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The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable.

Nowadays, in water resources management, climate change is one of the main challenges. Changes in the water cycle are one of the most important of ground responses to warming it (IPCC 2014). Changes of precipitation and temperature caused by climate change, will damage to the products of garden and agricultural. Therefore, in order to increase the food security in future periods, it is necessary to evaluate the climate change impacts on the agricultural of regions and provide adaptation strategies its. So Regarding the importance of climate change, the purpose of this study is simulating the performance of the agricultural sector Hashtgerd Plain under climate change impacts in the future period (2020-2049).

Renewable energy technologies convert renewable resources into forms of energy that can complement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Wind, solar, earth energy systems, small-scale hydro systems and biomass (eg. Straw, wood, corn) are all forms of renewable energy. Wind, solar and small-scale hydro systems have zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For example, for every kilowatt-hour generated by a wind turbine instead of by burning fossil fuels, about one kilogram of co2 is not emitted into the atmosphere (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Council, 2001). Wind turbines capture wind energy and convert it to electricity. Wind energy systems can either be small, stand-alone “off-grid” systems, or connected to the provincial power grid. Because wind is an intermittent resource, a back-up system is needed. Wind systems require an average annual wind speed greater then 15 kilometers per hour may only be feasible in some part Earth. Electricity generating coasts are reported to have dropped from $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in the 1980’s to below $0.10 per kWh in 2001. One opportunity for farmers is the potential to lease land to wind energy producers. Every ten days, the earth receives solar energy of an amount equal to the world’s entire fossil fuel reserves, and approximately one precent of this is converted to wind energy (Freris, 1990). This solar radiation is converted to wind energy as a result of the unequal heating of the equator as compared to the poles, and of the oceans as compared to the continents. This unequal heating leads to motion within the atmosphere as it tries to equalize its pressure- resulting in what we know as wind. A second cause wind is the motion of the earth. Many meteorological quantities are transported via air currents. In fact, because of the winds role in the transmission of physical and meteorological parameters atmospheric, are very important. Further movement of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered. In recent years, the kinetic energy of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered by many countries. Recently use of wind energy as one of the most popular renewable power resources for producing electrical energy, is growing up. The purpose of this study is evaluating the amount of wind energy production and finding the windward areas in the Ilam province. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction daily data from 7 weather stations in the state (from established year to 2013) and 15 weather stations from outside of the state boundary are collected. At First, the days with incomplete data are eliminated, then for unifying dimensions of each data base, the average of long-term daily data are calculated. For averaging the long-term daily data related to wind speed and wind direction, two data bases with the 366*22 dimensions are established separately. By utilizing the two data bases, the orbital and meridional components are calculated. Based on the orbital and meridional components, and using krigingchr('39')s geostatistics method, the orbital and meridional components of wind speed of the area study, are estimated. Finally, tow data bases with the 896*366 dimensions are created for the Ilam province that 366 of data are belonged to the orbital and meridional components of wind speed average and 896 of data are belonged to estimated cells in the Ilam province. The dimensions of each cell were 4.7*4.7 square kilometers. With cluster analysis of the two data bases, the windward areas of Ilam province are specified. For better understanding of wind speed characteristics, the monthly maps of windward areas of Ilam province and the annual coefficient of variability of wind speed are plotted. Based on wind speed, wind density, and the size of utilized wind turbine (rotatory radius 5, 10, 15, 20 meters), the amount of wind power generations (from 896 cells), are estimated. The annually and monthly equipotential maps of wind power generation are plotted. The results show that Mehran is the most windward area in the Ilam province. Also the western areas of Ilam province have more wind speed availability compared to the eastern areas of the Ilam province. Darehshahr has minimum average wind speed in all months of the year. The variability coefficient of wind speed in the Ilam province is between 17.2 and 40.6. The northern areas of the state have less variability coefficient compared to other areas of the state. The evaluation findings of the four mentioned wind turbines show that the wind turbines can produce maximum wind power generation at the west areas of the state (Mehran). Among all of the months in a year, the July has the most wind power generation, as the time viewpoints. By utilizing the wind turbines with five meters blades, the amount of wind production threshold is about 1 to 11 million watts per squared meters. Also by utilizing the wind turbines with 10 and 15 meters blades, the amount of minimum and maximum annual wind energy generation can be about 5 to 45, and 12 to 101, million watts per squared meters, respectively.

Introduction: The final energy consumption per capita in Iran in the agricultural sector is 3.4, as well for household sector is 2, besides the commercial and public sectors are 1.6, and transportation and industry are 1.4 times the global average. This is due to low efficiency in operation, high energy consumption, as well as the use of energy goods and services. The use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector, while increasing the security of energy supply, will reduce global warming, stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and increase per capita income and social justice and environmental protection in all areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate farmers' preferences for using solar energy in Sari.Materials and Methods: The Choice Experiment methods allow researchers to focus on valuing final changes as multidimensional features rather than discrete changes. Choosing between options encourages respondents to examine their preferences in detail related to different management programs. The Choice Experiment test approach consists of several steps, which include designing the Choice Experiment test, determining the sample size and method of data collection, estimation process, and modeling the Choice Experiment test. Designing a Choice Experiment test consists of five important steps which are defining attributes, determining the relevant levels, conducting an experimental design, constructing Choice sets, and measuring preferences. After determining the criteria affecting the prioritization of renewable energy, liketechnical, environmental, economic, social, and political criteria, in order to investigate the willingness to Pay of Sari farmers, a test questionnaire was designed. The criteria obtained from the review of prioritization of renewable energy were considered as the attributes of the Choice Experiment and the price attribute was added to the above criteria. A total of six technical, economic, social, political, environmental, and price attributes were considered to investigate farmers' willingness to pay. In the review of the studies and the current situation, the levels of each of the attributes were determined. To determine the levels of price attribute, these points were considered; the price of agricultural electricity per kilowatt-hour is 383 Rials, which was approximately 400 Rials for the current situation.Results and Discussion: To investigate the farmers' preferences for using solar energy, 98 questionnaires of farmers in Sari were completed in September 2019. Each questionnaire included 8 choice set cards and each card included three options, based on which, the number of observations in Sari is equal to 2352 observations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the preferences of farmers in Sari for the use of solar energy. For this purpose, the Multinomial logit, the Random parameter logit, the latent class, and the Random parameter logit latent class are used. Based on the results of the Multinomial logit method, environmental and price attributes at the level of one percent and economic attribute at the level of five percent are statistically significant, but political, social, and technical attributes are not statistically significant. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) in the first and second options are not statistically significant. Based on the results of the Random Parameter Logit estimation method, environmental, economic and price attributes are statistically significant at the level of one percent. Technical, political, and social attributes are not statistically significant, which shows that farmers do not make a significant difference between these two attributes. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) are significant in the first option at the level of five percent and the second option at the level of one percent. The results of latent class estimation show that in the first class, environmental, economic, political, social, and price attributes are statistically significant at the level of one percent and technical attribute at the level of ten percent. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) are statistically significant at the level of one percent in the first class. In the second class, technical attribute at the level of five percent and environmental attribute at the level of ten percent are significant, besides other attributes in the second class are not statistically significant. The most sensitive class is the first class and farmers of the second class are considered the base class. The results obtained from the Bayesian and Akaike criteria of different classes showed that the two classes have the lowest values of BIC and AIC criteria and the class is appropriate. After determining the appropriate class, the model was estimated. The results of model estimation were calculated by the Latent Class Random Parameter logit method. In the first class, environmental attributes and price are significant at the level of one percent and economical attributes at the level of five percent. Also, the Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) is significant at the level of one percent, but, in the second class, the attributes are not statistically significant. Technical, environmental, economic, political, social, and price attributes, as well as the option of status quo or the Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) in the second class, do not affect farmers' utility due to the lack of statistical significance.Conclusion: A comparison of the results obtained from the four methods shows that the highest value of the estimated coefficient for environmental attributes was in the latent class method and the lowest value was in the multinomial logit method; Comparison of fitted methods shows that the highest Log-likelihood is related to the latent class random parameter logit method and the lowest value is related to the multinomial logit method. Accordingly, the highest value of Akaike and Bayesian criteria is related to the multinomial logit method and the lowest value is related to the latent class random parameter logit method which is better than other methods according to the good fit criterion.

Background and aims: Inappropriate solid waste management industry in recent years has created a lot of risks. As a result, the health, safety and the humans environment is at risk for it. main objective of this study is solid waste management assessment of 10 large food industries in Tehran. Methods: This study is descriptive and sectional based on field visits, questionnaires, preparation of the database and the analysis of the results. The selected units were categorized based on ISWMI scale. The questionnaire consisted of 47 questions related with key elements of industrial solid waste management. This questions consist of 10 separate areas. 10 large industrial units of the food industry in Tehran were randomly selected. Results: The results showed that the index of selected industrial units based on ISWMI scale (based on100) is: 96 for J company (very good), 49 for A company (week), 85 for H and I company (very good), 72 for E, 77 for F and 80 for G (good), 57 for B, 63 for C and 64 for D company (moderate). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, industrial waste management situation in most of the selected units are above average. However it seems that factors such as a lack of senior management commitment and belief to implementation of the waste management system, the lack of requirement industrial units to employ an expert in environmental or environmental health and the lack of a comprehensive at the national level plan for waste management of the most effective factors to determine ISWMI values in industries.

Background and aims: Fossil fuels Emission and their limited resources make to use renewable energy with more sustainable energy sources and less minimal environmental impacts. One of the most appropriate renewable energies considered lots of advantages including being renewable and environmentally friendly and containing social and economical interests, is Biomass. “Biomass” means a power source that is comprised of, but not limited to, combustible residues or gases from forest products manufacturing, waste, byproducts, or products from agricultural and orchard crops, waste or co-products products from livestock and poultry operations, waste or byproducts from and food processing, urban wood waste, municipal solid waste, municipal liquid waste treatment operations, and landfill gas. Due to the wide availability of biomass worldwide, mainly because it can be obtained as a by-product of many industrial and agricultural processes, biomass represents a growing renewable energy source with high growth potential. Biomass helps reduce the amount of GHG that give more impact to global warming and climate change. The biomass emissions level is far smaller compared to fossil fuels. The basic difference between biomass and fossil fuels when it comes to amount of carbon emissions is: all the CO2 which has been absorbed by plant for its growth is going back in the atmosphere during its burning for the production of biomass energy. While the CO2 produced from fossil fuels is going to atmosphere where it increases greenhouse effect. Another great advantage of biomass energy is that it is an indigenous fuel. The fuels from biomass materials can be produced locally and no high technology is required. Producing fuel from biomass materials reduces the dependence of a country on foreign resources for their fuel requirements. Moreover, since this indigenous fuel is labor intensive, it can contribute to the generation of new jobs, particularly in rural and farming communities. The number of employed workers required is 3-6 times greater than the fossil energy production in the associated processes. This study was aimed to identification and green grading of environmental management in that’s jobs. Some other socio-economic benefits can be counted such as slowing down the migration from the rural areas to cities, decreasing the issues associated with rapid urbanization, and developing a biodiesel production industry. Among its great benefits is the forest use of the territory, which would also serve to clean the forest and thus prevent forest fires, and the ability to generate jobs. Biomass generates continuous employment such as the extraction of raw materials from the countryside and the bush. This study was aimed to identification and green grading of environmental management in that’s jobs. The research questions are: 1. What are green job indicators? and 2. has renewable energy biomass business indicators of green jobs? Methods: This study was qualitative – quantitative, first according to the grounded theory qualitative method semi-deep interviewed with 50 environmental experts in the Environmental Protection Agency, the municipality, faculty members of the universities, the natural resources and watershed management, agriculture ministry and NGOs active in the environment conducted a with purposeful sampling (snowball). Regarding qualitative data validation were used constant data comparison, reviewing the observers and handwriting by participants and use of foreign and expert researchers familiar with qualitative research as an observer. Then, data was analyzed using the grounded theory of open, axial and selective coding analyzed in MAXQDA software. Once coding categories emerge, the next step is to link them together in theoretical models around a central category that hold everything together. In order to explain the grounded theory, green jobs are considered as the central variable, and the main line of research is defined using reminders and diagrams around it, and finally the green indicators derived from it are developed. Based on them, researcher-made questionnaire was designed in a combination, closed response with 5-rate likert scale. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the content validity was used with the lawshe model and with reviewing previous studies was determined, the scope of the questionnaire in greenness of the job, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for internal consistency. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha value for each research question was more than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaire was approved. Also, the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.890. In order to estimate the repeatability, the retest method and the ICC index were used that index was 0.996 (p <0.001), indicating its high repeatability. For estimating the results of greenness and its degree in the jobs of renewable energy biomass, were used statistical analysis of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, single-sample t-test and Friedman test in SPSS software. Result: Findings of the qualitative research on the structure of green job identification and prioritization were discussed in six categories including establishment in accordance with the legal and technological infrastructure of the green job as context, green job as a phenomenon, environmental pollution elimination and the health risks reduction of the community as causal conditions, green management as operational strategies, environmental empowerment of jobs as an intermediary conditions and economic and environmental benefits as a consequence. The results of quantitative to showed that jobs studied are considered green jobs and their green grading are as follows: 1. Maintenance (mean=5/61), 2. System Design (mean=4/83), 3. Training (mean=4/22), 4. Quality Monitoring and Quality (mean=4/03), 5. Collection (mean=3/64), 6. Manufacturer (mean=3/61) and 7. Worker and System Administrator (mean=2/06). According to the results, components of green jobs are defined including: (1. explaining Green Jobs, Productivity of Occupations, 2. environmental Protection and Health, 3. Green potentials and incentives, 4. environmental Standards and Indices of Health and Green Management, 5. environmental and health challenges and solving energy crisis with the help of green jobs, 6. environmental education and green culture, 7.environmental empowerment through a variety of environmental and health education, informing and accompanying NGOs, 8. economic-ecological profitability and the optimistic approach to economic interests (green economy) and impact of economic issues, profitability, financial support, market regulation, and return on investment in the process of greening and green expanding businesses). Results show that green indices of occupations are 1- environmental and health of profile occupational, 2- strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities green jobs, 3- green supply chain management of businesses, 4- impact of green jobs on sustainable development and community health, 5- effect of environmental education on the green performance of occupations, the impact of environmental advertising on green performance and 6- reduce employee costs and increase business profits through environmental management. These green jobs literature extols the virtues of generating energy using “wood waste and other byproducts, including agricultural byproducts, ethanol, paper pellets, used railroad ties, sludge wood, solid byproducts, and old utility poles. Several waste products are also used in biomass, including landfill gas, digester gas, municipal solid waste, and methane. Conclusion: The green features of the biomass business are included solving the problem of fossil fuels, caused by fossil energy and renewable energy sources. identification and green grading jobs diversifying energy sources, sustainable development, securing energy, removing environmental and health problems would help to managers and policy makers for identifying and providing executive solutions and identifying multifaceted priorities for green management. Despite the high potential of bio-economy in renewable energy (biomass) and high amounts of raw materials in the agricultural waste and sewage has not been fully realized. To achieve of developing a competitive economy, low-carbon resources with efficient resources, global economic markets have shifted strategy towards renewable energies, so as to create green jobs in order to reduce environmental problems (waste and climate change). For performance of macroeconomic policy in notification Supreme Leader on the restructuring of the countrychr('39')s economic structure has proposed policies to change reducing dependencies on fossil fuels and external resources towards the creation and development of green jobs in the field of renewable energy, especially biomass, because there are a lot of raw materials in the country, especially in the villages and without necessary to high technologies. Biomass development increase energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy resources and the creation of a favourable environment for investment in energy efficiency measures and the generation of ‘green’ jobs. The rural development prospects for green job growth are mixed. Rural areas contain biomass feedstocks which will be increasingly relied upon to offset fossil fuel dependencies. The distribution of those feedstocks, however, is not uniform across rural areas. Furthermore, the technologies to convert those feedstocks into fuels and other uses are yet to be demonstrated at commercially successful scales. Both policy development and research activities should be focused on the efficient utilization of rural natural resources, human capital, and rural infrastructure in achieving national green policies. The green economy appears to be fertile ground for unbiased, academic research to examine some of the regional consequences of green jobs growth and green jobs policies, to include an examination of rural opportunities, but going well beyond that dimension to include the integration of statewide and multi-state regional development opportunities as well as consequences. This study was not about raw materials (waste and sewage) to produce renewable energy biomass, and it is possible that this section may also be effective in the creation and development of green jobs, then there may be restrictions on the generalized findings, interpretations, and attributes of the causation of variables. Therefore, it is suggested that future research into this part of the process of producing renewable energy biomass should be considered.

Background and Objectives: Given that no comprehensive studies have yet been conducted on treatment of infectious wastes in hospitals of Qom City, this research was performed with the purpose of investigating the treatment methods used in these hospitals and monitoring the performance of waste elimination devices. Methods: Required information was obtained through in-person visit and observing the current situation, and the variables affecting waste treatment were extracted based on the type of treatment systems, and were collected, and accordingly, biological monitoring tests were designed for the studied hospitals. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: In this study, from 9 active hospitals in Qom Province, only 3 hospitals were equipped with waste treatment system. In hospital A, growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus spore were observed in 6.25% of the samples, while no microbial growth was recorded in hospital B. The initial investment to buy the machine in hospital A was about four times than that of hospital B. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that treatment device of hospital B is more appropriate compared to the devices of hospital A due to complete destruction of spores, lower cost (for purchase), and maintenance. .

Introduction: Identifying the effect of energy consumption, economic growth and foreign trade on CO2 emissions have been studied at both national and international levels. However, there have been very few researches on the effect of financial and banking development on the CO2 emissions, especially in Iran. So, this study aimed to cover this research gap. Methods: This study was a time-series analyses over the period of 1971-2011. In order to investigate about existence of a long-run co-integration relationship between CO2 emissions and banking development indicators in Iran, long-run coefficients were estimated by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) approaches. Moreover, to carry out the econometric tests Microfit (5.0) and Eviews (9.0) software were used. Results: Findings showed that the ratio of domestic credit to private sector by banks to GDP (Banking Development Indicator) reduces CO2 emissions in Iran. In addition, results confirm with theories and other empirical studies showed that energy consumption has positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions in long-run. Conclusion: The government can help to improve environment quality by establishing a strong policy making on credit to firms by banking system. Because in this framework firms to receive credit from banking system are required codified programs to reduce negative outcomes of energy consumption and this lead to a less CO2 emissions in long-run.

Background and Aim: Among the medical wastes, dental wastes have a high diversity and due to its high contents of hazardous, toxic, and pathogenic agents, therefore these wastes are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the amount of waste produced in dentistry offices in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 48 dental offices in the city of Birjand were studied. Sampling was carried out by environmental health experts in three consecutive working days (Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday) from every center. The Samples were divided into 5 categories such as semi-domestic, infectious, chemical-pharmaceutical, toxic and sharp material, Separated and weighed using a laboratory scale. Information was expressed as percentage by weight. Results: Based on the results, the total amount of waste produced in dental offices in Birjand was 7848.02 kg / year. percentages of semi-domestic, infectious, chemical-pharmaceutical, sharp material, and toxic wastes were 54.3%, 29.7%, 11.8%, 3.9% and 0.11% respectively. Conclusion: Considering the high volume of dental waste, especially infectious and hazardous materials, the need for separation and recycling in the office is evident. It is necessary to manage the wastes and their separation and recycling in source place.

The energy management of ships to improve the efficiency of ships and reduce greenhouse gas emissions is among the most important issues that have been considered as a milestone in designing and constructing of vessels in recent years. The study of energy trends and attention to technological changes and the importance of more stringent environmental standards in recent years have led to a major challenge in relation to air pollution, energy management, and exposure to end-of-life sources of fossil fuels. In recent years, focus on current fuels and technologies in vehicles has led to a major challenge regarding air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and also exposure to exhausting sources of fossil fuels. Now days, Hybrid propulsion systems are one of the solutions that are being followed in many countries to solve this problem. In this paper, after introducing the hybrid system; conceptual design and determination of a suitable hybrid system for vessels have been investigated. Then the calculations and relations dominating the hybrid parallel system of vessel are presented. The modeling is also done using the ADVISOR software run in the Simulink platform of the MATLAB for both conventional and hybrid systems. The results show that parallel hybrid vessel has improved by 7% in total efficiency and 7.1% for consumption. In addition, HC and CO emissions have been decreased by 0.44% and 0.39%, respectively.