our hypothesis that the 3D Complete Anatomy Application would improve first year medical students’ learning, retention of concepts, and ease of studying the material. Additionally, we expect the students to recommend the app for future classes to be used along with to the plastinated and prosected models during anatomy lab sessions. Final data analysis of the variables will be done after obtaining IRB exempt.ConclusionsWe expect that the majority of students will believe that the 3D Complete Anatomy application assisted their understanding of the spatial relationships between anatomical structures and mastery of the material. Additionally, we believe this resource will be among the tools the students used on a regular basis to effectively learn the material. We hope to be able to apply this knowledge of using supplemental 3D applications to enhance students’ understanding of spatial relationships to future anatomy classes.

This study investigated the spatial and temporal distributions of particulate and gaseous air pollutants in a primary school in Beijing and assessed their health impact on the children. The results show that air quality inside the classroom was greatly affected by the input of outdoor pollutants; high levels of pollution were observed during both the heating and nonheating periods and indicate that indoor and outdoor air pollution posed a threat to the children's health. Traffic sources near the primary school were the main contributors to indoor and outdoor pollutants during both periods. Moreover, air quality in this primary school was affected by coal combustion and atmospheric reactions during the heating and nonheating periods, respectively. Based on the estimation by exposure-response functions and the weighting of indoor and outdoor pollutants during different periods, the levels of PM2.5, PM 10 and O3 at school had adverse respiratory health effects on children. Longer exposures during the nonheating period contributed to higher health risks. These results emphasized that emission sources nearby had a direct impact on air quality in school and children's respiratory health. Therefore, measures should be taken for double control on air pollution inside and outside the classroom to protect children from it.

Abstract Context The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) has numerous applications in real life. It clarifies in a wide area of transportation and distribution such as transportation of individuals and items, conveyance service and garbage collection. Thus, an appropriate selecting of vehicle routing has an extensive influence role to improve the economic interests and appropriateness of logistics planning. Problem In this study the problem is as follows: Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) has eight buses which are used for transporting students within the campus. Each bus starts from a main location at different times every day. The bus picks up students from eight locations inside the campus in two different routes and returns back to the main location at specific times every day, starting from early morning until the end of official working hours, on the following conditions: Every location will be visited once in each route and the capacity of each bus is enough for all students included in each route. Objectives Our paper attempt to find an optimal route result for VRP of UNITEN by using genetic algorithm. To achieve an optimal solution for VRP of UNITEN with the accompanying targets: To reduce the time consuming and distance for all paths. which leads to the speedy transportation of students to their locations, to reduce the transportation costs such as fuel utilization and additionally the vehicle upkeep costs, to implement the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) model for optimizing UNITEN’s shuttle bus services. To implement the algorithm which can be used and applied for any problems in the like of UNITEN VRP. Approach The Approach has been presented based on two phases: firstly, find the shortest route for VRP to help UNITEN University reduce student’s transportation costs by genetic algorithm is used to solve this problem as it is capable of solving many complex problems; secondly, identify The CVRP model is implemented for optimizing UNITEN shuttle bus services. Finding The findings outcome from this study have shown that: (1) A comprehensive listed of active GACVRP; (2) Identified and established an evaluation criterion for GACVRP of UNITEN; (3) Highlight the methods, based on hybrid crossover operation, for selecting the best way (4) genetic algorithm finds a shorter distance for route A and route B. The proportion of reduction the distance for each route is relatively short, but the savings in the distance becomes greater when calculating the total distances traveled by all buses daily or monthly. This applies also to the time factor that has been reduced slightly based on the rate of reduction in the distances of the routes.

IF WE ARE to believe the recent spate of articles (Phi Delta Kappan, Wall Street Journal, New York Times) about the high quality of education in Finland--and I have no reason to distrust them, for they only confirm earlier reports--we cannot help but become depressed over the state of education in this country. Finland maintains a multi-tiered system for reaching children at the earliest point where they appear to be having trouble. There, education takes place in a highly professional, threat-free environment. Here, the system's attitude reflects the comment I once heard from a district superintendent. Asked in a public meeting if the district administered corporal punishment, he said, "I'm a Calvinist, and I believe that man's depravity must sometimes be physically suppressed." The system here encourages teachers and administrators to game it to protect their jobs or secure raises or dodge the impact of stupid laws (e.g., No Child Left Behind). As Linda McNeil, Eileen Coppola, and Judy Radigan of Rice University and Julian Vasquez-Heilig of the University of Texas, Austin, recently wrote for Education Policy Analysis Archives: The system is high stakes for administrators because they have been required to sign away their tenure, and they have no collectively bargained contract: Their potential for cash bonuses on the up side, or alternately for job loss, depends on the production of rising test scores at their school. The principals' performance contracts are annual, thus producing great pressure to show test score increases within a very brief time period, far less time than actually needed to improve instruction, update school curricula, or enhance the capacities of teachers .... The stakes are high for students as well: Regardless of the number of credits and grades earned, students may not graduate from a public high school without passing the state mandated exit test. Strictly speaking, these words apply only to Texas, but a number of other states have similar laws, and when I was in Pennsylvania last year, I found principals accepting the same loony terms, except that they were written into contracts by districts, not the state. And, of course, the Texas laws served as the model for NCLB. The Texas laws produced "The Texas Miracle," which some pretty quickly dubbed the Texas Mirage. Scores rose, score gaps narrowed, schools in increasing numbers were dubbed "acceptable" or "recognized" or even "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). That was the official story. The fly in this particular ointment was that while scores in the early grades rose, they rose less in the middle grades and little in high school. Sooner or later the performance at the high school level would reveal the weaknesses in the system. To prevent this, say the researchers, Texas created "a legal loophole to permit principals to exclude from the tested cohort those students they deemed to be liabilities to the school-level scores." Schools were also given permission to retain in grade any student who had failed even one semester of one core course. They called it a waiver. Some schools required students to retake the entire ninth grade, even courses they had passed (the Texas tests hit students in 10th grade). This increased the dropout rate, though it often increased schools' ratings, and the state rewarded schools even as their dropouts increased. This outcome was obscured by Texas' prolific "school leaver codes" under which many students who leave the system are not counted as dropouts. Using school leaver codes, even statements of intent--I'm going to another district, I'll take the GED someday--relieves the school from counting the student as a dropout. As noted in the 14th Bracey Report, then-assistant principal Robert Kindall found one Houston school with more than a thousand ninth-graders, fewer than 300 12th-graders, and no dropouts. …

A study was carried out on alcohol intake among the students of the Schools for Trained Nurses in the province of Bologna by means of an anonymous especially prepared questionnaire. The series consisted of 1077 subjects: 753 females and 324 males aged between 16 and 40. 68.2% of males and 56.8% of females drank wine, l'81.3% of males and 61.8% of females drank beer and 65.3% of males and 46.2% of females drank spirits. While beer was the most popular drink, wine was on average drank in greater quantity. Alcohol intake was significantly related to sex (higher among males), area of origin (South) and cigarette smoking. The risk attributable to alcohol abuse are well known to almost all of the sample, above all those in the 2nd and 3rd years of their course. Nevertheless their alcohol consumption was not particularly different from that of students attending other High Schools. Regarding the sources, of their information about the risks, the 'mass media' was more quoted by the oldest students while 'family' was given by the younger students; the Nursing School was more often mentioned by both sexes in the 2nd and 3rd year of course. No relation however was found between the students knowledge of risks and actual consumption.

AbstractBackground and aimsAlcohol‐related mortality risk is almost always greater in lower than higher socio‐economic positions (SEPs). There is little information on the evolution of this SEP gradient and its relationship with the economic cycle. Some results suggest that during economic expansions, there is a hypersensitivity of low‐SEP people to harmful drinking. The main objective of this study was to measure the evolution of educational inequality in alcohol‐related and non‐alcohol related mortality by sex and age group in Spain during 2012–19.Design, Setting and MeasurementsThis is a repeated cross‐sectional study. This study includes all residents in Spain aged 25 years and over from 2012 to 2019. (1) We calculated age‐standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) from strongly/moderately alcohol‐related causes (directly alcohol‐attributable, unspecified liver cirrhosis, liver and upper aerodigestive tract cancers and moderately alcohol‐related), weakly alcohol‐related causes and other causes by educational level. (2) We used age‐adjusted relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) to measure relative and absolute educational inequality in mortality, respectively. (3) Age‐adjusted annual percentage change (APC) was also used to measure linear trends in mortality by educational level. RII, SII and APC were obtained from negative binomial regression.FindingsBetween 2012–15 and 2016–19, economic growth accelerated, the RII in mortality from strongly/moderately alcohol‐related causes increased from 2.0 to 2.2 among men and from 1.1 to 1.3 among women, and the SII in deaths/100 000 person‐years from 181.4 to 190.9 among men and from 18.9 to 46.5 among women. It also increased relative and absolute inequality in mortality from weakly alcohol‐related and other causes of death in both men and women. These increases in inequality were due primarily to a flattening or even reversal of the downward mortality trend among low‐ and medium‐educated people.ConclusionsDuring the economic expansion of 2012–19 in Spain, changes in mortality risk from strongly/moderately alcohol‐related causes were especially unfavourable among low‐ and medium‐educated people.

Although there is much descriptive research concerning frequency of drug use, few studies have reported quantitative data on patterns of drug use. 33 college students with experience with a variety of drugs were studied. Alcohol and some legal drugs were included as well as drugs of abuse. Guttman scalogram analyses yielded very high coefficients of reproducibility (.89 to .98). The pattern of drug use was cross-validated on a sample of young drug users in another setting. The relative frequency of drug use for our sample was also highly related to that reported in other studies of student populations. In order to identify the dimension underlying the pattern of drug use, ratings of the safety and availability of each of the 18 substances were obtained. Both availability and safety were highly related to the relative frequency of drug use, with availability being the more important variable.